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Treatment of Bacterial Infections with β-Lactams: Cooperation with Innate Immunity. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0050322. [PMID: 36695576 PMCID: PMC9933636 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00503-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Lactams are the most widely prescribed antibiotics used for the control and treatment of bacterial infections. The direct effect of β-lactams on bacteria is well studied worldwide. In the context of infections and as a consequence of their direct activity against the pathogen, β-lactams also regulate antibacterial immune responses. This knowledge has led to the theorem that the effectiveness of β-lactam treatment results from the synergy between the drug and the immune response. Key players in this immune response, with an essential role in the clearance of live and dead bacteria, are the myeloid cells. In this review, we summarize the data that shed light on how β-lactams interact with myeloid cells during bacterial infection treatment.
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Peng C, Li J, Miao Z, Wang Y, Wu S, Wang Y, Wang S, Cheng R, He F, Shen X. Early life administration of Bifidobacterium bifidum BD-1 alleviates long-term colitis by remodeling the gut microbiota and promoting intestinal barrier development. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:916824. [PMID: 35935215 PMCID: PMC9355606 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.916824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal disease characterized by microbiota disturbance and intestinal mucosal damage. The current study aimed to investigate the preventive effects of Bifidobacterium bifidum BD-1 (BD-1) against long-term IBD and possible mechanism by which it alters the gut microbiota, immune response, and mucosal barrier. Our study found that early treatment of BD-1 + Ceftri (ceftriaxone followed by BD-1) and BD-1 confers a certain protective effect against the occurrence of long-term Dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, which manifests as a decrease in inflammation scores and MPO activity levels, as well as a relatively intact intestinal epithelial structure. Moreover, compared to BD-1, Ceftri, and NS, early treatment with BD-1 + Ceftri promoted greater expression levels of mucosal barrier-related proteins [KI67, MUC2, ZO-1, secretory immunoglobulin A (slgA), Clauding-1, and Occludin], better local immune responses activation, and moderately better modulation of systemic immune responses during long-term colitis. This may be due to the fact that BD-1 + Ceftri can deliberately prolong the colonization time of some beneficial microbiota (e.g., Bifidobacterium) and reduce the relative abundance of inflammation-related microbiota (e.g., Escherichia/Shigella and Ruminococcus). Interestingly, we found that the changes in the gut barrier and immunity were already present immediately after early intervention with BD-1 + Ceftri, implying that early effects can persist with appropriate intervention. Furthermore, intervention with BD-1 alone in early life confers an anti-inflammatory effect to a certain degree in the long-term, which may be due to the interaction between BD-1 and the host’s native gut microbiota affecting intestinal metabolites. In conclusion, BD-1 was not as effective as BD-1 + Ceftri in early life, perhaps due to its failure to fully play the role of the strain itself under the influence of the host’s complex microbiota. Therefore, further research is needed to explore specific mechanisms for single strain and native microbiota or the combination between probiotics and antibiotics.
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Sridhar S, Forrest S, Pickard D, Cormie C, Lees EA, Thomson NR, Dougan G, Baker S. Inhibitory Concentrations of Ciprofloxacin Induce an Adaptive Response Promoting the Intracellular Survival of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. mBio 2021; 12:e0109321. [PMID: 34154399 PMCID: PMC8262899 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01093-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a pressing global health crisis, which has been fueled by the sustained use of certain classes of antimicrobials, including fluoroquinolones. While the genetic mutations responsible for decreased fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin) susceptibility are known, the implications of ciprofloxacin exposure on bacterial growth, survival, and interactions with host cells are not well described. Aiming to understand the influence of inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin in vitro, we subjected three clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to differing concentrations of ciprofloxacin, dependent on their MICs, and assessed the impact on bacterial growth, morphology, and transcription. We further investigated the differential morphology and transcription that occurred following ciprofloxacin exposure and measured the ability of ciprofloxacin-treated bacteria to invade and replicate in host cells. We found that ciprofloxacin-exposed S. Typhimurium is able to recover from inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin and that the drug induces specific morphological and transcriptional signatures associated with the bacterial SOS response, DNA repair, and intracellular survival. In addition, ciprofloxacin-treated S. Typhimurium has increased capacity for intracellular replication in comparison to that of untreated organisms. These data suggest that S. Typhimurium undergoes an adaptive response under ciprofloxacin perturbation that promotes cellular survival, a consequence that may justify more measured use of ciprofloxacin for Salmonella infections. The combination of multiple experimental approaches provides new insights into the collateral effects that ciprofloxacin and other antimicrobials have on invasive bacterial pathogens. IMPORTANCE Antimicrobial resistance is a critical concern in global health. In particular, there is rising resistance to fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, a first-line antimicrobial for many Gram-negative pathogens. We investigated the adaptive response of clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to ciprofloxacin, finding that the bacteria adapt in short timespans to high concentrations of ciprofloxacin in a way that promotes intracellular survival during early infection. Importantly, by studying three clinically relevant isolates, we were able to show that individual isolates respond differently to ciprofloxacin and that for each isolate, there was a heterogeneous response under ciprofloxacin treatment. The heterogeneity that arises from ciprofloxacin exposure may drive survival and proliferation of Salmonella during treatment and lead to drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Sridhar
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Forrest
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Pickard
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Cormie
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emily A. Lees
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R. Thomson
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Baker
