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Ramisetty BS, Yang S, Dorlo TPC, Wang MZ. Determining tissue distribution of the oral antileishmanial agent miltefosine: a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling approach. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0032824. [PMID: 38842325 PMCID: PMC11232387 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00328-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Miltefosine (MTS) is the only approved oral drug for treating leishmaniasis caused by intracellular Leishmania parasites that localize in macrophages of the liver, spleen, skin, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. MTS is extensively distributed in tissues and has prolonged elimination half-lives due to its high plasma protein binding, slow metabolic clearance, and minimal urinary excretion. Thus, understanding and predicting the tissue distribution of MTS help assess therapeutic and toxicologic outcomes of MTS, especially in special populations, e.g., pediatrics. In this study, a whole-body physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of MTS was built on mice and extrapolated to rats and humans. MTS plasma and tissue concentration data obtained by intravenous and oral administration to mice were fitted simultaneously to estimate model parameters. The resulting high tissue-to-plasma partition coefficient values corroborate extensive distribution in all major organs except the bone marrow. Sensitivity analysis suggests that plasma exposure is most susceptible to changes in fraction unbound in plasma. The murine oral-PBPK model was further validated by assessing overlay of simulations with plasma and tissue profiles obtained from an independent study. Subsequently, the murine PBPK model was extrapolated to rats and humans based on species-specific physiological and drug-related parameters, as well as allometrically scaled parameters. Fold errors for pharmacokinetic parameters were within acceptable range in both extrapolated models, except for a slight underprediction in the human plasma exposure. These animal and human PBPK models are expected to provide reliable estimates of MTS tissue distribution and assist dose regimen optimization in special populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sihyung Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Thomas P. C. Dorlo
- Pharmacometrics Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Zhuo Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
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Palić S, Chu WY, Sundar S, Mondal D, Das P, Pandey K, Raja S, Rijal S, Roseboom IC, Hamadeh A, Malik PRV, Beijnen JH, Huitema ADR, Sjögren E, Alves F, Dorlo TPC. Skin pharmacokinetics of miltefosine in the treatment of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in South Asia. J Antimicrob Chemother 2024; 79:1547-1554. [PMID: 38727613 PMCID: PMC11215536 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkae129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) arises as a dermal complication following a visceral leishmaniasis (VL) infection. Current treatment options for PKDL are unsatisfactory, and there is a knowledge gap regarding the distribution of antileishmanial compounds within human skin. The present study investigated the skin distribution of miltefosine in PKDL patients, with the aim to improve the understanding of the pharmacokinetics at the skin target site in PKDL. METHODS Fifty-two PKDL patients underwent treatment with liposomal amphotericin B (20 mg/kg) plus miltefosine (allometric dosing) for 21 days. Plasma concentrations of miltefosine were measured on study days 8, 15, 22 and 30, while a punch skin biopsy was taken on day 22. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed to evaluate the distribution of miltefosine into the skin. RESULTS Following the allometric weight-based dosing regimen, median miltefosine concentrations on day 22 were 43.73 µg/g (IQR: 21.94-60.65 µg/g) in skin and 33.29 µg/mL (IQR: 25.9-42.58 µg/mL) in plasma. The median individual concentration ratio of skin to plasma was 1.19 (IQR: 0.79-1.9). In 87% (45/52) of patients, skin exposure was above the suggested EC90 PK target of 10.6 mg/L associated with in vitro susceptibility. Simulations indicated that the residence time of miltefosine in the skin would be more than 2-fold longer than in plasma, estimated by a mean residence time of 604 versus 266 hours, respectively. CONCLUSION This study provides the first accurate measurements of miltefosine penetration into the skin, demonstrating substantial exposure and prolonged retention of miltefosine within the skin. These findings support the use of miltefosine in cutaneous manifestations of leishmaniasis. In combination with parasitological and clinical data, these results are critical for the future optimization of combination therapies with miltefosine in the treatment of PKDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semra Palić
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute—Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wan-Yu Chu
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute—Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Dinesh Mondal
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Security (CNFS), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pradeep Das
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, India
| | - Sheeraz Raja
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) South Asia, New Delhi, India
| | - Suman Rijal
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) South Asia, New Delhi, India
| | - Ignace C Roseboom
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute—Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abdullah Hamadeh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul R V Malik
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute—Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alwin D R Huitema
