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Saini S, Leung V, Si E, Ho C, Cheung A, Dalton D, Daneman N, Grindrod K, Ha R, McIsaac W, Oberai A, Schwartz K, Shiamptanis A, Langford BJ. Documenting the indication for antimicrobial prescribing: a scoping review. BMJ Qual Saf 2022; 31:787-799. [PMID: 35552253 DOI: 10.1136/bmjqs-2021-014582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Documenting an indication when prescribing antimicrobials is considered best practice; however, a better understanding of the evidence is needed to support broader implementation of this practice. OBJECTIVES We performed a scoping review to evaluate antimicrobial indication documentation as it pertains to its implementation, prevalence, accuracy and impact on clinical and utilisation outcomes in all patient populations. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Published and unpublished literature evaluating the documentation of an indication for antimicrobial prescribing. SOURCES OF EVIDENCE A search was conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts in addition to a review of the grey literature. CHARTING AND ANALYSIS Screening and extraction was performed by two independent reviewers. Studies were categorised inductively and results were presented descriptively. RESULTS We identified 123 peer-reviewed articles and grey literature documents for inclusion. Most studies took place in a hospital setting (109, 89%). The median prevalence of antimicrobial indication documentation was 75% (range 4%-100%). Studies evaluating the impact of indication documentation on prescribing and patient outcomes most commonly examined appropriateness and identified a benefit to prescribing or patient outcomes in 17 of 19 studies. Qualitative studies evaluating healthcare worker perspectives (n=10) noted the common barriers and facilitators to this practice. CONCLUSION There is growing interest in the importance of documenting an indication when prescribing antimicrobials. While antimicrobial indication documentation is not uniformly implemented, several studies have shown that multipronged approaches can be used to improve this practice. Emerging evidence demonstrates that antimicrobial indication documentation is associated with improved prescribing and patient outcomes both in community and hospital settings. But setting-specific and larger trials are needed to provide a more robust evidence base for this practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Saini
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Valerie Leung
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Michael Garron Hospital, Toronto East Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Si
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Certina Ho
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Safe Medication Practices, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne Cheung
- West Park Healthcare Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Nick Daneman
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Rita Ha
- North York Family Health Team, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Warren McIsaac
- Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anjali Oberai
- Wawa Family Health Team, Wawa, Ontario, Canada
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Schwartz
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Bradley J Langford
- Hotel Dieu Shaver Health and Rehabilitation Centre, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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Edwards T, Heinz E, van Aartsen J, Howard A, Roberts P, Corless C, Fraser AJ, Williams CT, Bulgasim I, Cuevas LE, Parry CM, Roberts AP, Adams ER, Mason J, Hubbard ATM. Piperacillin/tazobactam-resistant, cephalosporin-susceptible Escherichia coli bloodstream infections are driven by multiple acquisition of resistance across diverse sequence types. Microb Genom 2022; 8. [PMID: 35404783 PMCID: PMC9453079 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam (TZP) in Escherichia coli has predominantly been associated with mechanisms that confer resistance to third-generation cephalosporins. Recent reports have identified E. coli strains with phenotypic resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam but susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins (TZP-R/3GC-S). In this study we sought to determine the genetic diversity of this phenotype in E. coli (n=58) isolated between 2014–2017 at a single tertiary hospital in Liverpool, UK, as well as the associated resistance mechanisms. We compare our findings to a UK-wide collection of invasive E. coli isolates (n=1509) with publicly available phenotypic and genotypic data. These data sets included the TZP-R/3GC-S phenotype (n=68), and piperacillin/tazobactam and third-generation cephalosporin-susceptible (TZP-S/3GC-S, n=1271) phenotypes. The TZP-R/3GC-S phenotype was displayed in a broad range of sequence types, which was mirrored in the same phenotype from the UK-wide collection, and the overall diversity of invasive E. coli isolates. The TZP-R/3GC-S