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Shen C, Luo L, Zhou H, Xiao Y, Zeng J, Zhang L, Pu J, Zeng J, Zhang N, Jiang Y, Xu L, Chen D, Li G, Wu K, Yu H, Wang M, Guo X, Wang J, Huang B, Chen C. Emergence and ongoing outbreak of ST80 vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in Guangdong province, China from 2021 to 2023: a multicenter, time-series and genomic epidemiological study. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2361030. [PMID: 38801248 PMCID: PMC11159589 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2361030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surveillance systems revealed that the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) has increased. We aim to investigate the epidemiological and genomic characteristics of VREfm in China. METHODS We collected 20,747 non-redundant E. faecium isolates from inpatients across 19 hospitals in six provinces between January 2018 and June 2023. VREfm was confirmed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The prevalence was analyzed using changepoint package in R. Genomic characteristics were explored by whole-genome sequencing. RESULTS 5.59% (1159/20,747) of E. faecium isolates were resistant to vancomycin. The prevalence of VREfm increased in Guangdong province from 5% before 2021 to 20-50% in 2023 (p < 0.0001), but not in the other five provinces. Two predominant clones before 2021, ST17 and ST78, were substituted by an emerging clone, ST80, from 2021 to 2023 (88.63%, 195/220). All ST80 VREfm from Guangdong formed a single lineage (SC11) and were genetically distant from the ST80 VREfm from other countries, suggesting a regional outbreak. All ST80 VREfm in SC11 carried a new type of plasmid harbouring a vanA cassette, which was embedded in a Tn1546-like structure flanked by IS1678 and ISL3. However, no conjugation-related gene was detected and no transconjugant was obtained in conjugation experiment, indicating that the outbreak of ST80 VREfm could be attributed to clonal transmission. CONCLUSIONS We revealed an ongoing outbreak of ST80 VREfm with a new vanA-harbouring plasmid in Guangdong, China. This clone has also been identified in other provinces and countries, foreboding a risk of wider spreading shortly. Continuous surveillance is needed to inform public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Shen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Clinical Laboratory/State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in TCM, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Luo
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Clinical Laboratory/State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyun Zhou
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Clinical Laboratory/State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinglun Xiao
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Clinical Laboratory/State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinxiang Zeng
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Clinical Laboratory/State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liling Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Clinical Laboratory/State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jieying Pu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Clinical Laboratory/State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in TCM, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianming Zeng
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Clinical Laboratory/State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in TCM, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ni Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yueting Jiang
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingqing Xu
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dingqiang Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Li
- Clinical Laboratory, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kuihai Wu
- Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Yu
- Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuemin Guo
- Clinical Laboratory, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Huang
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cha Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Clinical Laboratory/State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Tiwari A, Lehto KM, Paspaliari DK, Al-Mustapha AI, Sarekoski A, Hokajärvi AM, Länsivaara A, Hyder R, Luomala O, Lipponen A, Oikarinen S, Heikinheimo A, Pitkänen T. Developing wastewater-based surveillance schemes for multiple pathogens: The WastPan project in Finland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171401. [PMID: 38467259 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater comprises multiple pathogens and offers a potential for wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) to track the prevalence of communicable diseases. The Finnish WastPan project aimed to establish wastewater-based pandemic preparedness for multiple pathogens (viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi), including antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This article outlines WastPan's experiences in this project, including the criteria for target selection, sampling locations, frequency, analysis methods, and results communication. Target selection relied on epidemiological and microbiological evidence and practical feasibility. Within the WastPan framework, wastewater samples were collected between 2021 and 2023 from 10 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) covering 40 % of Finland's population. WWTP selection was validated for reported cases of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase-producing bacterial pathogens (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) from the National Infectious Disease Register. The workflow included 24-h composite influent samples, with one fraction for