1
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Taghiloo S, Asgarian-Omran H. Cross-talk between leukemic and immune cells at the tumor microenvironment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: An update review. Eur J Haematol 2024; 113:4-15. [PMID: 38698678 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.14224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a mature-type B cell malignancy correlated with significant changes and defects in both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, together with a high dependency on the tumor microenvironment. Overall, the tumor microenvironment (TME) in CLL provides a supportive niche for leukemic cells to grow and survive, and interactions between CLL cells and the TME can contribute to disease progression and treatment resistance. Therefore, the increasing knowledge of the complicated interaction between immune cells and tumor cells, which is responsible for immune evasion and cancer progression, has provided an opportunity for the development of new therapeutic approaches. In this review, we outline tumor microenvironment-driven contributions to the licensing of immune escape mechanisms in CLL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Taghiloo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hossein Asgarian-Omran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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2
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Veh J, Ludwig C, Schrezenmeier H, Jahrsdörfer B. Regulatory B Cells-Immunopathological and Prognostic Potential in Humans. Cells 2024; 13:357. [PMID: 38391970 PMCID: PMC10886933 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the following review is to shed light on the putative role of regulatory B cells (Bregs) in various human diseases and highlight their potential prognostic and therapeutic relevance in humans. Regulatory B cells are a heterogeneous group of B lymphocytes capable of suppressing inflammatory immune reactions. In this way, Bregs contribute to the maintenance of tolerance and immune homeostasis by limiting ongoing immune reactions temporally and spatially. Bregs play an important role in attenuating pathological inflammatory reactions that can be associated with transplant rejection, graft-versus-host disease, autoimmune diseases and allergies but also with infectious, neoplastic and metabolic diseases. Early studies of Bregs identified IL-10 as an important functional molecule, so the IL-10-secreting murine B10 cell is still considered a prototype Breg, and IL-10 has long been central to the search for human Breg equivalents. However, over the past two decades, other molecules that may contribute to the immunosuppressive function of Bregs have been discovered, some of which are only present in human Bregs. This expanded arsenal includes several anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-35 and TGF-β, but also enzymes such as CD39/CD73, granzyme B and IDO as well as cell surface proteins including PD-L1, CD1d and CD25. In summary, the present review illustrates in a concise and comprehensive manner that although human Bregs share common functional immunosuppressive features leading to a prominent role in various human immunpathologies, they are composed of a pool of different B cell types with rather heterogeneous phenotypic and transcriptional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Veh
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University Hospitals and Clinics, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Carolin Ludwig
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University Hospitals and Clinics, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University Hospitals and Clinics, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernd Jahrsdörfer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University Hospitals and Clinics, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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3
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Mékinian A, Quinquenel A, Belkacem KA, Kanoun F, Dondi E, Franck E, Boubaya M, Mhibik M, Baran-Marszak F, Letestu R, Ajchenbaum-Cymbalista F, Lévy V, Varin-Blank N, Le Roy C. Immuno-regulatory malignant B cells contribute to Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia progression. Cancer Gene Ther 2023:10.1038/s41417-023-00602-5. [PMID: 36973425 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is a heterogeneous B cell neoplasm ranging from indolent to rapidly progressive disease. Leukemic cell subsets with regulatory properties evade immune clearance; however, the contribution of such subsets during CLL progression is not completely elucidated. Here, we report that CLL B cells crosstalk with their immune counterparts, notably by promoting the regulatory T (Treg) cell compartment and shaping several helper T (Th) subsets. Among various constitutively- and BCR/CD40-mediated factors secreted, tumour subsets co-express two important immunoregulatory cytokines, IL10 and TGFβ1, both associated with a memory B cell phenotype. Neutralizing secreted IL10 or inhibiting the TGFβ signalling pathway demonstrated that these cytokines are mainly involved in Th- and Treg differentiation/maintenance. In line with the regulatory subsets, we also demonstrated that a CLL B cell population expresses FOXP3, a marker of regulatory T cells. Analysis of IL10, TGFβ1 and FOXP3 positive subpopulations frequencies in CLL samples discriminated 2 clusters of untreated CLL patients that were significantly different in Tregs frequency and time-to-treatment. Since this distinction was pertinent to disease progression, the regulatory profiling provides a new rationale for patient stratification and sheds light on immune dysfunction in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsène Mékinian
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France
- Université Paris 13 dite « Sorbonne Paris Nord », UFR SMBH, Labex INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France
| | - Anne Quinquenel
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France