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Bergman P, Raqib R, Rekha RS, Agerberth B, Gudmundsson GH. Host Directed Therapy Against Infection by Boosting Innate Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1209. [PMID: 32595649 PMCID: PMC7304486 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system constitutes the first line of defense against invading pathogens, regulating the normal microbiota and contributes to homeostasis. Today we have obtained detailed knowledge on receptors, signaling pathways, and effector molecules of innate immunity. Our research constellation has focused on ways to induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), the production of oxygen species (ROS and NO), and to activate autophagy, during the last two decades. These innate effectors, with different mechanisms of action, constitute a powerful defense armament in phagocytes and in epithelial cells. Innate immunity does not only protect the host from invading pathogens, but also regulates the composition of the microbiota, which is an area of intense research. Notably, some virulent bacteria have the capacity to downregulate innate defenses and can thereby cause invasive disease. Understanding the detailed mechanisms behind pathogen-mediated suppression of innate effectors are currently in progress. This information can be of importance for the development of novel treatments based on counteraction of the downregulation; we have designated this type of treatment as host directed therapy (HDT). The concept to boost innate immunity may be particularly relevant as many pathogens are developing resistance against classical antibiotics. Many pathogens that are resistant to antibiotics are sensitive to the endogenous effectors included in early host defenses, which contain multiple effectors working in cooperation to control infections. Here, we review recent data related to downregulation of AMPs by pathogenic bacteria, induction of innate effector mechanisms, including cytokine-mediated effects, repurposed drugs and the role of antibiotics as direct modulators of host responses. These findings can form a platform for the development of novel treatment strategies against infection and/or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bergman
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,The Immunodeficiency Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rubhana Raqib
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rokeya Sultana Rekha
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Agerberth
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gudmundur H Gudmundsson
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Fan M, Chen S, Weng Y, Li X, Jiang Y, Wang X, Bie M, An L, Zhang M, Chen B, Huang G, Wu J, Zhu M, Shi Q. Ciprofloxacin promotes polarization of CD86+CD206‑ macrophages to suppress liver cancer. Oncol Rep 2020; 44:91-102. [PMID: 32377744 PMCID: PMC7251753 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota can promote tumor development by producing toxic metabolites and inhibiting the function of immune cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that gut microbiota can reach the liver through the circulation and promote the occurrence of liver cancer. Ciprofloxacin, an effective broad‑spectrum antimicrobial agent, can promote cell apoptosis and regulate the function of immune cells. As an important part of the tumor microenvironment, macrophages play an important role in tumor regulation. The present study demonstrated that the treatment of macrophages with ciprofloxacin was able to promote the production of interleukin‑1β, tumor necrosis factor‑α and the polarization of CD86+CD206‑ macrophages, while inhibiting the polarization of CD86‑CD206+ macrophages. This transformation may help macrophages promote tumor cell apoptosis, inhibit tumor cell proliferation, reduce metastasis and downregulate the phosphoinositide 3‑kinase/AKT signaling pathway in liver cancer cell lines. In vivo experiments demonstrated that macrophages treated with ciprofloxacin inhibited the growth of subcutaneous implanted tumors in nude mice. In conclusion, the findings of the present study indicated that ciprofloxacin may inhibit liver cancer by upregulating the expression of CD86+CD206‑ macrophages. This study further revealed the biological mechanism underlying the potential value of ciprofloxacin in antitumor therapy and provided new targets for the treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengtian Fan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Sicheng Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yaguang Weng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xian Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yingjiu Jiang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Mengjun Bie
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Liqin An
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Menghao Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Bin Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Gaigai Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jinghong Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Mengying Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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Yang C, Li H, Zhang T, Chu Y, Zuo J, Chen D. Study on antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella typhimurium L forms to the third and forth generation cephalosporins. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3042. [PMID: 32080217 PMCID: PMC7033113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella typhimurium is a pathogenic gram-negative bacterium, which is found primarily in the intestinal lumen. It often causes diarrhea in infants and young children and leads to food poisoning. Drug resistance of Salmonella typhimurium presented serious complications in clinical patients. In this study, we investigated the antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella typhimurium standard strain L forms to the third and forth generation cephalosporins, in order to control and eliminate Salmonella typhimurium L forms in infection treatment. Salmonella typhimurium L forms were induced by β-lactam antibiotic cefazolin in the culture medium of bacterial L forms. The antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella typhimurium L forms was analyzed by K-B drug susceptibility testing. The change trend of drug susceptibility and resistance of Salmonella typhimurium L forms was obtained in accordance with USA clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) evaluation data and statistical analysis. Drug resistance of Salmonella typhimurium L forms showed little increasing trend compared with their parent bacteria. The L form inhibition zone was smaller than in the parent bacteria. However, the drug susceptibility of L forms of Salmonella typhimurium to the third and forth generation cephalosporins remained sensitive.The antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella typhimurium L forms to the third and forth generation cephalosporins remains sensitive, and the combined use of multi-antibiotics is a convenient and effective method to reduce Salmonella typhimurium L forms occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201801, P.R. China
| | - Huihui Li
- Department of Microbiology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Chu
- Laboratory Center for Morphology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, P.R. China
| | - Junli Zuo
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201801, P.R. China.
| | - Dengyu Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, P.R. China. .,Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, P.R. China.
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