culture-based analysis (bacteria and fungi) and the rest of the sample was reserved for molecular analysis (viruses, bacteria, antibiotic resistance genes, and parasites). The reproducibility of the monitoring workflow was assessed for SARS-CoV-2 through inter-laboratory comparisons using the N2 and N1 assays. Identical protocols were applied to same-day samples, yielding similar positivity trends in the two laboratories, but the N2 assay achieved a significantly higher detection rate (Laboratory 1: 91.5 %; Laboratory 2: 87.4 %) than the N1 assay (76.6 %) monitored only in Laboratory 2 (McNemar, p < 0.001 Lab 1, = 0.006 Lab 2). This result indicates that the selection of monitoring primers and assays may impact monitoring sensitivity in WBS. Overall, the current study recommends that the selection of sampling frequencies and population coverage of the monitoring should be based on pathogen-specific epidemiological characteristics. For example, pathogens that are stable over time may need less frequent annual sampling, while those that are occurring across regions may require reduced sample coverage. Here, WastPan successfully piloted WBS for monitoring multiple pathogens, highlighting the significance of one-litre community composite wastewater samples for assessing community health. The infrastructure established for COVID-19 WBS is valuable for monitoring various pathogens. The prioritization of the monitoring targets optimizes resource utilization. In the future legislative support in target selection, coverage determination, and sustained funding for WBS is recomended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Tiwari
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, Kuopio and Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kirsi-Maarit Lehto
- Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Dafni K Paspaliari
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, Kuopio and Helsinki, Finland; ECDC Fellowship Programme, Public Health Microbiology path (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Solna, Sweden
| | - Ahmad I Al-Mustapha
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Anniina Sarekoski
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, Kuopio and Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anna-Maria Hokajärvi
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, Kuopio and Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Annika Länsivaara
- Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Rafiqul Hyder
- Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Oskari Luomala
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, Kuopio and Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anssi Lipponen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, Kuopio and Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Annamari Heikinheimo
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland; Finnish Food Authority, Seinäjoki, Finland.
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, Kuopio and Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland.
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3
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Segawa T, Masuda K, Hisatsune J, Ishida-Kuroki K, Sugawara Y, Kuwabara M, Nishikawa H, Hiratsuka T, Aota T, Tao Y, Iwahashi Y, Ueda K, Mae K, Masumoto K, Kitagawa H, Komatsuzawa H, Ohge H, Sugai M. Genomic analysis of inter-hospital transmission of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium sequence type 80 isolated during an outbreak in Hiroshima, Japan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0171623. [PMID: 38506550 PMCID: PMC11064488 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01716-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococci that transcend jurisdictional boundaries are occurring worldwide. This study focused on a vancomycin-resistant enterococcus outbreak that occurred between 2018 and 2021 across two cities in Hiroshima, Japan. The study involved genetic and phylogenetic analyses using whole-genome sequencing of 103 isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci to identify the source and transmission routes of the outbreak. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using core genome multilocus sequence typing and core single-nucleotide polymorphisms; infection routes between hospitals were inferred using BadTrIP. The outbreak was caused by Enterococcus faecium sequence type (ST) 80 carrying the vanA plasmid, which was derived from strain A10290 isolated in India. Of the 103 isolates, 93 were E. faecium ST80 transmitted across hospitals. The circular vanA plasmid of the Hiroshima isolates was similar to the vanA plasmid of strain A10290 and transferred from E. faecium ST80 to other STs of E. faecium and other Enterococcus species by conjugation. The inferred transmission routes across hospitals suggest the existence of a central hospital serving as a hub, propagating vancomycin-resistant enterococci to multiple hospitals. Our study highlights the importance of early intervention at the key central hospital to prevent the spread of the infection to small medical facilities, such as nursing homes, with limited medical resources and a high number of vulnerable individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Segawa
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Japan
| | - Kanako Masuda
- Hiroshima Prefectural Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hiroshima, Japan
- Project Research Center for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Junzo Hisatsune
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Japan
- Project Research Center for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Antimicrobial Resistance, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kasumi Ishida-Kuroki
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Japan
| | - Yo Sugawara
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Japan
