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Tan L, Ma R, Katz AJ, Levi N. Farnesol repurposing for prevention and treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii biofilms. Biofilm 2024; 7:100198. [PMID: 38706984 PMCID: PMC11066513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a multidrug-resistant (MDR) superbug by causing severe infections, with high mortality rates. The ability of A. baumannii to form biofilms significantly contributes to its persistence in diverse environmental and hospital settings. Here we report that farnesol, an FDA-approved commercial cosmetic and flavoring agent, demonstrates efficacy for both inhibition of biofilm formation, and disruption of established A. baumannii biofilms. Moreover, no resistance to farnesol was observed even after prolonged culture in the presence of sub-inhibitory farnesol doses. Farnesol combats A. baumannii biofilms by direct killing, while also facilitating biofilm detachment. Furthermore, farnesol was safe, and effective, for both prevention and treatment of A. baumannii biofilms in an ex vivo burned human skin model. Since current treatment options for A. baumannii biofilm infections were mainly counted on the combination therapy of last-resort antibiotics, and clearly non-sustainable due to robust MDR phenotype of A. baumannii, we propose that farnesol alone can be repurposed as a highly effective agent for both preventing and treating life-threating biofilm-associated infections of A. baumannii due to its proven safety, convenient topical delivery, and excellent efficiency, plus its superiority of evading resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adam J. Katz
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicole Levi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Tan L, Ma R, Reeves T, Katz AJ, Levi N. Repurposing Farnesol for Combating Drug-Resistant and Persistent Single and Polymicrobial Biofilms. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:350. [PMID: 38667026 PMCID: PMC11047559 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13040350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-associated infections caused by drug-resistant and persistent bacteria remain a significant clinical challenge. Here we report that farnesol, commercially available as a cosmetic and flavoring agent, shows significant anti-biofilm properties when dissolved in ethanol using a proprietary formulation emulsion technique. Farnesol in the new formulation inhibits biofilm formation and disrupts established biofilms for Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including their polymicrobial biofilms, and, moreover, kills S. aureus persister cells that have developed tolerance to antibiotics. No resistance to farnesol was observed for S. aureus after twenty continuous passages. Farnesol combats biofilms by direct killing, while also facilitating biofilm detachment. Furthermore, farnesol was safe and effective for preventing and treating biofilm-associated infections of both types of bacteria in an ex vivo burned human skin model. These data suggest that farnesol in the new formulation is an effective broad-spectrum anti-biofilm agent with promising clinical potential. Due to its established safety, low-cost, versatility, and excellent efficacy-including ability to reduce persistent and resistant microbial populations-farnesol in the proprietary formulation represents a compelling transformative, translational, and commercial platform for addressing many unsolved clinical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.T.); (A.J.K.)
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.T.); (A.J.K.)
| | - Tony Reeves
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Adam J. Katz
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.T.); (A.J.K.)
| | - Nicole Levi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.T.); (A.J.K.)
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Gaálová-Radochová B, Kendra S, Jordao L, Kursawe L, Kikhney J, Moter A, Bujdáková H. Effect of Quorum Sensing Molecule Farnesol on Mixed Biofilms of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030441. [PMID: 36978309 PMCID: PMC10044556 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural bioactive molecule farnesol (FAR) is widely studied mainly for its antibiofilm and antimicrobial properties. In addition, it increases the effectiveness of some antimicrobial substances, which makes it interesting for the development of combined therapy. In the present work, the effect of FAR either alone or in combination with oxacillin (OXA) on mixed biofilms formed by clinically relevant pathogens, Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, was studied. S. aureus isolates used for biofilm formation originated from blood cultures and central venous catheters (CVC) were characterized in terms of antimicrobial resistance. The minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC50) for FAR of 48 h mixed biofilms formed by the C. albicans and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) was determined to be 125 μM, and for the mixed biofilms with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was determined to be 250 μM. Treatment of mixed biofilms with OXA (2 mg/mL) showed ≤4% inhibition; however, the combination of OXA (2 mg/mL) and FAR (300 μM) resulted in 80% inhibition of biofilms. In addition, planktonic cells of S. aureus exhibited an increased susceptibility to OXA, cefoxitin and kanamycin in the presence of FAR (150 and 300 μM). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs confirmed patchy biofilm and lack of candidal hyphae in the samples treated with FAR and FAR/OXA in comparison to control and mixed biofilms treated only with OXA. Intriguingly, in a pilot experiment using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), considerable differences in activity (as indicated by ribosome content) of staphylococcal cells were detected. While the activity rate of the staphylococci in mixed biofilms treated with FAR was high, no FISH-positive signal for staphylococcal cells was found in the biofilm treated with FAR/OXA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Gaálová-Radochová
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-2-9014-9480
| | - Samuel Kendra
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Luisa Jordao
- Department of Environmental Health, Research and Development Unit, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Laura Kursawe
- Biofilmcenter, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- MoKi Analytics GmbH, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Kikhney
- Biofilmcenter, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- MoKi Analytics GmbH, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Moter
- Biofilmcenter, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- MoKi Analytics GmbH, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Moter Diagnostics, Marienplatz 9, 12207 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helena Bujdáková
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Kwiatkowski P, Kurzawski M, Kukula-Koch W, Pruss A, Sienkiewicz M, Płaziński W, Dołęgowska B, Wojciechowska-Koszko I. Staphyloxanthin inhibitory potential of trans-anethole: A preliminary study. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114153. [PMID: 36566523 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduction of staphyloxanthin (STX) production in Staphylococcus aureus under trans-anethole (TA) influence was proven in former studies. However, no tests concerning the impact of TA on a biosynthetic pathway of this carotenoid pigment have been published so far. Thus, for the first time, the present preliminary study evaluated the influence of TA on the expression level of genes (crtOPQMN operon and aldH) encoding STX pathway enzymes. Additional attention was paid to the identification of STX and its intermediates. Gene expression and identification of extracted compounds were conducted using quantitative real-time PCR and HPLC-MS techniques, respectively. The analyzes showed no difference in crtM, crtN, crtO, crtP, crtQ, and aldH gene expression between bacterial samples isolated from the non-stimulated (control) medium and the stimulated one with TA. Compared to the control group that showed the presence of all metabolic intermediates and STX, the TA-treated bacteria were characterized by a lack or a significant reduction of the majority of compounds, except 4,4'-diaponeurosporenoate, the content of which was elevated in the TA-treated sample. Moreover, in silico molecular docking analysis revealed that TA is capable to create relatively strong interactions with both 4,4'-diapophytoene synthase and 4,4'-diapophytoene desaturase. The preliminary findings indicate that the previously observed TA effect reducing the number of S. aureus colonies pigmentation is probably not associated with the expression levels of genes encoding STX pathway enzymes. It has been proven that adding TA to the medium can interfere with the formation of STX at different levels of its biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Kwiatkowski
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Kurzawski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Wirginia Kukula-Koch
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Pruss
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Monika Sienkiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostic, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Płaziński
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland; Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Barbara Dołęgowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
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Namba AM, Santos ELDS, Garcia MT, Ribeiro FDC, Figueiredo-Godoi LMA, Rossoni RD, Junqueira JC. Farnesol as a potentiator of antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation on Enterococcus faecalis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 39:102928. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lykholat YV, Khromykh NO, Didur OO, Sklyar TV, Holubieva TA, Lykholat TY, Lavrentievа KV, Liashenko OV. GC-MS analysis of cuticular waxes and evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Chaenomeles cathayensis and Ch. × californica fruits. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.15421/022199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit extracts of the Chaenomeles species are a rich source of compounds having health-promoting properties, while their distribution between the species and cultivars varies significantly depending on both genotype and environmental threats. This study aimed at discovering antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of the secondary metabolites of fruit and waxes of fruit cuticular of introduced Ch. cathayensis and Ch. × californica plants. The sum of detected polyphenols in the isopropanolic fruit extracts varied slightly between the species, while significant excesses in indices were seen for both species peel extracts as compared to pulp extracts. Antimicrobial assays carried out by disc diffusion method showed notable activity of the fruit peel and pulp extracts of both species against all tested Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains, and two Candida strains as well. Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain was the most resistant to the action of both fruit extracts, especially peel extracts of Ch. cathayensis fruits. As identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) assays, chloroformic extracts from the fruits of cuticular waxes of Ch. cathayensis and Ch. × californica contained six prevailing fractions: aldehydes, alkanes, alcohols, esters, fatty acids and various terpenoids. The predominant compounds were tetrapentacontane (21.8% of total amount) and heptacosanal (23.1% of total), respectively in the cuticular waxes of Ch. cathayensis and Ch. × californica. Cinnamaldehyde, cis-9-hexadecenal, hexadecanoic acid, oleic acid, olean-12-ene-3,28-diol (3. beta), lupeol, diisooctyl phthalate, 9-octadecenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, 1,3,12-nonadecatriene-5,14-diol and some other identified compounds are well-known for their bioactivity, indicating the feasibility of studying the antimicrobial potential of plant fruits.
