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Ierano C, Percival M, Poole S, Mackie K, Rashidzada Z, Corallo C, Mcmahon JH, Morrissey CO, Duncan A. Echinocandin use in an Australian tertiary hospital: implications for antifungal stewardship. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/jppr.1859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Precision Therapy for Invasive Fungal Diseases. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 8:jof8010018. [PMID: 35049957 PMCID: PMC8780074 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections (IFI) are a common infection-related cause of death in immunocompromised patients. Approximately 10 million people are at risk of developing invasive aspergillosis annually. Detailed study of the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of antifungal drugs has resulted in a better understanding of optimal regimens for populations, drug exposure targets for therapeutic drug monitoring, and establishing in vitro susceptibility breakpoints. Importantly, however, each is an example of a “one size fits all strategy”, where complex systems are reduced to a singularity that ensures antifungal therapy is administered safely and effectively at the level of a population. Clearly, such a notion serves most patients adequately but is completely counter to the covenant at the centre of the clinician–patient relationship, where each patient should know whether they are well-positioned to maximally benefit from an antifungal drug. This review discusses the current therapy of fungal infections and areas of future research to maximise the effectiveness of antifungal therapy at an individual level.
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Chau MM, Daveson K, Alffenaar JWC, Gwee A, Ho SA, Marriott DJE, Trubiano JA, Zhao J, Roberts JA. Consensus guidelines for optimising antifungal drug delivery and monitoring to avoid toxicity and improve outcomes in patients with haematological malignancy and haemopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, 2021. Intern Med J 2021; 51 Suppl 7:37-66. [PMID: 34937141 DOI: 10.1111/imj.15587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Antifungal agents can have complex dosing and the potential for drug interaction, both of which can lead to subtherapeutic antifungal drug concentrations and poorer clinical outcomes for patients with haematological malignancy and haemopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Antifungal agents can also be associated with significant toxicities when drug concentrations are too high. Suboptimal dosing can be minimised by clinical assessment, laboratory monitoring, avoidance of interacting drugs, and dose modification. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) plays an increasingly important role in antifungal therapy, particularly for antifungal agents that have an established exposure-response relationship with either a narrow therapeutic window, large dose-exposure variability, cytochrome P450 gene polymorphism affecting drug metabolism, the presence of antifungal drug interactions or unexpected toxicity, and/or concerns for non-compliance or inadequate absorption of oral antifungals. These guidelines provide recommendations on antifungal drug monitoring and TDM-guided dosing adjustment for selected antifungal agents, and include suggested resources for identifying and analysing antifungal drug interactions. Recommended competencies for optimal interpretation of antifungal TDM and dose recommendations are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie M Chau
- Pharmacy Department, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathryn Daveson
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Canberra Hospital, Garran, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jan-Willem C Alffenaar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Pharmacy Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanda Gwee
- Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Su Ann Ho
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Deborah J E Marriott
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Science, University of Technology, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jason A Trubiano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessie Zhao
- Department of Haematology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason A Roberts
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Pharmacy and Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,Division of Anaesthesiology Critical Care Emergency and Pain Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nîmes, France
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John J, Loo A, Mazur S, Walsh TJ. Therapeutic drug monitoring of systemic antifungal agents: a pragmatic approach for adult and pediatric patients. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:881-895. [PMID: 31550939 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1671971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) has been shown to optimize the management of invasive fungal infections (IFIs), particularly for select antifungal agents with a well-defined exposure-response relationship and an unpredictable pharmacokinetic profile or a narrow therapeutic index. Select triazoles (itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole) and flucytosine fulfill these criteria, while the echinocandins, fluconazole, isavuconazole, and amphotericin B generally do not do so. Given the morbidity and mortality associated with IFIs and the challenges surrounding the use of currently available antifungal agents, TDM plays an important role in therapy.Areas covered: This review seeks to describe the rationale for TDM of antifungal agents, summarize their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, identify treatment goals for efficacy and safety, and provide recommendations for optimal dosing and therapeutic monitoring strategies.Expert opinion: Several new antifungal agents are currently in development, including compounds from existing antifungal classes with enhanced pharmacokinetic or safety profiles as well as agents with novel targets for the treatment of IFIs. Given the predictable pharmacokinetics of these newly developed agents, use of routine TDM is not anticipated. However, expanded knowledge of exposure-response relationships of these compounds may yield a role for TDM to improve outcomes for adult and pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie John
- Department of Pharmacy, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angela Loo
- Department of Pharmacy, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shawn Mazur
- Department of Pharmacy, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas J Walsh
- Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Gómez-Gómez B, Cornejo-Juárez P. Do We Need Antifungal Stewardship? CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40506-019-00185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Hamdy RF, Zaoutis TE, Seo SK. Antifungal stewardship considerations for adults and pediatrics. Virulence 2017; 8:658-672. [PMID: 27588344 PMCID: PMC5626349 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1226721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifungal stewardship refers to coordinated interventions to monitor and direct the appropriate use of antifungal agents in order to achieve the best clinical outcomes and minimize selective pressure and adverse events. Antifungal utilization has steadily risen over time in concert with the increase in number of immunocompromised adults and children at risk for invasive fungal infections (IFI). Challenges in diagnosing IFI often lead to delays in treatment and poorer outcomes. There are also emerging data linking prior antifungal exposure and suboptimal dosing to the emergence of antifungal resistance, particularly for Candida. Antimicrobial stewardship programs can take a multi-pronged bundle approach to ensure suitable prescribing of antifungals via post-prescription review and feedback and/or prior authorization. Institutional guidelines can also be developed to guide diagnostic testing in at-risk populations; appropriate choice, dose, and duration of antifungal agent; therapeutic drug monitoring; and opportunities for de-escalation and intravenous-to-oral conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana F. Hamdy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Theoklis E. Zaoutis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan K. Seo
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Agrawal S, Barnes R, Brüggemann RJ, Rautemaa-Richardson R, Warris A. The role of the multidisciplinary team in antifungal stewardship. J Antimicrob Chemother 2017; 71:ii37-ii42. [PMID: 27880668 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There are a variety of challenges faced in the management of invasive fungal diseases (IFD), including high case-fatality rates, high cost of antifungal drugs and development of antifungal resistance. The diagnostic challenges and poor outcomes associated with IFD have resulted in excessive empirical use of antifungals in various hospital settings, exposing many patients without IFD to potential drug toxicities as well as causing spiralling antifungal drug costs. Further complexity arises as different patient groups show marked variation in their risk for IFD, fungal epidemiology, sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antifungal drugs. To address these issues and to ensure optimal management of IFD, specialist knowledge and experience from a range of backgrounds is required, which extends beyond the remit of most antibiotic stewardship programmes. The first step in the development of any antifungal stewardship (AFS) programme is to build a multidisciplinary team encompassing the necessary expertise in the management of IFD to develop and implement the AFS programme. The specific roles of the key individuals within the AFS team and the importance of collaboration are discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Agrawal
- Division of Haemato-Oncology, St Bartholomew's Hospital and Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - Rosemary Barnes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Roger J Brüggemann
- Department of Pharmacy and Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Riina Rautemaa-Richardson
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,University Hospital of South Manchester, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Adilia Warris
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Kosmidis C, Muldoon EG. Challenges in the management of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. Med Mycol 2016; 55:63-68. [PMID: 27915300 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) presents multiple challenges. We present three cases that illustrate some of the most challenging aspects of caring for patients with CPA: specifically, antifungal drug resistance, drug interactions, coinfection with nontuberculous mycobacteria, and large-volume hemoptysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Kosmidis
- University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre
| | - Eavan G Muldoon
- University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre
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Abstract
In recent years, the increase of invasive fungal infections and the emergence of antifungal resistance stressed the need for new antifungal drugs. Peptides have shown to be good candidates for the development of alternative antimicrobial agents through high-throughput screening, and subsequent optimization according to a rational approach. This review presents a brief overview on antifungal natural peptides of different sources (animals, plants, micro-organisms), peptide fragments derived by proteolytic cleavage of precursor physiological proteins (cryptides), synthetic unnatural peptides and peptide derivatives. Antifungal peptides are schematically reported based on their structure, antifungal spectrum and reported effects. Natural or synthetic peptides and their modified derivatives may represent the basis for new compounds active against fungal infections.
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Lempers VJ, Brüggemann RJ. Antifungal therapy: drug–drug interactions at your fingertips—authors' response. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:2062-3. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Micallef C, Kildonavaciute K, Castro-Sanchez E, Holmes AH. Is There a Role for a Bespoke App on Antimicrobial Stewardship Targeting Patients and the Public? Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63:140-1. [PMID: 27076566 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christianne Micallef
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit, Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance at Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus Pharmacy Department, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Kornelija Kildonavaciute
- Pharmacy Department, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Enrique Castro-Sanchez
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit, Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance at Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus
| | - Alison H Holmes
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit, Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance at Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Bartholomew JS, Banfield S, Atherton GT, Denning DW. Comment on: Antifungal therapy: drug–drug interactions at your fingertips. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:2062. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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