1
|
Acharya D, Devkota B, Kreps GL. The association between media exposure and enrollment in health insurance in Nepal: Implications for health policy. WORLD MEDICAL & HEALTH POLICY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/wmh3.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj Acharya
- Faculty of Education Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, Kathmandu Nepal
| | | | - Gary L. Kreps
- Center for Health and Risk Communication at George Mason University Fairfax Virginia USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Melaku T, Gashaw M, Chelkeba L, Berhane M, Bekele S, Lemi G, Wakjira T, Tesfaw G, Mekonnen Z, Ali S, Kroidl A, Wieser A, Froeschl G, Gudina EK. Evaluation of Adult Outpatient Antibiotics Use at Jimma Medical Center (with Defined Daily Doses for Usage Metrics). Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:1649-1658. [PMID: 33953576 PMCID: PMC8092616 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s293080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Inappropriate antibiotic use is a major public health concern and driver of antibiotic resistance. Excessive exposure to antibiotics results in the emergence and spread of drug-resistant microorganisms. This study aimed to measure the volume of antibiotic consumption at the outpatient settings in a tertiary-care teaching hospital in Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was undertaken from February 01, 2019 to March 31, 2019 at Jimma Medical Center in southwest Ethiopia. Antibiotics use was analyzed using Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification and Defined Daily Dose (DDD) system. Antibiotic use was calculated as DDD per 100 outpatients per day. Antibiotics were classified based on World Health Organization "AWaRe" classification scheme as "Access", "Watch" and "Reserve" group antibiotics and measured their consumption intensity. Results A total of 496 adult patients were included in the study. The mean (SD) age of participants was 33.07 (14.05) years. The total amount of antibiotics consumed was 5.31 DDD/100 outpatients per day. Ciprofloxacin was the most commonly [122 (21.12%)] prescribed antibiotics with DDD/100 outpatients per day value of 1.13, followed by amoxicillin [68 (11.76%)] with DDD/100 outpatients per day value of 0.44, and azithromycin [61 (10.55%)] with DDD/100 outpatients per day value of 0.51. On antibiotic consumption index, antibiotics in the "Watch" group had 2.10 DDD/100 outpatients per day. Conclusion There was high consumption of antibiotics in the study setting. Based on the use control criteria, half of the antibiotics used were in the "Watch" group. The high level of consumptions of antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and azithromycin, in particular, requires further scrutiny and calls for an urgent implementation of an antibiotic stewardship program at the hospital.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mulatu Gashaw
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Legese Chelkeba
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Melkamu Berhane
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Sisay Bekele
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Gemechu Lemi
- Department of Surgery, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Tekle Wakjira
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Getnet Tesfaw
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Zeleke Mekonnen
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Arne Kroidl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Wieser
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Guenter Froeschl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Impact of an antimicrobial stewardship intervention in India: Evaluation of post-prescription review and feedback as a method of promoting optimal antimicrobial use in the intensive care units of a tertiary-care hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020; 40:512-519. [PMID: 31084674 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2019.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) are effective in developed countries. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of an infectious disease (ID) physician-driven post-prescription review and feedback as an ASP strategy in India, a low middle-income country (LMIC). DESIGN AND SETTING This prospective cohort study was carried out for 18 months in 2 intensive care units of a tertiary-care hospital, consisting of 3 phases: baseline, intervention, and follow up. Each phase spanned 6 months. PARTICIPANTS Patients aged ≥15 years receiving 48 hours of study antibiotics were recruited for the study. METHODS During the intervention phase, an ID physician reviewed the included cases and gave alternate recommendations if the antibiotic use was inappropriate. Acceptance of the recommendations was measured after 48 hours. The primary outcome of the study was days of therapy (DOT) per 1,000 study patient days (PD). RESULTS Overall, 401 patients were recruited in the baseline phase, 381 patients were recruited in the intervention phase, and 379 patients were recruited in the follow-up phase. Antimicrobial use decreased from 831.5 during the baseline phase to 717 DOT per 1,000 PD in the intervention phase (P < .0001). The effect was sustained in the follow-up phase (713.6 DOT per 1,000 PD). De-escalation according to culture susceptibility improved significantly in the intervention phase versus the baseline phase (42.7% vs 23.6%; P < .0001). Overall, 73.3% of antibiotic prescriptions were inappropriate. Recommendations by the ID team were accepted in 60.7% of the cases. CONCLUSION The ID physician-driven implementation of an ASP was successful in reducing antibiotic utilization in an acute-care setting in India.