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Antimicrobial, modulatory, and antibiofilm activity of tt-farnesol on bacterial and fungal strains of importance to human health. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 47:128192. [PMID: 34118413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and modulatory activities of trans-trans-farnesol (tt-farnesol). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of this sesquiterpene was evaluated against 31 Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and 4 species of the genus Candida. Furthermore, we examined its inhibitory action on biofilm production as well as antibiotic modulation. Only Gram-positive species presented susceptibility to tt-farnesol (MIC ranging from 8 µg/mL to 128 µg/mL). No synergistic or antagonistic effects were observed between tt-farnesol (1/4 and 1/8 of MIC) and first-choice antibiotics against multidrug resistant strains. However, the modulatory action of tt-farnesol (1/2 and 1/4 of the MIC) decreased 8 × MIC of non-inhibitory β-lactam antibiotic against a Methicillin-resistant strain. In the antibiofilm assay, tt-farnesol inhibited biofilm formation, especially in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, at concentrations ranging from 2 μg/mL to 128 μg/mL. Additionally, in the molecular docking study, the tt-farnesol molecule demonstrated a remarkable binding affinity with important proteins involved in the biofilm production, such as IcaA and Srt proteins. The antimicrobial action of tt-farnesol on Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae strains was evaluated for the first time, presenting an MIC of 16 µg/mL for both strains. Our findings reveal the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and modulatory potential of tt-farnesol to aid in the fight against infectious processes.
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Fisher JF, Mobashery S. β-Lactams against the Fortress of the Gram-Positive Staphylococcus aureus Bacterium. Chem Rev 2021; 121:3412-3463. [PMID: 33373523 PMCID: PMC8653850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The biological diversity of the unicellular bacteria-whether assessed by shape, food, metabolism, or ecological niche-surely rivals (if not exceeds) that of the multicellular eukaryotes. The relationship between bacteria whose ecological niche is the eukaryote, and the eukaryote, is often symbiosis or stasis. Some bacteria, however, seek advantage in this relationship. One of the most successful-to the disadvantage of the eukaryote-is the small (less than 1 μm diameter) and nearly spherical Staphylococcus aureus bacterium. For decades, successful clinical control of its infection has been accomplished using β-lactam antibiotics such as the penicillins and the cephalosporins. Over these same decades S. aureus has perfected resistance mechanisms against these antibiotics, which are then countered by new generations of β-lactam structure. This review addresses the current breadth of biochemical and microbiological efforts to preserve the future of the β-lactam antibiotics through a better understanding of how S. aureus protects the enzyme targets of the β-lactams, the penicillin-binding proteins. The penicillin-binding proteins are essential enzyme catalysts for the biosynthesis of the cell wall, and understanding how this cell wall is integrated into the protective cell envelope of the bacterium may identify new antibacterials and new adjuvants that preserve the efficacy of the β-lactams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed F Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, McCourtney Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, McCourtney Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame Indiana 46556, United States
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Silva SG, de Oliveira MS, Cruz JN, da Costa WA, da Silva SHM, Barreto Maia AA, de Sousa RL, Carvalho Junior RN, de Aguiar Andrade EH. Supercritical CO2 extraction to obtain Lippia thymoides Mart. & Schauer (Verbenaceae) essential oil rich in thymol and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.105064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Dettweiler M, Melander RJ, Porras G, Risener C, Marquez L, Samarakoon T, Melander C, Quave CL. A Clerodane Diterpene from Callicarpa americana Resensitizes Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus to β-Lactam Antibiotics. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1667-1673. [PMID: 32579326 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The rise of antibiotic resistance presents a significant healthcare challenge and precludes the use of many otherwise valuable antibiotics. One potential solution to this problem is the use of antibiotics in combination with resistance-modifying agents, compounds that act synergistically with existing antibiotics to resensitize previously resistant bacteria. In this study, 12(S),16ξ-dihydroxycleroda-3,13-dien-15,16-olide, a clerodane diterpene isolated from the medicinal plant Callicarpa americana, was found to synergize with oxacillin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. This synergy was confirmed by checkerboard (fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) = 0.125) and time-kill assays, with a subinhibitory dose of 12(S),16ξ-dihydroxycleroda-3,13-dien-15,16-olide causing the effective concentration of oxacillin to fall below the susceptibility breakpoint for S. aureus, a >32-fold decrease in both cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah Dettweiler
- Emory University, Department of Dermatology, 615 Michael Street, Whitehead 105L, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Roberta J. Melander
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Gina Porras
- Emory University, Center for the Study of Human Health, 1557 Dickey Drive, Anthropology 306, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Caitlin Risener
- Emory University, Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, 615 Michael Street, Whitehead 115, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Lewis Marquez
- Emory University, Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, 615 Michael Street, Whitehead 115, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Tharanga Samarakoon
- Emory University Herbarium, 1462 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Christian Melander
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Cassandra L. Quave
- Emory University, Department of Dermatology, 615 Michael Street, Whitehead 105L, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Emory University, Center for the Study of Human Health, 1557 Dickey Drive, Anthropology 306, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Emory University, Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, 615 Michael Street, Whitehead 115, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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Kwiatkowski P, Wojciuk B, Wojciechowska-Koszko I, Łopusiewicz Ł, Grygorcewicz B, Pruss A, Sienkiewicz M, Fijałkowski K, Kowalczyk E, Dołęgowska B. Innate Immune Response against Staphylococcus aureus Preincubated with Subinhibitory Concentration of trans-Anethole. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114178. [PMID: 32545315 PMCID: PMC7312609 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to analyze morphological and functional changes of Staphylococcus aureus cells due to trans-anethole (a terpenoid and the major constituent of fennel, anise, or star anise essential oils) exposition, and their consequences for human neutrophils phagocytic activity as well as IL-8 production (recognized as the major chemoattractant). The investigation included the evaluation of changes occurring in S. aureus cultures, i.e., staphyloxanthin production, antioxidant activities, cell size distribution, and cells composition as a result of incubation with trans-anethole. It was found that the presence of trans-anethole in the culture medium reduced the level of staphyloxanthin production, as well as decreased antioxidant activities. Furthermore, trans-anethole-treated cells were characterized by larger size and a tendency to diffuse in comparison to the non-treated cells. Several cell components, such as phospholipids and peptidoglycan, were found remarkably elevated in the cultures treated with trans-anethole. As a result of the aforementioned cellular changes, the bacteria were phagocytized by neutrophils more efficiently (ingestion and parameters associated with killing activity were at a higher level as compared to the control system). Additionally, IL-8 production was at a higher level for trans-anethole modified bacteria. Our results suggest that trans-anethole represents a promising measure in combating severe staphylococcal infections, which has an important translational potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Kwiatkowski
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (B.W.); (I.W.-K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-91-466-1659
| | - Bartosz Wojciuk
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (B.W.); (I.W.-K.)
