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De Winter S, van Hest R, Dreesen E, Annaert P, Wauters J, Meersseman W, Van den Eede N, Desmet S, Verelst S, Vanbrabant P, Peetermans W, Spriet I. Quantification and Explanation of the Variability of First-Dose Amikacin Concentrations in Critically Ill Patients Admitted to the Emergency Department: A Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 46:653-663. [PMID: 34297338 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-021-00698-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There may be a difference between the determinants of amikacin exposure in emergency department (ED) versus intensive care (ICU) patients, and the peak amikacin concentration varies widely between patients. Moreover, when the first dose of antimicrobials is administered to septic patients admitted to the ED, fluid resuscitation and vasopressors have just been initiated. Nevertheless, population pharmacokinetic modelling data for amikacin in ED patients are unavailable. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to quantify the interindividual variability (IIV) in the pharmacokinetics of amikacin in patients admitted to the ED and to identify the patient characteristics that explain this IIV. METHODS Patients presenting at the ED with severe sepsis or septic shock were randomly assigned to receive amikacin 25 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg intravenously. Blood samples were collected at 1, 6 and 24 h after the onset of the first amikacin infusion. Data were analysed using nonlinear mixed-effects modelling. RESULTS A two-compartment population pharmacokinetic model was developed based on 279 amikacin concentrations from 97 patients. The IIV in clearance (CL) and central distribution volume (V1) were 71% and 26%, respectively. Body mass index (BMI), serum total protein level, serum sodium level, and fluid balance 24 h after amikacin administration explained 30% of the IIV in V1, leaving 18% of the IIV unexplained. BMI and creatinine clearance according to the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation 24 h after amikacin administration explained 46% of the IIV in CL, and 39% remained unexplained. CONCLUSION The IIV of amikacin pharmacokinetics in ED patients is large. Higher doses may be considered in patients with low serum sodium levels, low total protein levels, or a high fluid balance. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT02365272.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina De Winter
- Department of Pharmacy, Univesity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Reinier van Hest
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin Dreesen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,BioNotus, Galileilaan 15, 2845, Niel, Belgium
| | - Joost Wauters
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wouter Meersseman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Van den Eede
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Desmet
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Verelst
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Vanbrabant
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Willy Peetermans
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabel Spriet
- Department of Pharmacy, Univesity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Elbaz M, Ben-Ami R. Effectiveness and safety of an institutional aminoglycoside-based regimen as empirical treatment of patients with pyelonephritis-authors' response. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 75:3697-3698. [PMID: 32929474 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meital Elbaz
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronen Ben-Ami
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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