- Université Paris 13 dite « Sorbonne Paris Nord », UFR SMBH, Labex INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France
| | - Koceïla Ait Belkacem
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France
- Université Paris 13 dite « Sorbonne Paris Nord », UFR SMBH, Labex INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France
| | - Feriel Kanoun
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France
- Université Paris 13 dite « Sorbonne Paris Nord », UFR SMBH, Labex INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France
| | - Elisabetta Dondi
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France
- Université Paris 13 dite « Sorbonne Paris Nord », UFR SMBH, Labex INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France
| | - Emilie Franck
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France
- Université Paris 13 dite « Sorbonne Paris Nord », UFR SMBH, Labex INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France
| | | | - Maïssa Mhibik
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France
- Université Paris 13 dite « Sorbonne Paris Nord », UFR SMBH, Labex INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France
| | - Fanny Baran-Marszak
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France
- Université Paris 13 dite « Sorbonne Paris Nord », UFR SMBH, Labex INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, APHP, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
| | - Rémi Letestu
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France
- Université Paris 13 dite « Sorbonne Paris Nord », UFR SMBH, Labex INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, APHP, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
| | - Florence Ajchenbaum-Cymbalista
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France
- Université Paris 13 dite « Sorbonne Paris Nord », UFR SMBH, Labex INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, APHP, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
| | - Vincent Lévy
- URC, APHP, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
- CRC, APHP, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
| | - Nadine Varin-Blank
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France.
- Université Paris 13 dite « Sorbonne Paris Nord », UFR SMBH, Labex INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France.
| | - Christine Le Roy
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France.
- Université Paris 13 dite « Sorbonne Paris Nord », UFR SMBH, Labex INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France.
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4
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Nüssing S, Sutton VR, Trapani JA, Parish IA. Beyond target cell death - Granzyme serine proteases in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101152. [PMID: 36368281 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Granzymes are a family of small (∼32 kDa) serine proteases with a range of substrate specificities that are stored in, and released from, the cytoplasmic secretory vesicles ('granules') of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Granzymes are not digestive proteases but finely tuned processing enzymes that target their substrates in specific ways to activate various signalling pathways, or to inactivate viral proteins and other targets. Great emphasis has been placed on studying the pro-apoptotic functions of granzymes, which largely depend on their synergy with the pore-forming protein perforin, on which they rely for penetration into the target cell cytosol to access their substrates. While a critical role for granzyme B in target cell apoptosis is undisputed, both it and the remaining granzymes also influence a variety of other biological processes (including important immunoregulatory functions), which are discussed in this review. This includes the targeting of many extracellular as well as intracellular substrates, and can also lead to deleterious outcomes for the host if granzyme expression or function are dysregulated or abrogated. A final important consideration is that granzyme repertoire, biochemistry and function vary considerably across species, probably resulting from the pressures applied by viruses and other pathogens across evolutionary time. This has implications for the interpretation of granzyme function in preclinical models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Nüssing
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Vivien R Sutton
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
| | - Ian A Parish
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU, ACT, Australia.
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5
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Chesneau M, Le Mai H, Brouard S. New Method for the Expansion of Highly Purified Human Regulatory Granzyme B-Expressing B Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2270:203-216. [PMID: 33479900 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1237-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Granzyme B (GZMB)-expressing B cells inhibit CD4+ T-lymphocyte proliferation in a contact- and GZMB-dependent manner, through degradation of TCR zeta or induction of T-cell apoptosis. This regulatory B-cell population is present in human healthy individuals and represents about 1% of circulating B cells. Their small proportion requires the development of expansion methods to enable their study and envision clinical applications. We describe here how to expand GZMB-expressing B cells to obtain more than 90% of highly purified GZMB+ B cells, and the protocol of B/T cells coculture for the evaluation of the suppressive function of the GZMB+ B-cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Chesneau
- CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France.,Labex IGO, Nantes, France
| | - Hoa Le Mai
- CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France.,Labex IGO, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Brouard
- CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France. .,Labex IGO, Nantes, France. .,Centre d'Investigation Clinique en Biothérapie, Centre de ressources biologiques (CRB), Nantes, France.