isolates contained a diverse range of plasmids, indicating multiple acquisition events of TZP resistance mechanisms rather than clonal expansion of a particular plasmid or sequence type. The putative resistance mechanisms were equally diverse, including hyperproduction of TEM-1, either via strong promoters or gene amplification, carriage of inhibitor-resistant β-lactamases, and an S133G blaCTX-M-15 mutation detected for the first time in clinical isolates. Several of these mechanisms were present at a lower abundance in the TZP-S/3GC-S isolates from the UK-wide collection, but without the associated phenotypic resistance to TZP. Eleven (19%) of the isolates had no putative mechanism identified from the genomic data. Our findings highlight the complexity of this cryptic phenotype and the need for continued phenotypic monitoring, as well as further investigation to improve detection and prediction of the TZP-R/3GC-S phenotype from genomic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Edwards
- Centre for Drug and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Eva Heinz
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Jon van Aartsen
- Liverpool University Hospital Foundation Trust, Prescot street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Alex Howard
- Liverpool University Hospital Foundation Trust, Prescot street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Paul Roberts
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
- Liverpool University Hospital Foundation Trust, Prescot street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Caroline Corless
- Liverpool University Hospital Foundation Trust, Prescot street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Alice J. Fraser
- Centre for Drug and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Christopher T. Williams
- Centre for Drug and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Issra Bulgasim
- Centre for Drug and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Luis E. Cuevas
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Christopher M. Parry
- Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Adam P. Roberts
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Emily R. Adams
- Centre for Drug and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Jenifer Mason
- Liverpool University Hospital Foundation Trust, Prescot street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Alasdair T. M. Hubbard
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
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3
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Poline J, Postaire M, Parize P, Pilmis B, Bille E, Zahar JR, Frange P, Cohen JF, Lortholary O, Toubiana J. Stewardship program on carbapenem prescriptions in a tertiary hospital for adults and children in France: a cohort study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:1039-1048. [PMID: 33389261 PMCID: PMC7778866 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-04103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial stewardship programs aim at reducing the overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics such as carbapenems, but their impact remains unclear. We compared the use of carbapenems between paediatric and adult subjects admitted to a French tertiary hospital and described the intervention of an antibiotic stewardship team (AST). As part of AST routine activity, all adult and paediatric patients receiving carbapenems are identified in real time using a computer-generated alert system and reviewed by the AST. Data associated with carbapenem prescriptions were extracted for 2 years (2014-2015) and were compared between paediatric and adult wards. Prescription appropriateness (i.e. no clinically suitable narrower spectrum alternative to carbapenem for de-escalation) and AST intervention were analysed. In total, 775 carbapenem prescriptions for 291 children and 262 adults were included. Most patients (95%) had a comordity and 52% had known recent carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBLE). Most carbapenem prescriptions came from intensive care units (n = 269, 35%) and were initiated for urinary tract (n = 200, 27%), sepsis (n = 181, 25%), and lung (n = 153, 21%) infections. Carbapenems were initiated empirically in 537 (70%) cases, and an organism was isolated in 523 (67%) cases. Among the isolated organisms, 47% (n = 246) were ESBLE and 90% (n = 468) were susceptible to carbapenems, but an alternative existed in 61% (n = 320) of cases according to antibiotic susceptibility testing. Among prescriptions reviewed by the AST, 39% (n = 255) were considered non-appropriate and led to either antibiotic discontinuation (n = 47, 7%) or de-escalation (n = 208, 32%). Non-appropriate prescriptions were more frequent in paediatric wards (p = 0.01) and in microbiologically documented infections (p = 0.013), and less observed in immunocompromised patients (p = 0.009) or with a known ESBLE carriage (p < 0.001). Tailored stewardship programs are essential to better control carbapenem use and subsequent antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Poline