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute—Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Sjögren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Pharmetheus AB, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fabiana Alves
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas P C Dorlo
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute—Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Verrest L, Monnerat S, Musa AM, Mbui J, Khalil EAG, Olobo J, Wasunna M, Chu WY, Huitema ADR, Schallig HDFH, Alves F, Dorlo TPC. Leishmania blood parasite dynamics during and after treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in Eastern Africa: A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012078. [PMID: 38640118 PMCID: PMC11062534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the current treatment options for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), recrudescence of the parasite is seen in a proportion of patients. Understanding parasite dynamics is crucial to improving treatment efficacy and predicting patient relapse in cases of VL. This study aimed to characterize the kinetics of circulating Leishmania parasites in the blood, during and after different antileishmanial therapies, and to find predictors for clinical relapse of disease. METHODS Data from three clinical trials, in which Eastern African VL patients received various antileishmanial regimens, were combined in this study. Leishmania kinetoplast DNA was quantified in whole blood with real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) before, during, and up to six months after treatment. An integrated population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model was developed using non-linear mixed effects modelling. RESULTS Parasite proliferation was best described by an exponential growth model, with an in vivo parasite doubling time of 7.8 days (RSE 12%). Parasite killing by fexinidazole, liposomal amphotericin B, sodium stibogluconate, and miltefosine was best described by linear models directly relating drug concentrations to the parasite elimination rate. After treatment, parasite growth was assumed to be suppressed by the host immune system, described by an Emax model driven by the time after treatment. No predictors for the high variability in onset and magnitude of the immune response could be identified. Model-based individual predictions of blood parasite load on Day 28 and Day 56 after start of treatment were predictive for clinical relapse of disease. CONCLUSION This semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model adequately captured the blood parasite dynamics during and after treatment, and revealed that high blood parasite loads on Day 28 and Day 56 after start of treatment are an early indication for VL relapse, which could be a useful biomarker to assess treatment efficacy of a treatment regimen in a clinical trial setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Verrest
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital/Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ahmed M. Musa
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Jane Mbui
- Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Joseph Olobo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Monique Wasunna
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Wan-Yu Chu
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital/Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alwin D. R. Huitema
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital/Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henk D. F. H. Schallig
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory for Experimental Parasitology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fabiana Alves
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas P. C. Dorlo
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital/Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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van Griensven J, Dorlo TP, Diro E, Costa C, Burza S. The status of combination therapy for visceral leishmaniasis: an updated review. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 24:e36-e46. [PMID: 37640031 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
For the past 15 years, trials of combination therapy options for visceral leishmaniasis have been conducted with the aim of identifying effective, and safe treatment regimens that were shorter than existing monotherapy regimens and could also prevent or delay the emergence of drug resistance. Although first-line treatment currently relies on combination therapy in east Africa, this is not true in Latin America owing to disappointing trial results, with lower than expected efficacy seen for the combination treatment group. By contrast, several effective combination therapy regimens have been identified through trials on the Indian subcontinent; yet, first-line therapy is still AmBisome monotherapy as the drug is part of a free donation programme and is highly effective in this region. Achieving a short all-oral combination treatment will require new chemical entities, several of which are currently under evaluation. Future studies should systematically include pharmacological substudies to ensure optimal dosing for all patient groups. To achieve maximal impact of new combination treatments, mechanisms to ensure drug availability and access after trials should be established. Enhancing the longevity of current and novel treatments will require effective systems for early detection of emerging drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Pc Dorlo
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ermias Diro
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carlos Costa
- Intelligence Center on Emerging and Neglected Tropical Diseases and Injuries, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Sakib Burza