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Haselager MV, Kater AP, Eldering E. Proliferative Signals in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia; What Are We Missing? Front Oncol 2020; 10:592205. [PMID: 33134182 PMCID: PMC7578574 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.592205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells cycle between lymphoid tissue sites where they actively proliferate, and the peripheral blood (PB) where they become quiescent. Strong evidence exists for a crucial role of B cell receptor (BCR) triggering, either by (self-)antigen or by receptor auto-engagement in the lymph node (LN) to drive CLL proliferation and provide adhesion. The clinical success of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors is widely accepted to be based on blockade of the BCR signal. Additional signals in the LN that support CLL survival derive from surrounding cells, such as CD40L-presenting T helper cells, myeloid and stromal cells. It is not quite clear if and to what extent these non-BCR signals contribute to proliferation in situ. In vitro BCR triggering, in contrast, leads to low-level activation and does not result in cell division. Various combinations of non-BCR signals delivered via co-stimulatory receptors, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and/or soluble cytokines are applied, leading to comparatively modest and short-lived CLL proliferation in vitro. Thus, an unresolved gap exists between the condition in the patient as we now understand it and applicable knowledge that can be harnessed in the laboratory for future therapeutic applications. Even in this era of targeted drugs, CLL remains largely incurable with frequent relapses and emergence of resistance. Therefore, we require better insight into all aspects of CLL growth and potential rewiring of signaling pathways. We aim here to provide an overview of in vivo versus in vitro signals involved in CLL proliferation, point out areas of missing knowledge and suggest future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco V. Haselager
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic University Medical Center, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arnon P. Kater
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, Academic University Medical Center, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eric Eldering
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic University Medical Center, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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7
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Yang W, Yang S, Zhang F, Cheng F, Wang X, Rao J. Influence of the Hippo-YAP signalling pathway on tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) and its implications on cancer immunosuppressive microenvironment. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:399. [PMID: 32355843 PMCID: PMC7186717 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.02.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A large number of immune cells are present in the tumour microenvironment (TME), of which, tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) are among the most important and highly infiltrated cells, and mainly include the M1 type classically activated and M2 type alternatively activated TAMs. Both cell types are known to play an important role in tumour initiation and proliferation. It has recently been confirmed that the TAMs in tumours tend to be dominated by the M2 type. However, the precise mechanism underlying TAM recruitment and polarization in the immune microenvironment remains to be elucidated. The Hippo-Yes-associated protein (YAP) signalling pathway is one of the most extensively discussed mechanism for the regulation of tumour proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and invasion in recent years. To date, several studies have revealed that YAP is involved in the interrelating interactions between tumour and immune cells, particularly the TAMs. In this review, we have summarized the mechanism by which the YAP regulates the activity of TAMs and its impact on the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Yang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shikun Yang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xuehao Wang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jianhua Rao
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing 210029, China
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8
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Crassini K, Shen Y, Mulligan S, Giles Best O. Modeling the chronic lymphocytic leukemia microenvironment in vitro. Leuk Lymphoma 2016; 58:266-279. [PMID: 27756161 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2016.1204654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Microenvironments within the lymph node and bone marrow promote proliferation and drug resistance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Successful treatment of CLL must therefore target the leukemic cells within these compartments. A better understanding of the interaction between CLL cells and the tumor microenvironment has led to the development of in vitro models that mimic the mechanisms that support leukemic cell survival and proliferation in vivo. Employing these models as part of the pre-clinical evaluation of novel therapeutic agents enables a better approximation of their potential clinical efficacy. In this review we summarize the current literature describing how different aspects of the tumor microenvironment have been modeled in vitro and detail how these models have been employed to study the biology of the disease and potential efficacy of novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Crassini
- a Northern Blood Research Centre , Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital , Sydney , Australia
| | - Yandong Shen
- a Northern Blood Research Centre , Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital , Sydney , Australia
| | - Stephen Mulligan
- a Northern Blood Research Centre , Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital , Sydney , Australia.,b Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research Consortium (CLLARC) , Australia
| | - O Giles Best