- Department of General Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, APHP, Université de Paris, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France ,Department of Gut Inflammation, Center for Research on Inflammation CRI, INSERM 1149, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Martine Postaire
- Department of Pharmacy, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, APHP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Perrine Parize
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker Enfants-Malades Hospital, Necker-Pasteur Infectious Diseases Center, Université de Paris, IHU Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Pilmis
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker Enfants-Malades Hospital, Necker-Pasteur Infectious Diseases Center, Université de Paris, IHU Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Bille
- Department of Microbiology, Necker Enfants-Malades Hospital, APHP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean Ralph Zahar
- Department of Microbiology, Necker Enfants-Malades Hospital, APHP, Université de Paris, Paris, France ,Infection Control Unit, IAME, UMR 1137, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Frange
- Department of Microbiology, Necker Enfants-Malades Hospital, APHP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jérémie F. Cohen
- Department of General Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, APHP, Université de Paris, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lortholary
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker Enfants-Malades Hospital, Necker-Pasteur Infectious Diseases Center, Université de Paris, IHU Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Julie Toubiana
- Department of General Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, APHP, Université de Paris, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France ,Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Seaton RA, Gibbons CL, Cooper L, Malcolm W, McKinney R, Dundas S, Griffith D, Jeffreys D, Hamilton K, Choo-Kang B, Brittain S, Guthrie D, Sneddon J. Survey of antibiotic and antifungal prescribing in patients with suspected and confirmed COVID-19 in Scottish hospitals. J Infect 2020; 81:952-960. [PMID: 32987097 PMCID: PMC7518971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concern regarding bacterial co-infection complicating SARS-CoV-2 has created a challenge for antimicrobial stewardship. Following introduction of national antibiotic recommendations for suspected bacterial respiratory tract infection complicating COVID-19, a point prevalence survey of prescribing was conducted across acute hospitals in Scotland. METHODS Patients in designated COVID-19 units were included and demographic, clinical and antimicrobial data were collected from 15 hospitals on a single day between 20th and 30th April 2020. Comparisons were made between SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative patients and patients on non-critical care and critical care units. Factors associated with antibiotic prescribing in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients were examined using Univariable and multivariable regression analyses. FINDINGS There were 820 patients were included, 64.8% were SARS-CoV-2 positive and 14.9% were managed in critical care, and 22.1% of SARS-CoV-2 infections were considered probable or definite nosocomial infections. On the survey day, antibiotic prevalence was 45.0% and 73.9% were prescribed for suspected respiratory tract infection. Amoxicillin, doxycycline and co-amoxiclav accounted for over half of all antibiotics in non-critical care wards and meropenem, piperacillin-tazobactam and co-amoxiclav accounted for approximately half prescribed in critical care. Of all SARS-CoV-2 patients, 38.3% were prescribed antibiotics. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, COPD/chronic lung disease and CRP ≥ 100 mg/l were associated with higher odds and probable or confirmed nosocomial COVID-19, diabetes and management on an elderly care ward had lower odds of an antibiotic prescription. Systemic antifungals were prescribed in 9.8% of critical care patients and commenced a median of 18 days after critical care admission. INTERPRETATION A relatively low prevalence of antibiotic prescribing in SARS-CoV-2 hospitalised patients and low proportion of broad spectrum antibiotics in non-critical care settings was observed potentially reflecting national antimicrobial stewardship initiatives. Broad spectrum antibiotic and antifungal prescribing in critical care units was observed indicating the importance of infection prevention and control and stewardship initiatives in this setting. FUNDING The Scottish Antibiotic Prescribing Group is funded by Scottish Government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald A Seaton
- Infection unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK; Scottish Antimicrobial Prescribing Group, Healthcare Improvement Scotland, Delta House, 48 West Nile Street, Glasgow G1 2NP, UK.