Collapse
|
4
|
From paper to practice: Strategies for improving antibiotic stewardship in the pediatric ambulatory setting. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2018; 48:289-305. [PMID: 30322711 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic stewardship aims to better patient outcomes, reduce antibiotic resistance, and decrease unnecessary health care costs by improving appropriate antibiotic use. More than half of annual antibiotic expenditures for antibiotics in the United States are prescribed in the ambulatory setting. This review provides a summary of evidence based strategies shown to improve antibiotic prescribing in ambulatory care settings including: providing education to patients and their families, providing education to clinicians regarding best practices for specific conditions, providing communications training to clinicians, implementing disease-specific treatment algorithms, implementing delayed prescribing for acute otitis media, supplying prescribing feedback to providers with peer comparisons, using commitment letters, and prompting providers to justify antibiotic prescribing for diagnoses for which antibiotics are not typically recommended. These various mechanisms to improve stewardship can be tailored to a specific practice's work flow and culture. Interventions should be used in combination to maximize impact. The intent with this review is to provide an overview of strategies that pediatric providers can take from paper to practice.
Collapse
|
5
|
Fürst J, Čižman M, Mrak J, Kos D, Campbell S, Coenen S, Gustafsson LL, Fürst L, Godman B. The influence of a sustained multifaceted approach to improve antibiotic prescribing in Slovenia during the past decade: findings and implications. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 13:279-89. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.990381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
6
|
Čižman M, Plankar Srovin T, Blagus R, Furst J, Pečar Čad S, Korošec A, Bajec T. The long-term effects of restrictive interventions on consumption and costs of antibiotics. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2014; 3:31-35. [PMID: 27873647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, Slovenia introduced restrictive measures for some antibiotic classes in ambulatory care as well as regulatory interventions to reduce costs. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of these interventions on consumption and costs of antibiotics in ambulatory care. Consumption data were expressed in defined daily doses/1000 inhabitants per day (DID), number of packages/1000 inhabitants per day and number of prescriptions/1000 inhabitants per year. In 2000, Slovenia introduced restrictive measures for prescription of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AMC) and fluoroquinolones, in 2005 for oral third-generation cephalosporins and in 2009 for macrolides. Segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series was used to estimate the effects of restrictive interventions on antibiotic consumption. Total outpatient consumption of antibacterial drugs decreased by 29.65% from 20.27 DID in 1999 to 14.26 DID in 2012. Three years after the introduction of restrictions, consumption of AMC, fluoroquinolones and macrolides decreased by 29.3%, 23.8% and 28.8%, respectively, compared with the year before the intervention, and of non-restricted antibiotics by 3.3% (in 2003). Twelve years after the introduction of restrictive interventions, use of AMC and fluoroquinolones decreased by 28.1% and 28.5%, respectively, and use of non-restricted antibiotics by 18.8% (in 2012). In the same time period, the costs of AMC and fluoroquinolones were reduced by 63.3% and 52.4%, respectively, and of non-restricted antibiotics by 46.9%. Restrictive interventions in ambulatory care are effective in reducing antibiotic consumption and costs. Restrictive interventions had a significantly greater impact on consumption 3 years post-intervention than after 12 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Čižman
- University Medical Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Japljeva 2, 1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Plankar Srovin
- University Medical Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Japljeva 2, 1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Rok Blagus
- Institute for Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jurij Furst
- Health Insurance Institute of Slovenia, Miklošičeva cesta 24, 1507 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Silva Pečar Čad
- National Institute of Public Health of Slovenia, Trubarjeva 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Korošec
- National Institute of Public Health of Slovenia, Trubarjeva 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fagan M, Lindbæk M, Reiso H, Berild D. A simple intervention to reduce inappropriate ciprofloxacin prescribing in the emergency department. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 46:481-5. [DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2014.880187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
8
|
Marković-Peković V, Stoisavljević-Šatara S, Škrbić R. Outpatient utilization of systemic antibiotics in the Republic of Srpska. SCRIPTA MEDICA 2013. [DOI: 10.5937/scriptamed1301010m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
|
9
|
Franchi C, Sequi M, Bonati M, Nobili A, Pasina L, Bortolotti A, Fortino I, Merlino L, Clavenna A. Differences in outpatient antibiotic prescription in Italy’s Lombardy region. Infection 2011; 39:299-308. [DOI: 10.1007/s15010-011-0129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
10
|
Fagan M, Skotheim S. Fluorokinolonbruk i sykehjem. TIDSSKRIFT FOR DEN NORSKE LEGEFORENING 2010; 130:2022-4. [DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.09.0560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
|
11
|
Abstract
The microbiology of acute otitis media (AOM) is linked to the nasopharyngeal commensal flora. This respiratory ecosystem undergoes various selective pressures, such as antibiotic consumption and vaccine use. Socio-economic conditions also influence the bacterial composition of the nasopharynx. Streptococcus pneumoniae, non-encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and group A Streptococcus are the leading causes of bacterial AOM worldwide. This paper will discuss the causes and consequences of recent shifts in the underlying microbiology of AOM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Vergison