- Médecins Sans Frontières, New Delhi, India; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Madu SJ, Wang K, Chirumamilla SK, Turner DB, Steel PG, Li M. Assessing Dose-Exposure-Response Relationships of Miltefosine in Adults and Children using Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approach. Pharm Res 2023; 40:2983-3000. [PMID: 37816929 PMCID: PMC10746618 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03610-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Miltefosine is the first and only oral medication to be successfully utilized as an antileishmanial agent. However, the drug is associated with differences in exposure patterns and cure rates among different population groups e.g. ethnicity and age (i.e., children v adults) in clinical trials. In this work, mechanistic population physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models have been developed to study the dose-exposure-response relationship of miltefosine in in silico clinical trials and evaluate the differences in population groups, particularly children and adults. METHODS The Simcyp population pharmacokinetics platform was employed to predict miltefosine exposure in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in a virtual population under different dosing regimens. The cure rate of a simulation was based on the percentage of number of the individual virtual subjects with AUCd0-28 > 535 µg⋅day/mL in the virtual population. RESULTS It is shown that both adult and paediatric PBPK models of miltefosine can be developed to predict the PK data of the clinical trials accurately. There was no significant difference in the predicted dose-exposure-response of the miltefosine treatment for different simulated ethnicities under the same dose regime and the dose-selection strategies determined the clinical outcome of the miltefosine treatment. A lower cure rate of the miltefosine treatment in paediatrics was predicted because a lower exposure of miltefosine was simulated in virtual paediatric in comparison with adult virtual populations when they received the same dose of the treatment. CONCLUSIONS The mechanistic PBPK model suggested that the higher fraction of unbound miltefosine in plasma was responsible for a higher probability of failure in paediatrics because of the difference in the distribution of plasma proteins between adults and paediatrics. The developed PBPK models could be used to determine an optimal miltefosine dose regime in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadrack J Madu
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Ke Wang
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | | | - David B Turner
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Patrick G Steel
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Mingzhong Li
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK.
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6
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Verrest L, Roseboom IC, Wasunna M, Mbui J, Njenga S, Musa AM, Olobo J, Mohammed R, Ritmeijer K, Chu WY, Huitema ADR, Solomos A, Alves F, Dorlo TPC. Population pharmacokinetics of a combination of miltefosine and paromomycin in Eastern African children and adults with visceral leishmaniasis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2023; 78:2702-2714. [PMID: 37726401 PMCID: PMC10631828 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To improve visceral leishmaniasis (VL) treatment in Eastern Africa, 14- and 28-day combination regimens of paromomycin plus allometrically dosed miltefosine were evaluated. As the majority of patients affected by VL are children, adequate paediatric exposure to miltefosine and paromomycin is key to ensuring good treatment response. METHODS Pharmacokinetic data were collected in a multicentre randomized controlled trial in VL patients from Kenya, Sudan, Ethiopia and Uganda. Patients received paromomycin (20 mg/kg/day for 14 days) plus miltefosine (allometric dose for 14 or 28 days). Population pharmacokinetic models were developed. Adequacy of exposure and target attainment of paromomycin and miltefosine were evaluated in children and adults. RESULTS Data from 265 patients (59% ≤12 years) were available for this pharmacokinetic analysis. Paromomycin exposure was lower in paediatric patients compared with adults [median (IQR) end-of-treatment AUC0-24h 187 (162-203) and 242 (217-328) µg·h/mL, respectively], but were both within the IQR of end-of-treatment exposure in Kenyan and Sudanese adult patients from a previous study. Cumulative miltefosine end-of-treatment exposure in paediatric patients and adults [AUCD0-28 517 (464-552) and 524 (456-567) µg·day/mL, respectively] and target attainment [time above the in vitro susceptibility value EC90 27 (25-28) and 30 (28-32) days, respectively] were comparable to previously observed values in adults. CONCLUSIONS Paromomycin and miltefosine exposure in this new combination regimen corresponded to the desirable levels of exposure, supporting the implementation of the shortened 14 day combination regimen. Moreover, the lack of a clear exposure-response and exposure-toxicity relationship indicated adequate exposure within the therapeutic range in the studied population, including paediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Verrest
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ignace C Roseboom
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jane Mbui
- Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Simon Njenga
- Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ahmed M Musa
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Joseph Olobo
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rezika Mohammed
- Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Center, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Wan-Yu Chu
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alwin D R Huitema
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Fabiana Alves