| | - Iwona Wojciechowska-Koszko
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (B.W.); (I.W.-K.)
| | - Łukasz Łopusiewicz
- Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Bartłomiej Grygorcewicz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (B.G.); (A.P.); (B.D.)
| | - Agata Pruss
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (B.G.); (A.P.); (B.D.)
| | - Monika Sienkiewicz
- Department of Allergology and Respiratory Rehabilitation, Medical University of Łódź, 90-752 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Karol Fijałkowski
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Edward Kowalczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Łódź, 90-752 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Barbara Dołęgowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (B.G.); (A.P.); (B.D.)
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Kossakowska-Zwierucho M, Szewczyk G, Sarna T, Nakonieczna J. Farnesol potentiates photodynamic inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus with the use of red light-activated porphyrin TMPyP. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2020; 206:111863. [PMID: 32224392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) or antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a method based on the use of a photosensitizer, light of a proper wavelength and oxygen, which combined together leads to an oxidative stress and killing of target cells. PDI can be applied towards various pathogenic bacteria independently on their antibiotic resistance profile. Optimization of photodynamic treatment to eradicate the widest range of human pathogens remains challenging despite the availability of numerous photosensitizing compounds. Therefore, a search for molecules that could act as adjuvants potentiating antibacterial photoinactivation is of high scientific and clinical importance. Here we propose farnesol (FRN), a well described sesquiterpene, as a potent adjuvant of PDI, which specifically sensitizes Staphylococcus aureus to 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin tetratosylate (TMPyP) upon red light irradiation. Interestingly, the observed potentiation strongly depends on the presence of light. Analysis of this combined action of FRN and TMPyP, however, showed no influence of farnesol on TMPyP photochemical properties, i.e. the amount of reactive oxygen species that were produced by TMPyP in the presence of FRN. The accumulation rate of TMPyP in Staphylococcus aureus cells did not change, as well as the influence of staphyloxanthin inhibition. The precise mechanism of observed sensitization is unclear and probably involves specific molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kossakowska-Zwierucho
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Szewczyk
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Nakonieczna
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
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13
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Ribeiro LMBC, Fumagalli F, Mello RB, Froes TQ, da Silva MVS, Villamizar Gómez SM, Barros TF, Emery FS, Castilho MS. Structure-activity relationships and mechanism of action of tetragomycin derivatives as inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus staphyloxanthin biosynthesis. Microb Pathog 2020; 144:104127. [PMID: 32169485 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite the main strategy to overcome bacterial resistance has focused on the development of more potent antimicrobial agents, the evolutionary pressure caused by such drugs makes this strategy limited. Molecules that interfere with virulence factors appear as a promising alternative though, as they cause reduced selective pressure. As a matter of fact, staphyloxanthin biosynthesis inhibition (STXBI) has been pursued as promising strategy to reduce S. aureus virulence. Herein, we report the inhibitory profile of 27 tetrangomycin derivatives over staphyloxanthin production. The experimental result showed that naphthoquinone dehydro-α-lapachone (25 - EC50 = 57.29 ± 1.15 μM) and 2-Isopropylnaphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione (26 EC50 = 82.10 ± 1.09 μM) are the most potent compounds and suggest that hydrogen acceptor groups and lipophilic moieties decorating the naphthoquinone ring are crucial for STXBI. In addition, we present an in situ analysis, through RAMAN spectroscopy, that is inexpensive and might be employed to probe the mechanism of action of staphyloxanthin biosynthesis inhibitors. Therefore, our molecular simplification strategies afforded promising lead compounds for the development of drugs that modulate S. aureus staphyloxanthin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M B C Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação Em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - F Fumagalli
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - R B Mello
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T Q Froes
- Programa de Pós-graduação Em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - M V S da Silva
- Instituto de Física da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - T F Barros
- Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil
| | - F S Emery
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M S Castilho
- Programa de Pós-graduação Em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Brazil; Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil.
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14
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Todd OA, Peters BM. Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus Pathogenicity and Polymicrobial Interactions: Lessons beyond Koch's Postulates. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:E81. [PMID: 31487793 PMCID: PMC6787713 DOI: 10.3390/jof5030081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While Koch's Postulates have established rules for microbial pathogenesis that have been extremely beneficial for monomicrobial infections, new studies regarding polymicrobial pathogenesis defy these standards. The explosion of phylogenetic sequence data has revolutionized concepts of microbial interactions on and within the host. However, there remains a paucity of functional follow-up studies to delineate mechanisms driven by such interactions and how they shape health or disease. That said, one particular microbial pairing, the fungal opportunist Candida albicans and the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, has received much attention over the last decade. Therefore, the objective of this review is to discuss the multi-faceted mechanisms employed by these two ubiquitous human pathogens during polymicrobial growth, including how they: establish and persist in inter-Kingdom biofilms, tolerate antimicrobial therapy, co-invade host tissue, exacerbate quorum sensing and staphylococcal toxin production, and elicit infectious synergism. Commentary regarding new challenges and remaining questions related to future discovery of this fascinating fungal-bacterial interaction is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia A Todd
- Integrated Program in Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Brian M Peters
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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15
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de Araújo Delmondes G, Bezerra DS, de Queiroz Dias D, de Souza Borges A, Araújo IM, Lins da Cunha G, Bandeira PFR, Barbosa R, Melo Coutinho HD, Felipe CFB, Barbosa-Filho JM, Alencar de Menezes IR, Kerntopf MR. Toxicological and pharmacologic effects of farnesol (C15H26O): A descriptive systematic review. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 129:169-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Karygianni L, Cecere M, Argyropoulou A, Hellwig E, Skaltsounis AL, Wittmer A, Tchorz JP, Al-Ahmad A. Compounds from Olea europaea and Pistacia lentiscus inhibit oral microbial growth. Altern Ther Health Med 2019; 19:51. [PMID: 30808354 PMCID: PMC6390541 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2461-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In view of the increasing antibiotic resistance, the introduction of natural anti-infective agents has brought a new era in the treatment of bacterially derived oral diseases. METHODS The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial potential of five natural constituents of Olea europaea (oleuropein, maslinic acid, hydroxytyrosol, oleocanthal, oleacein) and three compounds of Pistacia lentiscus (24Z-isomasticadienolic acid, oleanolic acid, oleanonic aldehyde) against ten representative oral bacterial species and a Candida albicans strain. After the isolation and quality control of natural compounds, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assay were performed. RESULTS Among all O. europaea-derived constituents, maslinic acid was the most active (MIC = 4.9-312 μg mL- 1, MBC = 9.8-25 μg mL- 1) one against oral streptococci and anaerobic pathogenic bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Parvimonas micra), while oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, oleocanthal and oleacein showed milder, yet significant effects against P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum. Among all P. lentiscus compounds, oleanolic acid was the most effective one against almost all microorganisms with MIC values ranging from 9.8 μg mL- 1 (P. gingivalis) to 625 μg mL- 1 (F. nucleatum, P. micra). In the presence of 24Z-isomasticadienolic acid, a mean inhibitory concentration range of 2.4 μg mL- 1 to 625 μg mL- 1 was observed for strict anaerobia. The MIC value for 24Z-isomasticadienolic acid was estimated between 39 μg mL- 1 (Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus oralis) and 78 μg mL- 1 (Streptococcus mutans). All tested compounds showed no effects against Prevotella intermedia. CONCLUSIONS Overall, maslinic acid and oleanolic acid exerted the most significant inhibitory activity against the tested oral pathogens, especially streptococci and anaerobic oral microorganisms.