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Brussels, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cohen R, Lécuyer A, Wollner C, Deberdt P, Thollot F, Henriquet V, de La Rocque F. [Evaluation of impact of CRP rapid test in management of febrile children in ambulatory pediatric practice]. Arch Pediatr 2008; 15:1126-32. [PMID: 18486458 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fever without source (FWS) is a common cause of children visits to pediatric practices. Clinical evaluation does not always rule out efficiently an invasive bacterial infection. Among blood markers, several publications have suggested the value of C-reactive protein (CRP). This study was performed to assess, in private practices, the impact of rapid CRP test compared to usual technique at the laboratory for the management of children with FWO. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was undertaken in 2006-2007, in 14 pediatric practices. Pediatricians had to enroll all children, older than three months, consulting for FWS, for whom CRP was prescribed. The pediatric practices were distributed in two groups: in the first one, pediatricians had rapid CRP tests (NycoCard) CRP test, Progen Biotechnique) and in the second one, they sent children to laboratory for the dosage of CRP as usually. RESULTS Between October 2006 and June 2007, 227 children were enrolled by 17 pediatricians: 159 in the group with rapid CRP test (group 1), 68 in the group without (group 2). The cost of routine biological tests (micro or macro CRP, blood cell count and urine cultures) was on average lower for group 1 compared to the group 2: respectively 7.7 versus 39.3 euro (P<0.0001), a reduction from approximately 80% of cost. In group 1, more dipstick urine tests (22.6 versus 4.4, P=0.0009), less urine cultures (19.5% versus 67.6% P<0.0001) and blood prescriptions were prescribed (3.8% versus 100%, P<0.0001), pulmonary X-rays were not different (23.9% versus 19.1%, P=0.4). It was not observed difference in antibiotic prescription between the two groups (15.7% group 1 versus 19.1% group 2, p=0.5). The average time to obtain the results examinations in laboratory was approximately 11h (median 4.5h, extremes 45 min to two days), for five min in group 1. In group 1, children management was different according to the CRP levels. During the follow-up, no difference was observed between the two groups except less hospitalizations in group 1 (2.9% versus 15.3%, P=0.0015). CONCLUSION This study suggests the interest of rapid CRP test for febrile children in ambulatory pediatric practice by reducing number and cost of laboratory examinations and timesaving for patients and practitioners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Cohen
- Service de bactériologie, hôpital intercommunal de Créteil, 40, avenue de Verdun, 94000 Créteil, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cizman M, Beović B, Seme K, Paragi M, Strumbelj I, Müller-Premru M, Cad-Pecar S, Pokorn M. Macrolide resistance rates in respiratory pathogens in Slovenia following reduced macrolide use. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006; 28:537-42. [PMID: 17101264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the association between decreased use of macrolides and resistance of common respiratory pathogens in Slovenia from 1999 to 2004. Over a 6-year period the consumption of macrolides in Slovenia decreased by 21.3%, from 3.81 defined daily doses/1000 inhabitants per day (DID) to 3.0 DID. The use of short-acting, intermediate-acting and long-acting subclasses of macrolides decreased by 50%, 18% and 13%, respectively. In the same period, resistance of invasive strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae increased from 4.6% to 11.1% and resistance of non-invasive strains of S. pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes increased from 12.8% to 20.2% and from 7.4% to 12.5%, respectively. Resistance increased significantly more in children than in adults (P=0.05) and was significantly correlated with increased use of intermediate-acting macrolides (r=0.94 for non-invasive S. pneumoniae and r=0.96 for S. pyogenes) in children. Resistance of Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis was low and did not change. In children and adults, the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant strains of invasive S. pneumoniae was observed. The decline in total macrolide use was not paralleled by reduced macrolide resistance rates of S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae during the 6-year period. There was a strong correlation between the use of intermediate-acting macrolides and macrolide resistance of S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae in children. Further reduction in the use of intermediate- and long-acting macrolides should be encouraged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Cizman
- University Medical Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Japljeva 2, 1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
During the last two decades, there has been an alarming worldwide increase of resistance to antibiotics of bacterial pathogens responsible for community-acquired infections. This dramatic evolution is generally attributed to the extensive use of antibiotics and the selective pressure on the bacterial strains. To decrease antibiotics resistance in the community, several approaches should be considered through: reducing unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions: inappropriate antibiotic treatments are becoming a major issue; however, few studies have shown a decrease of antibiotic resistance following a reduction of antibiotic use in the community;decreasing the prescriptions of the more selective antibiotic compounds for some bacterial species, eg macrolides and group A streptococcus (GAS), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and pneumococcus; using an optimal dosage and duration of antibiotic regimens chosen; some studies have suggested that low dosage and long treatment duration could promote antibiotic resistance; and implementing the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines; several studies have shown a decline in the proportion of penicillin nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from invasive pneumococcal diseases or nasopharyngeal flora. The combination of these approaches, particularly the reduction of antibiotic use and pneumococcal immunization, could be synergistic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Cohen
- Department of Microbiology, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France.
| |
Collapse
|