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas P C Dorlo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Castro MDM, Rode J, Machado PRL, Llanos-Cuentas A, Hueb M, Cota G, Rojas IV, Orobio Y, Oviedo Sarmiento O, Rojas E, Quintero J, Pimentel MIF, Soto J, Suprien C, Alvarez F, Ramos AP, Arantes RBDS, da Silva RE, Arenas CM, Vélez ID, Lyra MR, Saravia NG, Arana B, Alexander N. Cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment and therapeutic outcomes in special populations: A collaborative retrospective study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011029. [PMID: 36689465 PMCID: PMC9894540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment guidance for children and older adult patients affected by cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is unclear due to limited representation of these groups in clinical trials. METHODS We conducted a collaborative retrospective study to describe the effectiveness and safety of antileishmanial treatments in children ≤ 10 and adults ≥ 60 years of age, treated between 2014 and 2018 in ten CL referral centers in Latin America. RESULTS 2,037 clinical records were assessed for eligibility. Of them, the main reason for non-inclusion was lack of data on treatment follow-up and therapeutic response (182/242, 75% of children and 179/468, 38% of adults). Data on 1,325 eligible CL patients (736 children and 589 older adults) were analyzed. In both age groups, disease presentation was mild, with a median number of lesions of one (IQR: 1-2) and median lesion diameter of less than 3 cm. Less than 50% of the patients had data for two or more follow-up visits post-treatment (being only 28% in pediatric patients). Systemic antimonials were the most common monotherapy regimen in both age groups (590/736, 80.2% of children and 308/589, 52.3% of older adults) with overall cure rates of 54.6% (95% CI: 50.5-58.6%) and 68.2% (95% CI: 62.6-73.4%), respectively. Other treatments used include miltefosine, amphotericin B, intralesional antimonials, and pentamidine. Adverse reactions related to the main treatment were experienced in 11.9% (86/722) of children versus 38.4% (206/537) of older adults. Most adverse reactions were of mild intensity. CONCLUSION Our findings support the need for greater availability and use of alternatives to systemic antimonials, particularly local therapies, and development of strategies to improve patient follow-up across the region, with special attention to pediatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria del Mar Castro
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Joelle Rode
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo R. L. Machado
- Servico de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgar Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas
- Unidad de Leishmaniasis y Malaria, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, and Hospital Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Marcia Hueb
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Hospital Universitário Júlio Müller (HUJM), Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Gláucia Cota
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Yenifer Orobio
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Oscar Oviedo Sarmiento
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Ernesto Rojas
- Centro Universitario de Medicina Tropical–Universidad Mayor de San Simón (CUMT), Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Juliana Quintero
- PECET—Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Jaime Soto
- FUNDERMA (Fundación Nacional de Dermatología), Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | - Carvel Suprien
- Servico de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgar Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Fiorela Alvarez
- Unidad de Leishmaniasis y Malaria, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, and Hospital Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Ana Pilar Ramos
- Unidad de Leishmaniasis y Malaria, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, and Hospital Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Darío Vélez
- PECET—Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Marcelo Rosandiski Lyra
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nancy Gore Saravia
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Byron Arana
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Neal Alexander
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
- * E-mail:
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Musa AM, Mbui J, Mohammed R, Olobo J, Ritmeijer K, Alcoba G, Muthoni Ouattara G, Egondi T, Nakanwagi P, Omollo T, Wasunna M, Verrest L, Dorlo TPC, Musa Younis B, Nour A, Taha Ahmed Elmukashfi E, Ismail Omer Haroun A, Khalil EAG, Njenga S, Fikre H, Mekonnen T, Mersha D, Sisay K, Sagaki P, Alvar J, Solomos A, Alves F. Paromomycin and Miltefosine Combination as an Alternative to Treat Patients With Visceral Leishmaniasis in Eastern Africa: A Randomized, Controlled, Multicountry Trial. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 76:e1177-e1185. [PMID: 36164254 PMCID: PMC9907539 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine whether paromomycin plus miltefosine (PM/MF) is noninferior to sodium stibogluconate plus paromomycin (SSG/PM) for treatment of primary visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Africa. METHODS An open-label, phase 3, randomized, controlled trial was conducted in adult and pediatric patients at 7 sites in eastern Africa. Patients were randomly assigned to either 20 mg/kg paromomycin plus allometric dose of miltefosine (14 days), or 20 mg/kg sodium stibogluconate plus 15 mg/kg paromomycin (17 days). The primary endpoint was definitive cure after 6 months. RESULTS Of 439 randomized patients, 424 completed the trial. Definitive cure at 6 months was 91.2% (155 of 170) and 91.8% (156 of 170) in the PM/MF and SSG/PM arms in primary efficacy modified intention-to-treat analysis (difference, 0.6%; 97.5% confidence interval [CI], -6.2 to 7.4), narrowly missing the noninferiority margin of 7%. In the per-protocol analysis, efficacy was 92% (149 of 162) and 91.7% (155 of 169) in the PM/MF and SSG/PM arms (difference, -0.3%; 97.5% CI, -7.0 to 6.5), demonstrating noninferiority. Treatments were well tolerated. Four of 18 serious adverse events were study drug-related, and 1 death was SSG-related. Allometric dosing ensured similar MF exposure in children (<12 years) and adults. CONCLUSIONS PM/MF and SSG/PM efficacies were similar, and adverse drug reactions were as expected given the drugs safety profiles. With 1 less injection each day, reduced treatment duration, and no risk of SSG-associated life-threatening cardiotoxicity, PM/MF is a more patient-friendly alternative for children and adults with primary visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Africa. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT03129646.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Musa