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17
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Rubini D, Farisa Banu S, Veda Hari BN, Ramya Devi D, Gowrishankar S, Karutha Pandian S, Nithyanand P. Chitosan extracted from marine biowaste mitigates staphyloxanthin production and biofilms of Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:733-744. [PMID: 29908268 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of biofilm-associated and indwelling device related infections. The present study explores the anti-virulent and antibiofilm potency of chitosan extracted from the shells of the marine crab Portunus sanguinolentus against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The chemical characterization results revealed that the extracted chitosan (EC) has structural analogy to that of a commercial chitosan (CC). The extracted chitosan was found to be effective in reducing the staphyloxanthin pigment, a characteristic virulence feature of MRSA that promotes resistance to reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) revealed that EC exhibited a phenomenal dose dependent antibiofilm efficacy against mature biofilms of the standard as well as clinical MRSA strains and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed EC had a higher efficacy in disrupting the thick Exopolysaccharide (EPS) layer than CC. Additionally, EC and CC did not have any cytotoxic effects when tested on lung epithelial cell lines. Thus, the study exemplifies the anti-virulent properties of a marine bioresource which is till date discarded as a biowaste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durairajan Rubini
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanaulla Farisa Banu
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Narayanan Veda Hari
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Durai Ramya Devi
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Paramasivam Nithyanand
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India.
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18
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Li B, Ni S, Chen F, Mao F, Wei H, Liu Y, Zhu J, Lan L, Li J. Discovery of Potent Benzocycloalkane Derived Diapophytoene Desaturase Inhibitors with an Enhanced Safety Profile for the Treatment of MRSA, VISA, and LRSA Infections. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:208-217. [PMID: 29377669 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Blocking the biosynthesis process of staphyloxanthin has emerged as a promising antivirulence strategy. Our previous research revealed that diapophytoene desaturase was an attractive and druggable target against infections caused by pigmented Staphylococcus aureus. Benzocycloalkane-derived compounds were effective inhibitors of diapophytoene desaturase but limited by high hERG (human Ether-a-go-go Related Gene) inhibition activity. Here, we identified a new type of benzo-hepta-containing cycloalkane derivative as diapophytoene desaturase inhibitors. Among the fifty-eight analogues, 48 (hERG inhibition activity, half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50, of 16.1 μM) and 51 (hERG inhibition activity, IC50 > 40 μM) were distinguished for effectively inhibiting the pigment production of Staphylococcus aureus Newman and three methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, and the four strains were highly sensitize to hydrogen peroxide killing without a bactericidal growth effect. In an in vivo assay, 48 and 51 displayed a comparable effect with linezolid and vancomycin in livers and hearts in mice against Staphylococcus aureus Newman and a more considerable effect against Mu50 and NRS271 with normal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoli Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Shuaishuai Ni
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Feifei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 646 Songtao Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Fei Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Hanwen Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yifu Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Lefu Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 646 Songtao Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jian Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200237, China
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19
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Kim C, Hesek D, Lee M, Mobashery S. Potentiation of the activity of β-lactam antibiotics by farnesol and its derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:642-645. [PMID: 29402738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Farnesol, a sesquiterpene alcohol, potentiates the activity of β-lactam antibiotics against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. We document that farnesol and two synthetic derivatives (compounds 2 and 6) have poor antibacterial activities of their own, but they potentiate the activities of ampicillin and oxacillin against Staphylococcus aureus strains (including methicillin-resistant S. aureus). These compounds attenuate the rate of growth of bacteria, which has to be taken into account in assessment of the potentiation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, United States
| | - Dusan Hesek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, United States
| | - Mijoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, United States
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, United States.
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20
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Ni S, Wei H, Li B, Chen F, Liu Y, Chen W, Xu Y, Qiu X, Li X, Lu Y, Liu W, Hu L, Lin D, Wang M, Zheng X, Mao F, Zhu J, Lan L, Li J. Novel Inhibitors of Staphyloxanthin Virulence Factor in Comparison with Linezolid and Vancomycin versus Methicillin-Resistant, Linezolid-Resistant, and Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Vivo. J Med Chem 2017; 60:8145-8159. [PMID: 28880552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Our previous work ( Wang et al. J. Med. Chem. 2016 , 59 , 4831 - 4848 ) revealed that effective benzocycloalkane-derived staphyloxanthin inhibitors against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections were accompanied by poor water solubility and high hERG inhibition and dosages (preadministration). In this study, 92 chroman and coumaran derivatives as novel inhibitors have been addressed for overcoming deficiencies above. Derivatives 69 and 105 displayed excellent pigment inhibitory activities and low hERG inhibition, along with improvement of solubility by salt type selection. The broad and significantly potent antibacterial spectra of 69 and 105 were displayed first with normal administration in the livers and hearts in mice against pigmented S. aureus Newman, Mu50 (vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus), and NRS271 (linezolid-resistant S. aureus), compared with linezolid and vancomycin. In summary, both 69 and 105 have the potential to be developed as good antibacterial candidates targeting virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Ni
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hanwen Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Baoli Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Feifei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Material Medical, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yifu Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenhua Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yixiang Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaoxia Qiu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaokang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yanli Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Linhao Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Dazheng Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Manjiong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xinyu Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Fei Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lefu Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Material Medical, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jian Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
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21
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Castelo-Branco DSCM, Riello GB, Vasconcelos DC, Guedes GMM, Serpa R, Bandeira TJPG, Monteiro AJ, Cordeiro RA, Rocha MFG, Sidrim JJC, Brilhante RSN. Farnesol increases the susceptibility of Burkholderia pseudomallei biofilm to antimicrobials used to treat melioidosis. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:600-6. [PMID: 26669506 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to analyse the in vitro activity of farnesol alone and combined with the antibacterial drugs amoxicillin, doxycycline, ceftazidime and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim against Burkholderia pseudomallei biofilms. METHODS AND RESULTS Susceptibility was assessed by the broth microdilution test and cell viability was read with the oxidation-reduction indicator dye resazurin. The biofilms were evaluated through three microscopic techniques (optical, confocal and electronic microscopy). The minimum biofilm erradication concentration (MBEC) for farnesol was 75-2400 mmol l(-1). In addition, farnesol significantly reduced the MBEC values for ceftazidime, amoxicillin, doxycycline and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim by 256, 16, 4 and 4 times respectively (P < 0·05). Optical, confocal and electronic microscopic analyses of farnesol-treated B. pseudomallei biofilms demonstrated that this compound damages biofilm matrix, probably facilitating antimicrobial penetration in the biofilm structure. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the effectiveness of farnesol against B. pseudomallei biofilms and its potentiating effect on the activity of antibacterial drugs, in particular ceftazidime, amoxicillin, doxycycline and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The intrinsic antimicrobial resistance of B. pseudomallei is a serious challenge for the treatment of melioidosis. Thus, this paper reports the inhibitory potential of farnesol against B. pseudomallei biofilms, as well as highlights the favourable pharmacological interaction of farnesol with antibiotics tested, not only on cell viability, but also in the structural morphology of biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S C M Castelo-Branco