- a Northern Blood Research Centre , Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital , Sydney , Australia.,b Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research Consortium (CLLARC) , Australia
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9
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Wu Y, van Besouw NM, Shi Y, Hoogduijn MJ, Wang L, Baan CC. The Biological Effects of IL-21 Signaling on B-Cell-Mediated Responses in Organ Transplantation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:319. [PMID: 27602031 PMCID: PMC4994014 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated rejection has emerged as one of the major issues limiting the success of organ transplantation. It exerts a highly negative impact on graft function and outcome, and effective treatment is lacking. The triggers for antibody development, and the mechanisms leading to graft dysfunction and failure, are incompletely understood. The production of antibodies is dependent on instructions from various immunocytes including CD4 T-helper cells that secrete interleukin (IL)-21 and interact with antigen-specific B-cells via costimulatory molecules. In this article, we discuss the role of IL-21 in the activation and differentiation of B-cells and consider the mechanisms of IL-21 and B-cell interaction. An improved understanding of the biological mechanisms involved in antibody-mediated complications after organ transplantation could lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies, which control humoral alloreactivity, potentially preventing and treating graft-threatening antibody-mediated rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Sector Nephrology & Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nicole M van Besouw
- Sector Nephrology & Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - Yunying Shi
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Martin J Hoogduijn
- Sector Nephrology & Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - Lanlan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Carla C Baan
- Sector Nephrology & Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , Netherlands
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10
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Deng J, Pennati A, Cohen JB, Wu Y, Ng S, Wu JH, Flowers CR, Galipeau J. GIFT4 fusokine converts leukemic B cells into immune helper cells. J Transl Med 2016; 14:106. [PMID: 27118475 PMCID: PMC4847253 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains incurable with standard therapy, and is characterized by excessive expansion of monoclonal abnormal mature B cells and more regulatory immune properties of T cell compartment. Thus, developing novel strategies to enhance immune function merits further investigation as a possible therapy for CLL. Methods We generated a fusion cytokine (fusokine) arising from the combination of human GM-CSF and IL-4 (named GIFT4). Primary CLL cells were treated with GIFT4 or GM-CSG and IL-4 in vitro. GIFT4-triggered STAT5 signaling in CLL cells was examined by Western blot. The phenotype and secretome of GIFT4-treated CLL cells (GIFT4-CLL cells), and the immune stimulatory function of GIFT4-CLL cells on autologous T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and luminex assay. Results GIFT4-CLL up-regulated the expression of co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80 and CD86 and adhesion molecule CD54. GIFT4-CLL cells secreted IL-1β, IL-6, ICAM-1 and substantial IL-2 relative to unstimulated CLL cells. GIFT4 treatment led to JAK1, JAK2 and JAK3-mediated hyper-phosphorylation of STAT5 in primary CLL cells, which is essential for GIFT4-triggered conversion of CLL cells. GIFT4-CLL cells directly propelled the expansion of autologous IFN-γ-producing CD314+ cytotoxic T cells in vitro, and that these could lyse autologous CLL cells. Furthermore, administration of GIFT4 protein promoted the expansion of human T cells in NOD-scid IL2Rγnull immune deficient mice adoptively pre-transferred with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from subjects with CLL. Conclusion GIFT4 has potent capability to converts primary CLL cells into APC-like immune helper cells that initiate a T cell driven anti-CLL immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiusheng Deng
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365B Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Andrea Pennati
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365B Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jonathon B Cohen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365B Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yuanqiang Wu
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365B Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Spencer Ng
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365B Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jian Hui Wu
- Department of Oncology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Christopher R Flowers
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365B Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jacques Galipeau
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365B Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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11
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Mohr A, Renaudineau Y, Bagacean C, Pers JO, Jamin C, Bordron A. Regulatory B lymphocyte functions should be considered in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1132977. [PMID: 27467951 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1132977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by an abnormal expansion of mature B cells in the bone marrow and their accumulation in blood and secondary lymphoid organs. Tumor CLL cells share expression of various surface molecules with many subsets of B cells and have several common characteristics with regulatory B cells (B regs). However, the identification of B regs and their role in CLL remain elusive. The aim of this review is to summarize recent works regarding the regulatory and phenotypic characteristic of B regs and their associated effects on the immune system. It is also meant to highlight their potential importance with regards to the immunotherapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Mohr