| | - Cheryl L Gibbons
- National ARHAI Scotland, NHS National Services Scotland, Meridian Court, 5 Cadogan Street, Glasgow G2 6QE, UK
| | - Lesley Cooper
- Scottish Antimicrobial Prescribing Group, Healthcare Improvement Scotland, Delta House, 48 West Nile Street, Glasgow G1 2NP, UK
| | - William Malcolm
- National ARHAI Scotland, NHS National Services Scotland, Meridian Court, 5 Cadogan Street, Glasgow G2 6QE, UK
| | - Rachel McKinney
- Regional Infectious diseases unit, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Stephanie Dundas
- Infection unit, University Hospital Monklands, Monkscourt Avenue, Airdrie ML6 OJS, UK
| | - David Griffith
- Department of Microbiology, Victoria Infirmary, Hayfield Road, Kirkcaldy KY2 5AH, UK
| | - Danielle Jeffreys
- Department of Medical Education, Centre For Health Science, Old Perth Road, Inverness IV2 3UJ
| | - Kayleigh Hamilton
- Antimicrobial Management Team, University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock Road, Crosshouse, Kilmarnock KA2 0BE, UK
| | - Brian Choo-Kang
- Respiratory Medicine unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 84 Castle Street, Glasgow G4 0SF, UK
| | - Suzanne Brittain
- Antimicrobial Management Team, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Foresterhill Health Campus, Foresterhill road, Aberdeen AB25 2ZN, UK
| | - Debbie Guthrie
- Pharmacy Department, Ninewells Hospital, James Arrott Drive, Dundee DD2 1SG, UK
| | - Jacqueline Sneddon
- Scottish Antimicrobial Prescribing Group, Healthcare Improvement Scotland, Delta House, 48 West Nile Street, Glasgow G1 2NP, UK
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5
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Alsaleh NA, Al-Omar HA, Mayet AY, Mullen AB. Evaluating the appropriateness of carbapenem and piperacillin-tazobactam prescribing in a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:1492-1498. [PMID: 33250656 PMCID: PMC7679439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is presently considered an emergent major global public health concern and excessive and/or inappropriate use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials contribute to the development of AMR. Objective To evaluate the appropriateness of carbapenems and piperacillin-tazobactam use in a tertiary care hospital. Methods A retrospective, observational, cross-sectional, drug-utilization study was conducted. The study included all adult hospitalized patients who had received at least one dose of the antimicrobials during their admission for the period between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2017. The appropriateness of antimicrobial therapy was evaluated according to the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines with the consideration of the institutional antibiogram. Results Overall, 2731 patients received 5005 courses with one of the antimicrobials, for a total of 5045.9 defined daily doses (DDD) of imipenem-cilastatin, 6492.3 of meropenem and 15,595 of piperacillin-tazobactam (4.93, 6.34 and 15.24 DDD/100 bed days, respectively). The mean age of the patients who received either antimicrobial was 55.5 ± 20.3 years, with a 14-day average length of hospital stay. About half (52%) of the prescriptions were written for patients treated in the medical ward. Pneumonia (26.6%) and sepsis (24.9%) were the most common indication for the initiation of antimicrobial therapy. Of the assessed prescriptions, only 2787 (56.5%) were prescribed appropriately, with 2142 (43.5%) deemed inappropriate. The three most common reasons for inappropriate prescription were: the spectrum of activity was too broad (44.6%), followed by antimicrobial use without culture request (32.4%), and failure of suitable antimicrobial de-escalation (19.9%). Conclusions The study indicates that the overall rate of inappropriateness was high, emphasizing the need to develop initiatives to effectively improve broad-spectrum antimicrobial prescribing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada A Alsaleh
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Hussain A Al-Omar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Y Mayet
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexander B Mullen
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author.