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - G B Riello
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - D C Vasconcelos
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - G M M Guedes
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - R Serpa
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - T J P G Bandeira
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - A J Monteiro
- Department of Statistics and Applied Mathematics, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - R A Cordeiro
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - M F G Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Science, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - J J C Sidrim
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - R S N Brilhante
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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22
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Wang CM, Jhan YL, Tsai SJ, Chou CH. The Pleiotropic Antibacterial Mechanisms of Ursolic Acid against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Molecules 2016; 21:E884. [PMID: 27399657 PMCID: PMC6273082 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) BACKGROUND: Several triterpenoids were found to act synergistically with classes of antibiotic, indicating that plant-derived chemicals have potential to be used as therapeutics to enhance the activity of antibiotics against multidrug-resistant pathogens. However, the mode of action of triterpenoids against bacterial pathogens remains unclear. The objective of this study is to evaluate the interaction between ursolic acid against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); (2) METHODS: The ability of ursolic acid to damage mammalian and bacterial membranes was examined. The proteomic response of methicillin-resistant S. aureus in ursolic acid treatment was investigated using two-dimensional (2D) proteomic analysis; (3) RESULTS: Ursolic acid caused the loss of staphylococcal membrane integrity without hemolytic activity. The comparison of the protein pattern of ursolic acid-treated and normal MRSA cells revealed that ursolic acid affected a variety of proteins involved in the translation process with translational accuracy, ribonuclease and chaperon subunits, glycolysis and oxidative responses; (4) CONCLUSION: The mode of action of ursolic acid appears to be the influence on the integrity of the bacterial membrane initially, followed by inhibition of protein synthesis and the metabolic pathway. These findings reflect that the pleiotropic effects of ursolic acid against MRSA make it a promising antibacterial agent in pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Min Wang
- Research Center for Biodiversity, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Yun-Lian Jhan
- Research Center for Biodiversity, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Shang-Jie Tsai
- Research Center for Biodiversity, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Chang-Hung Chou
- Research Center for Biodiversity, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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23
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Countering drug resistance, infectious diseases, and sepsis using metal and metal oxides nanoparticles: Current status. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 146:70-83. [PMID: 27259161 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One fourth of the global mortalities is still caused by microbial infections largely due to the development of resistance against conventional antibiotics among pathogens, the resurgence of old infectious diseases and the emergence of hundreds of new infectious diseases. The lack of funds and resources for the discovery of new antibiotics necessitates the search for economic and effective alternative antimicrobial agents. Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles including silver and zinc oxide exhibit remarkable antimicrobial activities against pathogens and hence are one of the most propitious alternative antimicrobial agents. These engineered nanomaterials are approved by regulatory agencies such as USFDA and Korea's FITI, for use as antimicrobial agents, supplementary antimicrobials, food packaging, skin care products, oral hygiene, and for fortifying devices prone to microbial infections. Nevertheless, detailed studies, on molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying their antimicrobial activity are missing. To take the full advantage of this emerging technology selective antimicrobial activity of these nanoparticles against pathogens should be studied. Optimization of these nanomaterials through functionalization to increase their efficacy and biocompatibility is also required. Urgent in vivo studies on the toxicity of nanomaterials at realistic doses are also needed before their clinical translation.
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24
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Matsumoto Y, Yasukawa J, Ishii M, Hayashi Y, Miyazaki S, Sekimizu K. A critical role of mevalonate for peptidoglycan synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22894. [PMID: 26961421 PMCID: PMC4790635 DOI: 10.1038/srep22894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase, a mevalonate synthetase, is required for the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. However, the essential role of the enzyme in cell growth has remained unclear. Here we show that three mutants possessed single-base substitutions in the mvaA gene, which encodes HMG-CoA reductase, show a temperature-sensitive phenotype. The phenotype was suppressed by the addition of mevalonate or farnesyl diphosphate, which is a product synthesized from mevalonate. Farnesyl diphosphate is a precursor of undecaprenyl phosphate that is required for peptidoglycan synthesis. The rate of peptidoglycan synthesis was decreased in the mvaA mutants under the non-permissive conditions and the phenotype was suppressed by the addition of mevalonate. HMG-CoA reductase activities of mutant MvaA proteins in the temperature sensitive mutants were lower than that of wild-type MvaA protein. Our findings from genetic and biochemical analyses suggest that mevalonate produced by HMG-CoA reductase is required for peptidoglycan synthesis for S. aureus cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 111-0033, Japan
| | - Jyunichiro Yasukawa
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 111-0033, Japan
| | - Masaki Ishii
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 111-0033, Japan
| | - Yohei Hayashi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 111-0033, Japan
| | - Shinya Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 111-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 111-0033, Japan
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Antibacterial and Synergistic Activity of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids Isolated from Alstonia scholaris. Molecules 2016; 21:139. [PMID: 26821000 PMCID: PMC6273878 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Alstonia scholaris (Apocynaceae) is an important medicinal plant that has been historically used in “Dai” ethnopharmacy to treat infectious diseases in China. Although various pharmacological activities have been reported, the antimicrobial constitutes of A. scholaris have not yet been identified. The objective of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial constitutes from the leaf extract of A. scholaris and to assess the synergistic effects of isolated compounds with antibiotics against bacterial pathogens.; (2) Methods: The chemical constitutes isolated from the leaf extract of A. scholaris were structurally identified by NMR. The antibacterial and synergistic effect of compounds was assessed by calculating the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), checkerboard dilution test, and time-kill assay.; (3) Results: Six pentacyclic triterpenoids were structurally identified as (1) lupeol, (2) betulin, (3) 3-hydroxy-11-ursen-28,13-olide, (4) betulinic acid, (5) oleanolic acid and (6) ursolic acid. Both oleanolic and ursolic acid showed antibacterial activity but were limited to Gram-positive bacteria. Ursolic acid showed a synergistic effect with ampicillin and tetracycline against both Bacillus cereus and S. aureus.; (4) Conclusion: These findings reflect that pentacyclic triterpenoids are the antibacterial chemicals in A. scholaris. The ability of ursolic acid to enhance the activity of antibiotics can constitute a valuable group of therapeutic agents in the future.