- INSERM ESPRI ERI29/EA2216 Laboratory of Immunotherapies and Pathologies of B Lymphocytes, Université de Brest, Labex IGO "Immunotherapy Graft, Oncology," Reseau Epigenetique et Reseau Canaux Ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest , Brest, France
| | - Yves Renaudineau
- INSERM ESPRI ERI29/EA2216 Laboratory of Immunotherapies and Pathologies of B Lymphocytes, Université de Brest, Labex IGO "Immunotherapy Graft, Oncology," Reseau Epigenetique et Reseau Canaux Ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France; Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHRU Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Cristina Bagacean
- INSERM ESPRI ERI29/EA2216 Laboratory of Immunotherapies and Pathologies of B Lymphocytes, Université de Brest, Labex IGO "Immunotherapy Graft, Oncology," Reseau Epigenetique et Reseau Canaux Ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France; Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHRU Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Jacques-Olivier Pers
- INSERM ESPRI ERI29/EA2216 Laboratory of Immunotherapies and Pathologies of B Lymphocytes, Université de Brest, Labex IGO "Immunotherapy Graft, Oncology," Reseau Epigenetique et Reseau Canaux Ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest , Brest, France
| | - Christophe Jamin
- INSERM ESPRI ERI29/EA2216 Laboratory of Immunotherapies and Pathologies of B Lymphocytes, Université de Brest, Labex IGO "Immunotherapy Graft, Oncology," Reseau Epigenetique et Reseau Canaux Ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France; Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHRU Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Anne Bordron
- INSERM ESPRI ERI29/EA2216 Laboratory of Immunotherapies and Pathologies of B Lymphocytes, Université de Brest, Labex IGO "Immunotherapy Graft, Oncology," Reseau Epigenetique et Reseau Canaux Ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest , Brest, France
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Browning RL, Mo X, Muthusamy N, Byrd JC. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide CpG-685 upregulates functional interleukin-21 receptor on chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells through an NF-κB mediated pathway. Oncotarget 2015; 6:15931-9. [PMID: 26158860 PMCID: PMC4599247 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) upregulate the interleukin-21 receptor (IL21R) and enhance IL-21-mediated cytotoxicity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells. We demonstrate that treatment of CLL B cells with the ODN CpG-685 leads to increased IL21R expression, and that this increased expression enhances the effects of IL-21 treatment as evidenced by increased phosphorylation of JAK1, STAT1, and STAT3, as compared to IL-21 treatment without prior CpG stimulation. Induction of IL21R by CpG-685 also enhanced IL-21-mediated cytotoxicity. The mechanism by which CpG ODNs upregulate IL21R has not been elucidated, although IL21R regulation in T cells has been shown to be linked to T cell receptor-induced Sp1 binding to the IL21R promoter. Here, we demonstrate that luciferase reporter constructs containing the Sp1 binding site have increased basal luciferase activity compared to constructs lacking the Sp1 binding site, but fail to increase luciferase activity with CpG-685 stimulation in CLL B cells. By treating CLL cells with an NF-κB inhibitor, we inhibit the CpG ODN-mediated induction of IL21R, thus demonstrating that CpG-685 upregulates IL21R through an NF-κB mediated pathway. These findings suggest an alternative mechanism for induction of IL-21 receptor in CLL B cells and provide a basis for creation of future combination therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- I-kappa B Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors
- I-kappa B Kinase/metabolism
- Interleukin-21 Receptor alpha Subunit/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-21 Receptor alpha Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin-21 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/genetics
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/pharmacology
- Sp1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah L. Browning
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Natarajan Muthusamy
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John C. Byrd
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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IL-21: a pleiotropic cytokine with potential applications in oncology. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:696578. [PMID: 25961061 PMCID: PMC4413888 DOI: 10.1155/2015/696578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin- (IL-) 21 is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates the activity of both innate and specific immunity. Indeed, it costimulates T and natural killer (NK) cell proliferation and function and regulates B cell survival and differentiation and the function of dendritic cells. In addition, IL-21 exerts divergent effects on different lymphoid cell leukemia and lymphomas, as it may support cell proliferation or on the contrary induce growth arrest or apoptosis of the neoplastic lymphoid cells. Several preclinical studies showed that IL-21 has antitumor activity in different tumor models, through mechanism involving the activation of NK and T or B cell responses. Moreover, IL-21's antitumor activity can be potentiated by its combination with other immune-enhancing molecules, monoclonal antibodies recognizing tumor antigens, chemotherapy, or molecular targeted agents. Clinical phase I-II studies of IL-21 in cancer patients showed immune stimulatory properties, acceptable toxicity profile, and antitumor effects in a fraction of patients. In view of its tolerability, IL-21 is also suitable for combinational therapeutic regimens with other agents. This review will summarize the biological functions of IL-21, and address its role in lymphoid malignancies and preclinical and clinical studies of cancer immunotherapy.
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The passive-aggressive relationship between CLL-B cells and T cell immunity. Leuk Res 2014; 38:1160-1. [PMID: 25182688 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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