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Russell CD, Laurenson IF, Evans MH, Mackintosh CL. Tractable targets for meropenem-sparing antimicrobial stewardship interventions. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2019; 1:dlz042. [PMID: 34222916 PMCID: PMC8210134 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlz042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As meropenem is a restricted antimicrobial, lessons learned from its real-life usage will be applicable to antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) more generally. Objectives To retrospectively evaluate meropenem usage at our institution to identify targets for AMS interventions. Methods Patients receiving meropenem documented with an ‘alert antimicrobial’ form at two tertiary care UK hospitals were identified retrospectively. Clinical records and microbiology results were reviewed. Results A total of 107 adult inpatients receiving meropenem were identified. This was first-line in 47% and escalation therapy in 53%. Source control was required in 28% of cases after escalation, for predictable reasons. Those ultimately requiring source control had received more prior antimicrobial agents than those who did not (P = 0.03). Meropenem was rationalized in 24% of cases (after median 4 days). Positive microbiology enabled rationalization (OR 12.3, 95% CI 2.7–55.5, P = 0.001) but rates of appropriate sampling varied. In cases with positive microbiology where meropenem was not rationalized, continuation was retrospectively considered clinically and microbiologically necessary in 8/40 cases (0/17 empirical first-line usage). Rationalization was more likely when meropenem susceptibility was not released on the microbiology report (OR 5.2, 95% CI 1.3–20.2, P = 0.02). Input from an infection specialist was associated with a reduced duration of meropenem therapy (P < 0.0001). Early review by an infection specialist has the potential to further facilitate rationalization. Conclusions In real-life clinical practice, core aspects of infection management remain tractable targets for AMS interventions: microbiological sampling, source control and infection specialist input. Further targets include supporting rationalization to less familiar carbapenem-sparing antimicrobials, restricting first-line meropenem usage and selectively reporting meropenem susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark D Russell
- Regional Infectious Diseases Unit, NHS Lothian Infection Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.,University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK.,Clinical Microbiology, NHS Lothian Infection Service, Laboratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian F Laurenson
- Clinical Microbiology, NHS Lothian Infection Service, Laboratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Morgan H Evans
- Regional Infectious Diseases Unit, NHS Lothian Infection Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Claire L Mackintosh
- Regional Infectious Diseases Unit, NHS Lothian Infection Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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7
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Meropenem antimicrobial stewardship program: clinical, economic, and antibiotic resistance impact. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 38:161-170. [PMID: 30367313 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3408-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There are few prospective studies with sufficient duration in time to evaluate clinical and antibiotic resistance impact of antibiotic stewardship programs (ASP). This is a descriptive study between January 2012 and December 2017, pre-post intervention. A meropenem ASP was initiated in January 2015; in patients who started treatment with meropenem, an infectious disease physician performed treatment recommendations to prescribers. Prospective information was collected to evaluate adequacy of meropenem prescription to local guidelines and to compare results between cases with accepted or rejected intervention. Analysis was performed to verify variables associated with intervention acceptance and with any significant change in meropenem consumption, hospital-acquired multidrug-resistant (MDR) bloodstream infections (BSIs), and 30-day all-cause crude death in MDR BSIs. Adequacy of meropenem prescription and de-escalation from meropenem treatment to narrower-spectrum antibiotic improved progressively over time, after ASP implementation (p < 0.001). Interventions on prescription were performed in 330 (38.7%) patients without meropenem justified treatment; in 269, intervention was accepted and in 61 not. Intervention acceptance was associated with shorter duration of treatment, cost, and inpatient days (p < 0.05); intervention rejection was not associated with severity of patient. During the period 2015-2017, meropenem consumption decreased compared with 2012-2014 (rate ratio [RR] 0.67; 95% CI 0.58-0.77, p < 0.001). Also decreased were hospital-acquired MDR BSI rate (RR 0.63; 95% CI 0.38-1.02, p = 0,048) and 30-day all-cause crude death in MDR BSIs (RR 0.45; 95% CI 0.14-1.24, p = 0.096), coinciding in time with ASP start-up. The decrease and better use of meropenem achieved had a sustained clinical, economic, and ecological impact, reducing costs and mortality of hospital-acquired MDR BSIs.
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