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Sri Charan Bindu B, Mishra DP, Narayan B. Inhibition of virulence of Staphylococcus aureus – a food borne pathogen – by squalene, a functional lipid. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Silva FS, Menezes PMN, de Sá PGS, Oliveira ALDS, Souza EAA, Almeida JRGDS, de Lima JT, Uetanabaro APT, Silva TRDS, Peralta ED, Lucchese AM. Chemical composition and pharmacological properties of the essential oils obtained seasonally from Lippia thymoides. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 54:25-34. [PMID: 25856708 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1005751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Lippia thymoides Mart. & Schauer (Verbenaceae) is used in folk medicine to treat wounds, fever, bronchitis, rheumatism, headaches, and weakness. OBJECTIVE This study determinates the chemical composition of essential oils from L. thymoides, obtained at during each of the four seasons and correlates with pharmacological properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging and β-carotene bleaching methods. The antimicrobial assays were performed by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC) methods. Isolated rat aorta and uterus, and guinea-pig trachea were utilized to evaluate relaxant potential in pre-contracted smooth muscle. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Essential oils from leaves of L. thymoides had the sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene (17.22-26.27%) as the major constituent followed by borneol (4.45-7.36%), camphor (3.22-8.61%), camphene (2.64-5.66%), and germacrene D (4.72-6.18%). In vitro assays showed that these essential oils do not have antioxidant activity, have antimicrobial selectivity to Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 0.004 mg/mL and MMC = 0.26-10.19 mg/mL) and Micrococcus luteus (MIC = 0.03 mg/mL and MMC = 8.43 mg/mL), relax isolated rat aorta (EC50 = 305-544 μg/mL, with endothelium; and EC50 = 150-283 μg/mL, without endothelium), and uterus (EC50 = 74-257 μg/mL), and minor potency, isolated guinea-pig trachea. CONCLUSIONS Lippia thymoides is a source of natural products of pharmaceutical interest, being necessary additional studies to determine the substances involved in the biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício Souza Silva
- a Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Plantas Medicinais, Colegiado de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco , Petrolina , Pernambuco , Brazil
- b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana , Feira de Santana , Bahia , Brazil
| | - Pedro Modesto Nascimento Menezes
- a Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Plantas Medicinais, Colegiado de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco , Petrolina , Pernambuco , Brazil
| | - Pedro Guilherme Souza de Sá
- a Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Plantas Medicinais, Colegiado de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco , Petrolina , Pernambuco , Brazil
| | - André Luís de Santana Oliveira
- c Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Departamento de Ciências Exatas , Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana , Bahia , Brazil
| | - Eric Alencar Araújo Souza
- a Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Plantas Medicinais, Colegiado de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco , Petrolina , Pernambuco , Brazil
| | - Jackson Roberto Guedes da Silva Almeida
- a Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Plantas Medicinais, Colegiado de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco , Petrolina , Pernambuco , Brazil
- d Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais do Semi-Árido, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina , Pernambuco , Brazil
| | - Julianeli Tolentino de Lima
- a Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Plantas Medicinais, Colegiado de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco , Petrolina , Pernambuco , Brazil
- d Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais do Semi-Árido, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina , Pernambuco , Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Trovatti Uetanabaro
- e Laboratório de Microbiologia da Agroindústria , Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz , Ilhéus, Bahia , Brazil , and
| | - Tânia Regina dos Santos Silva
- f Departamento de Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana , Feira de Santana , Bahia , Brazil
| | - Edna Dória Peralta
- c Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Departamento de Ciências Exatas , Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana , Bahia , Brazil
| | - Angélica Maria Lucchese
- b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana , Feira de Santana , Bahia , Brazil
- c Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Departamento de Ciências Exatas , Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana , Bahia , Brazil
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Kingston AW, Zhao H, Cook GM, Helmann JD. Accumulation of heptaprenyl diphosphate sensitizes Bacillus subtilis to bacitracin: implications for the mechanism of resistance mediated by the BceAB transporter. Mol Microbiol 2014; 93:37-49. [PMID: 24806199 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heptaprenyl diphosphate (C35 -PP) is an isoprenoid intermediate in the synthesis of both menaquinone and the sesquarterpenoids. We demonstrate that inactivation of ytpB, encoding a C35 -PP utilizing enzyme required for sesquarterpenoid synthesis, leads to an increased sensitivity to bacitracin, an antibiotic that binds undecaprenyl pyrophosphate (C55 -PP), a key intermediate in cell wall synthesis. Genetic studies indicate that bacitracin sensitivity is due to accumulation of C35 -PP, rather than the absence of sesquarterpenoids. Sensitivity is accentuated in a ytpB menA double mutant, lacking both known C35 -PP consuming enzymes, and in a ytpB strain overexpressing the HepST enzyme that synthesizes C35 -PP. Conversely, sensitivity in the ytpB background is suppressed by mutation of hepT or by supplementation with 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate, a co-substrate with C35 -PP for MenA. Bacitracin sensitivity results from impairment of the BceAB and BcrC resistance mechanisms by C35 -PP: in a bceAB bcrC double mutant disruption of ytpB no longer increases bacitracin sensitivity. These results suggest that C35 -PP inhibits both BcrC (a C55 -PP phosphatase) and BceAB (an ABC transporter that confers bacitracin resistance). These findings lead to a model in which BceAB protects against bacitracin by transfer of the target, C55 -PP, rather than the antibiotic across the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Kingston
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853-8101, USA
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Abstract
β-Lactam antibiotics are one of the most important antibiotic classes but are plagued by problems of resistance, and the development of new β-lactam antibiotics through side-chain modification of existing β-lactam classes is not keeping pace with resistance development. In this JOCSynopsis, we summarize small molecule strategies to overcome resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. These approaches include the development of β-lactamase inhibitors and compounds that interfere with the ability of the bacteria to sense an antibiotic threat and activate their resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta J Worthington
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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Silva ADN, Uetanabaro APT, Lucchese AM. Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from Myrcia alagoensis (Myrtaceae). Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300800235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils obtained from fresh and dried leaves of Myrcia alagoensis O. Berg, collected in a secondary forest remnant in north-eastern Brazil, was compared. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation from fresh and dried leaves, and analysed by GC/FID and GC/MS. The antimicrobial properties of the oils were investigated against five bacteria by determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The essential oils were rich in cyclic sesquiterpenes, such as germacrene B, with antibiotic action against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The drying process after collection interfered with the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the assessed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline do N. Silva
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais e Bioativos, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 44036-900, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula T. Uetanabaro
- Laboratório de Microbiologia da Agroindústria, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, 45662-900, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Angélica M. Lucchese
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais e Bioativos, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 44036-900, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
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Indole and 7-benzyloxyindole attenuate the virulence of Staphylococcus aureus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:4543-52. [PMID: 23318836 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4674-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human pathogens can readily develop drug resistance due to the long-term use of antibiotics that mostly inhibit bacterial growth. Unlike antibiotics, antivirulence compounds diminish bacterial virulence without affecting cell viability and thus, may not lead to drug resistance. Staphylococcus aureus is a major agent of nosocomial infections and produces diverse virulence factors, such as the yellow carotenoid staphyloxanthin, which promotes resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the host immune system. To identify novel antivirulence compounds, bacterial signal indole present in animal gut and diverse indole derivatives were investigated with respect to reducing staphyloxanthin production and the hemolytic activity of S. aureus. Treatment with indole or its derivative 7-benzyloxyindole (7BOI) caused S. aureus to become colorless and inhibited its hemolytic ability without affecting bacterial growth. As a result, S. aureus was more easily killed by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and by human whole blood in the presence of indole or 7BOI. In addition, 7BOI attenuated S. aureus virulence in an in vivo model of nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, which is readily infected and killed by S. aureus. Transcriptional analyses showed that both indole and 7BOI repressed the expressions of several virulence genes such as α-hemolysin gene hla, enterotoxin seb, and the protease genes splA and sspA and modulated the expressions of the important regulatory genes agrA and sarA. These findings show that indole derivatives are potential candidates for use in antivirulence strategies against persistent S. aureus infection.