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Jane Mbui
- Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rezika Mohammed
- Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Center, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Joseph Olobo
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Leishmaniasis Unit, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Luka Verrest
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute–Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas P C Dorlo
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute–Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brima Musa Younis
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ali Nour
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | | | | | - Simon Njenga
- Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Helina Fikre
- Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Center, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tigist Mekonnen
- Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Center, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | | | | | - Jorge Alvar
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Fabiana Alves
- Correspondence: F. Alves, DNDi, 15 chemin Camille Vidart, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland ()
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An update on the clinical pharmacology of miltefosine in the treatment of leishmaniasis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2021; 59:106459. [PMID: 34695563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2021.106459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Miltefosine is an alkylphosphocholine agent with a broad spectrum of antiparasitic properties. For over two decades, miltefosine has remained the only oral drug licensed and used in the treatment of the neglected tropical disease, leishmaniasis. The last extensive review of the pharmacology of miltefosine was published in 2012. Additional data on the clinical pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of miltefosine have become available in the last decade, and there are ongoing and future studies in this area. Miltefosine PK are characterized by slow absorption and elimination, resulting in accumulation of drug in plasma until the end of treatment. Several recent studies established exposure-response relationships for various regimens of miltefosine in the treatment of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, leading to the identification of PK parameters predictive of clinical relapse and outcome. This review provides an update on the most recent developments in the area of clinical pharmacology of miltefosine, including a discussion of the current dosing regimens.
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Influence of Malnutrition on the Pharmacokinetics of Drugs Used in the Treatment of Poverty-Related Diseases: A Systematic Review. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 60:1149-1169. [PMID: 34060020 PMCID: PMC8545752 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-021-01031-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Patients affected by poverty-related infectious diseases (PRDs) are disproportionally affected by malnutrition. To optimize treatment of patients affected by PRDs, we aimed to assess the influence of malnutrition associated with PRDs on drug pharmacokinetics, by way of a systematic review. Methods A systematic review was performed on the effects of malnourishment on the pharmacokinetics of drugs to treat PRDs, including HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, and neglected tropical diseases. Results In 21/29 PRD drugs included in this review, pharmacokinetics were affected by malnutrition. Effects were heterogeneous, but trends were observed for specific classes of drugs and different types and degrees of malnutrition. Bioavailability of lumefantrine, sulfadoxine, pyrimethamine, lopinavir, and efavirenz was decreased in severely malnourished patients, but increased for the P-glycoprotein substrates abacavir, saquinavir, nevirapine, and ivermectin. Distribution volume was decreased for the lipophilic drugs isoniazid, chloroquine, and nevirapine, and the α1-acid glycoprotein-bound drugs quinine, rifabutin, and saquinavir. Distribution volume was increased for the hydrophilic drug streptomycin and the albumin-bound drugs rifampicin, lopinavir, and efavirenz. Drug elimination was decreased for isoniazid, chloroquine, quinine, zidovudine, saquinavir, and streptomycin, but increased for the albumin-bound drugs quinine, chloroquine, rifampicin, lopinavir, efavirenz, and ethambutol. Clinically relevant effects were mainly observed in severely malnourished and kwashiorkor patients. Conclusions Malnutrition-related effects on pharmacokinetics potentially affect treatment response, particularly for severe malnutrition or kwashiorkor. However, pharmacokinetic knowledge is lacking for specific populations, especially patients with neglected tropical diseases and severe malnutrition. To optimize treatment in these neglected subpopulations, adequate pharmacokinetic studies are needed, including severely malnourished or kwashiorkor patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40262-021-01031-z.
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