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Palm AA, Esbjörnsson J, Kvist A, Månsson F, Biague A, Norrgren H, Jansson M, Medstrand P. Intra-Patient Evolution of HIV-2 Molecular Properties. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112447. [PMID: 36366545 PMCID: PMC9698092 DOI: 10.3390/v14112447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited data are available on the pathogenesis of HIV-2, and the evolution of Env molecular properties during disease progression is not fully elucidated. We investigated the intra-patient evolution of molecular properties of HIV-2 Env regions (V1-C3) during the asymptomatic, treatment-naïve phase of the infection in 16 study participants, stratified into faster or slower progressors. Most notably, the rate of change in the number of potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS) within the Env (V1-C3) regions differed between progressor groups. With declining CD4+ T-cell levels, slower progressors showed, on average, a decrease in the number of PNGSs, while faster progressors showed no significant change. Furthermore, diversity increased significantly with time in faster progressors, whereas no such change was observed in slower progressors. No differences were identified between the progressor groups in the evolution of length or charge of the analyzed Env regions. Predicted virus CXCR4 use was rare and did not emerge as a dominating viral population during the studied disease course (median 7.9 years, interquartile range [IQR]: 5.2-14.0) in either progressor groups. Further work building on our observations may explain molecular hallmarks of HIV-2 disease progression and differences in pathogenesis between HIV-1 and HIV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica A. Palm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, 20502 Lund, Sweden
- Correspondence:
| | - Joakim Esbjörnsson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, 20502 Lund, Sweden
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Anders Kvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Månsson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, 20502 Lund, Sweden
| | - Antonio Biague
- National Public Health Laboratory, Bissau 1041, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Hans Norrgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marianne Jansson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrik Medstrand
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, 20502 Lund, Sweden
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Mendoza CD, Requena S, Caballero E, Cabezas T, Peñaranda M, Amengual MJ, Sáez A, Lozano AB, Ramos JM, Soriano V. Antiretroviral treatment of HIV-2 infection. Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2017-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
HIV-2 is a neglected virus despite estimates of 1–2 million people being infected worldwide. AIDS develops more slowly in HIV-2 than HIV-1. Outside endemic regions, HIV-2 is mostly found in immigrants from west Africa or their sex partners. There are four major caveats when treating HIV-2. First, some antiretrovirals are not or only partially active against HIV-2. Second, CD4 declines in HIV-2 occur slowly, but CD4 recovery is smaller with antiretroviral treatment. Third, both virological failure and rapid emergence of drug resistance occur more frequently in HIV-2 than HIV-1. Finally, misdiagnosis of HIV-2 in patients wrongly considered as infected with HIV-1 or in those dually infected may result in treatment failures with undetectable HIV-1 RNA. Integrase inhibitors, and especially dolutegravir, should be part of any preferred HIV-2 antiretroviral combination nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen de Mendoza
- Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Puerta de Hierro Research Institute, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Silvia Requena
- Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Puerta de Hierro Research Institute, Majadahonda, Spain
| | | | | | - María Peñaranda
- Microbiology Unit, Son Espases Hospital, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | - Ana Sáez
- Microbiology Unit, Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | | | - José M Ramos
- Infectious Diseases Unit, General Hospital, Alicante, Spain
| | - Vincent Soriano
- Infectious Diseases Unit, La Paz University Hospital & Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
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de Mendoza C, Cabezas T, Caballero E, Requena S, Amengual MJ, Peñaranda M, Sáez A, Tellez R, Lozano AB, Treviño A, Ramos JM, Pérez JL, Barreiro P, Soriano V. HIV type 2 epidemic in Spain: challenges and missing opportunities. AIDS 2017; 31:1353-1364. [PMID: 28358736 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
: HIV type 2 (HIV-2) is a neglected virus despite estimates of 1-2 million people infected worldwide. HIV-2 is less efficiently transmitted than HIV-1 by sex and from mother to child. Although AIDS may develop in HIV-2 carriers, it takes longer than in HIV-1-infected patients. In contrast with HIV-1 infection, there is no global pandemic caused by HIV-2, as the virus is largely confined to West Africa. In a less extent and due to socioeconomic ties and wars, HIV-2 is prevalent in Portugal and its former colonies in Brazil, India, Mozambique and Angola. Globally, HIV-2 infections are steadily declining over time. A total of 338 cases of HIV-2 infection had been reported at the Spanish HIV-2 registry until December 2016, of whom 63% were men. Overall 72% were sub-Saharan Africans, whereas 16% were native Spaniards. Dual HIV-1 and HIV-2 coinfection was found in 9% of patients. Heterosexual contact was the most likely route of HIV-2 acquisition in more than 90% of cases. Roughly one-third presented with CD4 cell counts less than 200 cells/μl and/or AIDS clinical events. Plasma HIV-2 RNA was undetectable at baseline in 40% of patients. To date, one-third of HIV-2 carriers have received antiretroviral therapy, using integrase inhibitors 32 individuals. New diagnoses of HIV-2 in Spain have remained stable since 2010 with an average of 15 cases yearly. Illegal immigration from Northwestern African borders accounts for over 75% of new HIV-2 diagnoses. Given the relatively large community of West Africans already living in Spain and the continuous flux of immigration from endemic regions, HIV-2 infection either alone or as coinfection with HIV-1 should be excluded once in all HIV-seroreactive persons, especially when showing atypical HIV serological profiles, immunovirological disconnect (CD4 cell count loss despite undetectable HIV-1 viremia) and/or high epidemiological risks (birth in or sex partners from endemic regions).
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Visseaux B, Damond F, Matheron S, Descamps D, Charpentier C. Hiv-2 molecular epidemiology. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 46:233-240. [PMID: 27530215 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Simian Immunodeficiency Virus of sooty mangabeys (SIVsmm) has been revealed to be at the origin of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 2 (HIV-2) in humans, firstly detected from two Portuguese patients in 1986. HIV-2 is mainly restricted to West Africa where it infects up to 1 to 2 million people. HIV-2 is also present in Europe, mainly Portugal and France, India and United States of America. Two major HIV-2 groups, groups A and B, were generated by two independent transmission events involving infected sooty mangabeys from the Taï forest in Ivory Coast. Seven other HIV-2 groups have been described, but each has only been identified in one patient. To date, no subtypes have been formally described but some preliminary data suggest that HIV-2 group A may be divided in two distinct subtypes with distinct geographical origins. To date only two recombinant forms have been described: one circulating recombinant form (CRF01_AB) and one unique recombinant form. In this review, we focused mainly on molecular data available and their insights about HIV-2 origins, diversity, drug resistance and global epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Visseaux
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, F-75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Virologie, F-75018 Paris, France.
| | - Florence Damond
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, F-75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Virologie, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Matheron
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, F-75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Diane Descamps
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, F-75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Virologie, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Charpentier
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, F-75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Virologie, F-75018 Paris, France
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe HIV-2 R5/X4-tropism distribution in antiretroviral-naive HIV-2-infected patients. Population sequencing of the gp105 region was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells issued from 151 antiretroviral-naive patients. Tropism was successfully determined in 46 of 151 samples (30%) with six of 46 (13%) X4-tropic viruses. X4-tropism was associated with lower CD4 cell count (337 vs. 551/mm; P = 0.032) but not with plasma viral load. Thus, X4-tropism prevalence in HIV-2 antiretroviral-naive patients is similar to that observed in HIV-1.
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