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Leejae S, Hasap L, Voravuthikunchai SP. Inhibition of staphyloxanthin biosynthesis in Staphylococcus aureus by rhodomyrtone, a novel antibiotic candidate. J Med Microbiol 2012; 62:421-428. [PMID: 23242641 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.047316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphyloxanthin is the eponymous feature of the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, and the pigment promotes resistance to reactive oxygen species and host neutrophil-based killing. To probe the possible use of rhodomyrtone isolated from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. leaves to inhibit pigment production in S. aureus, experiments were carried out to compare pigment production and the susceptibility of rhodomyrtone-treated S. aureus and untreated cells to oxidants in vitro. In addition, we observed the innate immune clearance of S. aureus after incubation with rhodomyrtone using an ex vivo assay system - human whole-blood survival. The results indicated that rhodomyrtone-treated S. aureus exhibited reduced pigmentation, and that rhodomyrtone treatment led to a dose-dependent increase in the susceptibility of the pathogen to H(2)O(2) and singlet oxygen killing. Consequently, the survival ability of the treated organisms decreased in freshly isolated human whole blood due to less carotenoid pigment to act as an antioxidant scavenger. Rhodomyrtone may be acting via effects on DnaK and/or σ(B), resulting in many additional effects on bacterial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanlaya Leejae
- Department of Microbiology and Natural Products Research Center, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Laila Hasap
- Department of Microbiology and Natural Products Research Center, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Supayang Piyawan Voravuthikunchai
- Department of Microbiology and Natural Products Research Center, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
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Roy SK, Pahwa S, Nandanwar H, Jachak SM. Phenylpropanoids of Alpinia galanga as efflux pump inhibitors in Mycobacterium smegmatis mc² 155. Fitoterapia 2012; 83:1248-55. [PMID: 22735598 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The first and second line drugs used for the treatment of tuberculosis are now becoming ineffective due to emergence of resistant strains. Efflux pump provokes resistance in mycobacterium and hence could be explored as a new target for the discovery of anti-TB agents. In search of efflux pump inhibitors, MIC and modulation factor of phenylpropanoids isolated from A. galanga rhizome were determined prior to the accumulation and efflux assay. Phenylpropanoid compounds viz. 1'-S-1'-acetoxychavicol acetate, trans-p-coumaryl diacetate and 1'-S-1'-acetoxyeugenol acetate were found to be potent modulators and decreased the MIC of ethidium bromide by 64 fold at the concentration of 2.5, 6.25 and 5.0 mg/L respectively. 1'-S-1'-acetoxyeugenol acetate enhanced the accumulation and inhibited the efflux of EtBr in Mycobacterium smegmatis mc² 155 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somendu K Roy
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar-160062, Punjab, India
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Gomes F, Leite B, Teixeira P, Azeredo J, Oliveira R. Farnesol in combination with N-acetylcysteine against Staphylococcus epidermidis planktonic and biofilm cells. Braz J Microbiol 2012; 43:235-42. [PMID: 24031823 PMCID: PMC3768956 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220120001000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is the most frequent cause of nosocomial sepsis and catheter-related infections, in which biofilm formation is considered to be the main virulence mechanism. In biofilm environment, microbes exhibit enhanced resistance to antimicrobial agents. This fact boosted the search of possible alternatives to antibiotics. Farnesol and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) are non-antibiotic drugs that have demonstrated antibacterial properties. In this study, the effect of farnesol and NAC isolated or in combination (farnesol+NAC) was evaluated. NAC at 10 × MIC caused a total cell death in planktonic cells. On the other hand, S. epidermidis biofilms exhibited 4 log reduction in viable cell number after a 24h treatment with NAC at the former concentration. Our results demonstrated that there was a higher CFU log reduction of S. epidermidis planktonic cells when farnesol was combined with NAC at 1 × MIC relatively to each agent alone. However, these results were not relevant because NAC alone at 10 × MIC was always the condition which gave the best results, having a very high killing effect on planktonic cells and a significant bactericidal effect on biofilm cells. This study demonstrated that no synergy was observed between farnesol and NAC. However, the pronounced antibacterial effect of NAC against S. epidermidis, on both lifestyles, indicates the use of NAC as a potential therapeutic agent in alternative to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Gomes
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho , Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 , Braga, Portugal
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Kurek A, Nadkowska P, Pliszka S, Wolska KI. Modulation of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens by oleanolic acid and ursolic acid. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:515-9. [PMID: 22341643 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens is a serious problem for human and veterinary medicine, which necessitates the development of novel therapeutics and antimicrobial strategies. Some plant-derived compounds, e.g. pentacyclic triterpenoids such as oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA), have potential as a new class of antibacterial agents as they are active against many bacterial species, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative, and specifically target the cell envelope. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of OA and UA on the susceptibility of four bacterial pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis) to the β-lactam antibiotics ampicillin (Ap) and oxacillin (Ox). Antimicrobial assays were conducted with bacteria growing in liquid suspension cultures (planktonic cells) or as biofilms. Using FICI value estimation and the time-kill method it was demonstrated that in some combinations, the tested compounds acted in synergy to lower the susceptibility of S. aureus, S. epidermidis and L. monocytogenes to ampicillin and oxacillin, but no synergy was observed for P. aeruginosa. These results indicate that OA and UA may be useful when administered in combination with β-lactam antibiotics to combat bacterial infections caused by some Gram-positive pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kurek
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
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Sesquiterpene farnesol contributes to increased susceptibility to β-lactams in strains of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:2198-200. [PMID: 22290941 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05885-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro combination of farnesol and β-lactams against Burkholderia pseudomallei. A total of 12 β-lactamase-positive strains were tested according to CLSI standards. All strains were inhibited by farnesol, with MICs ranging from 75 to 150 μM. The combination of this compound with β-lactams resulted in statistically significant β-lactam MIC reduction (P ≤ 0.05). This study provides new perspectives for the use of farnesol combined with β-lactam antibiotics against strains of B. pseudomallei.
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Hashizume H. [Studies for the development of novel anti-MRSA/VRE drugs]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2012; 132:59-67. [PMID: 22214581 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.132.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The widespread emergence of multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) is a high threat for human health. In the course of screening for active compounds against the above drug-resistant bacteria from microbial metabolites, we discovered three kinds of novel compounds designated tripropeptins, pargamicin, and amycolamicin. Tripropeptin C (TPPC), major component of tripropeptins, is the most promising compound because it is efficacious against MRSA and VRE both in vitro and in a mouse septicemia model, and shows no cross-resistance to available drugs including vancomycin. Studies of incorporation of radioactive macromolecular precursors and accumulation of UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide in the cytoplasm in S. aureus Smith revealed that TPPC is a cell wall synthesis inhibitor. Antimicrobial activity of TPPC was weakened by addition of prenylpyrophosphates but not with prenylphosphates, UDP-linked sugars, or the pentapeptide of peptidoglycan. Direct interaction between TPPC and undecaprenyl pyrophosphate (C(55)-PP) was observed by mass spectrometry and thin layer chromatography, and TPPC inhibits C(55)-PP phosphatase, which plays a crucial role in peptidoglycan synthesis at an IC(50) of 0.03-0.1 µM in vitro. From the analysis of accumulation of lipid carrier-related compounds, TPPC caused accumulation of C(55)-PP in situ, leading to the accumulation of a glycine-added lipid intermediate, suggesting a distinct mode of action from that of clinically important drugs such as vancomycin, daptomycin, and bacitracin. TPPC might represent a promising novel class of antibiotic against MRSA and VRE infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Hashizume
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan.
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Sakai K, Koyama N, Fukuda T, Mori Y, Onaka H, Tomoda H. Search Method for Inhibitors of Staphyloxanthin Production by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:48-53. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.35.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kent Sakai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University
| | - Nobuhiro Koyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University
| | - Takashi Fukuda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University
| | - Yukiko Mori
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University
| | - Hiroyasu Onaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University
| | - Hiroshi Tomoda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University
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Tripropeptin C blocks the lipid cycle of cell wall biosynthesis by complex formation with undecaprenyl pyrophosphate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:3821-8. [PMID: 21628543 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00443-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripropeptin C (TPPC) is a naturally occurring cyclic lipodepsipeptide antibiotic produced by a Lysobacter sp. TPPC exhibits potent antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. This antibiotic also inhibits the incorporation of N-acetylglucosamine into the peptidoglycan of S. aureus at a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of 0.7 μM, which is proportional to its MIC (0.87 μM; equivalent to 1.0 μg/ml). Treatment of exponential-phase S. aureus cells with TPPC resulted in accumulation of UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide in the cytoplasm. The antimicrobial activity of TPPC was weakened by the addition of prenyl pyrophosphates but not by prenyl phosphates, UDP-linked sugars, or the pentapeptide of peptidoglycan. The direct interaction between TPPC and undecaprenyl pyrophosphate (C(55)-PP) was observed by mass spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography analysis, indicating that TPPC can potentially inhibit C(55)-PP phosphatase activity, which plays a crucial role in the lipid cycle of peptidoglycan synthesis. As expected, TPPC inhibits this enzymatic reaction at an IC(50) of 0.03 to 0.1 μM in vitro, as does bacitracin. From the analysis of accumulation of lipid carrier-related compounds, TPPC was found to cause the accumulation of C(55)-PP in situ, leading to the accumulation of a glycine-containing lipid intermediate. This suggested that the TPPC/C(55)-PP complex also inhibits the transglycosylation step or flippase activity, adding to the inhibition of C(55)-PP dephosphorylation. This mode of action is different from that of currently available drugs such as vancomycin, daptomycin, and bacitracin.
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Lee YS, Han SH, Lee SH, Kim YG, Park CB, Kang OH, Keum JH, Kim SB, Mun SH, Shin DW, Kwon DY. Synergistic effect of tetrandrine and ethidium bromide against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). J Toxicol Sci 2011; 36:645-51. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.36.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Seob Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA,Republic of Korea
| | - Sin-Hee Han
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA,Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hwan Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA,Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Guk Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA,Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Berm Park
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA,Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Hwa Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkang University,Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Ho Keum
- College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkang University,Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Bae Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkang University,Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Mun
- College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkang University,Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Won Shin
- Sunchon National University, Department of Oriental Medicine Resources,Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yeul Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkang University,Republic of Korea
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Jin J, Zhang JY, Guo N, Sheng H, Li L, Liang JC, Wang XL, Li Y, Liu MY, Wu XP, Yu L. Farnesol, a potential efflux pump inhibitor in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Molecules 2010; 15:7750-62. [PMID: 21042264 PMCID: PMC6259160 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15117750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The active multidrug efflux pump (EP) has been described as one of the mechanisms involved in the natural drug resistance of bacteria, such as mycobacteria. As a result, the development of efflux pumps inhibitors (EPIs) is an important topic. In this study, a checkerboard synergy assay indicated that farnesol both decreased the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ethidium bromide (EtBr) 8-fold against Mycobacterium smegmatis (M. smegmatis) mc2155 ATCC 700084 when incorporated at a concentration of 32 μg/mL (FICI = 0.625) and decreased MIC 4-fold at 16 μg/mL (FICI = 0.375). Farnesol also showed synergism when combined with rifampicin. A real-time 96-well plate fluorometric method was used to assess the ability of farnesol to inhibit EPs in comparison withfour positive EPIs: chlorpromazine, reserpine, verapamil, and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). Farnesol significantly enhanced the accumulation of EtBr and decreased the efflux of EtBr in M. smegmatis; these results suggest that farnesol acts as an inhibitor of mycobacterial efflux pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Ji-Yu Zhang
- Key and Open Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Na Guo
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Hui Sheng
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Lei Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jun-Chao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xue-Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xiu-Ping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (L.Y.); (X.-P.W.); Tel.: +86-431-87836713(L.Y.); +86-431-87836713 (X.-P.W.); Fax: +86-431-87836160 (L.Y.); +86-431-87836160 (X.-P.W.)
| | - Lu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (L.Y.); (X.-P.W.); Tel.: +86-431-87836713(L.Y.); +86-431-87836713 (X.-P.W.); Fax: +86-431-87836160 (L.Y.); +86-431-87836160 (X.-P.W.)
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Lamichhane-Khadka R, Riordan JT, Delgado A, Muthaiyan A, Reynolds TD, Wilkinson BJ, Gustafson JE. Genetic changes that correlate with the pine-oil disinfectant-reduced susceptibility mechanism of Staphylococcus aureus. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 105:1973-81. [PMID: 19120644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To identify factors associated with the Staphylococcus aureus pine-oil disinfectant-reduced-susceptibility (PD(RS)) mechanism and to describe one possible PD(RS) model. METHODS AND RESULTS Comparative genomic sequencing (CGS) and microarray analysis were utilized to detect mutations and transcriptome alterations that occur in a S. aureus PD(RS) mutant. Mutant analysis, antimicrobial gradient plates, growth studies and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase assays were then performed to confirm the biological consequences of the 'omics' alterations detected in a PD(RS) mutant. CGS uncovered three mutations in a PD(RS) mutant in a(n): alcohol dehydrogenase (adh), catabolite control protein A (ccpA) and an NADPH-flavin oxidoreductase (frp). These mutations lead to increased growth rates; increased transcription of an NAD-dependent D-lactate dehydrogenase gene (ddh); and increased flux through the mevalonate pathway. PD(RS) mutants demonstrated reduced susceptibility to bacitracin and farnesol, and one PD(RS) mutant displayed upregulation of bacA, a bacitracin-resistance gene. Collectively, this evidence demonstrates altered undecaprenol metabolism in PD(RS) mutants. CONCLUSIONS The PD(RS) mechanism proposed results from increased catabolic capabilities and increased flux through the mevalonate pathway as well as altered bactoprenol physiology. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY A novel mechanism that bacteria utilize to overcome the killing effects of PD formulations is proposed that is unique from the PD(RS) mechanism of the enterobacteraciae.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lamichhane-Khadka
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8001, USA
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Plant antimicrobial agents and their effects on plant and human pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:3400-3419. [PMID: 20111686 PMCID: PMC2812829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10083400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To protect themselves, plants accumulate an armoury of antimicrobial secondary metabolites. Some metabolites represent constitutive chemical barriers to microbial attack (phytoanticipins) and others inducible antimicrobials (phytoalexins). They are extensively studied as promising plant and human disease-controlling agents. This review discusses the bioactivity of several phytoalexins and phytoanticipins defending plants against fungal and bacterial aggressors and those with antibacterial activities against pathogens affecting humans such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus involved in respiratory infections of cystic fibrosis patients. The utility of plant products as “antibiotic potentiators” and “virulence attenuators” is also described as well as some biotechnological applications in phytoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Haebich
- Bayer HealthCare AG, Medicinal Chemistry Europe, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
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Falk SP, Ulijasz AT, Weisblum B. Differential assay for high-throughput screening of antibacterial compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 12:1102-8. [PMID: 18087073 DOI: 10.1177/1087057107308161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The previously described Bacillus subtilis reporter strain BAU-102 is capable of detecting cell wall synthesis inhibitors that act at all stages of the cell wall synthesis pathway. In addition, this strain is capable of detecting compounds with hydrophobic/surfactant activity and alternative mechanisms of cell wall disruption. BAU-102 sequesters preformed beta-gal in the periplasm, suggesting leakage of beta-gal as the means by which this assay detects compound activities. A model is proposed according to which beta-gal release by BAU-102 reflects activation of pathways leading to autolysis. The authors also report a simplified high-throughput assay using BAU-102 combined with the fluorogenic substrate N-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactoside as a single reagent. Cell wall inhibitors release beta-gal consistently only after 60 min of incubation, whereas compounds with surfactant activity show an almost immediate release. A high-throughput screen of a 480-compound library of known bioactives yielded 8 compounds that cause beta-gal release. These results validate the BAU-102 assay as an effective tool in antimicrobial drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun P Falk
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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