| | - Masao Kuwabara
- Hiroshima Prefectural Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideki Nishikawa
- Hiroshima Prefectural Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hiratsuka
- Hiroshima Prefectural Technology Research Institute, Public Health and Environment Center, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Aota
- Hiroshima City Institute of Public Health, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasuo Tao
- Hiroshima City Public Health Center, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Kuniko Ueda
- Hiroshima City Public Health Center, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kaori Mae
- Hiroshima City Medical Association Clinical Laboratory, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ken Masumoto
- Hiroshima City Medical Association Clinical Laboratory, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kitagawa
- Project Research Center for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Komatsuzawa
- Project Research Center for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Bacteriology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ohge
- Project Research Center for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Sugai
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Japan
- Project Research Center for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Antimicrobial Resistance, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
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Tiwari A, Krolicka A, Tran TT, Räisänen K, Ásmundsdóttir ÁM, Wikmark OG, Lood R, Pitkänen T. Antibiotic resistance monitoring in wastewater in the Nordic countries: A systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 246:118052. [PMID: 38163547 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.118052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) have effectively kept lower antibiotic-resistant bacterial (ARB) pathogen rates than many other countries. However, in recent years, these five countries have encountered a rise in ARB cases and challenges in treating infections due to the growing prevalence of ARB pathogens. Wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) is a valuable supplement to clinical methods for ARB surveillance, but there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of WBS application for ARB in the Nordic countries. This review aims to compile the latest state-of-the-art developments in WBS for ARB monitoring in the Nordic countries and compare them with clinical surveillance practices. After reviewing 1480 papers from the primary search, 54 were found relevant, and 15 additional WBS-related papers were included. Among 69 studies analyzed, 42 dedicated clinical epidemiology, while 27 focused on wastewater monitoring. The PRISMA review of the literature revealed that Nordic countries focus on four major WBS objectives of ARB: assessing ARB in the human population, identifying ARB evading wastewater treatment, quantifying removal rates, and evaluating potential ARB evolution during the treatment process. In both clinical and wastewater contexts, the most studied targets were pathogens producing carbapenemase and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), primarily Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. However, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have received more attention in clinical epidemiology than in wastewater studies, probably due to their lower detection rates in wastewater. Clinical surveillance has mostly used culturing, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and genotyping, but WBS employed PCR-based and metagenomics alongside culture-based techniques. Imported cases resulting from international travel and hospitalization abroad appear to have frequently contributed to the rise in ARB pathogen cases in these countries. The many similarities between the Nordic countries (e.g., knowledge exchange practices, antibiotic usage patterns, and the current ARB landscape) could facilitate collaborative efforts in developing and implementing WBS for ARB in population-level screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Tiwari
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 70701, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Adriana Krolicka
- Norwegian Research Centre AS (NORCE), Nygårdstangen, 5838, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tam T Tran
- Norwegian Research Centre AS (NORCE), Nygårdstangen, 5838, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kati Räisänen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Odd-Gunnar Wikmark
- Norwegian Research Centre AS (NORCE), Nygårdstangen, 5838, Bergen, Norway; Unit for Environmental Science and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Rolf Lood
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 70701, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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5
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McHugh MP, Pettigrew KA, Taori S, Evans TJ, Leanord A, Gillespie SH, Templeton KE, Holden MTG. Consideration of within-patient diversity highlights transmission pathways and antimicrobial resistance gene variability in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. J Antimicrob Chemother 2024; 79:656-668. [PMID: 38323373 PMCID: PMC11090465 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkae023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND WGS is increasingly being applied to healthcare-associated vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) outbreaks. Within-patient diversity could complicate transmission resolution if single colonies are sequenced from identified cases. OBJECTIVES Determine the impact of within-patient diversity on transmission resolution of VREfm. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fourteen colonies were collected from VREfm positive rectal screens, single colonies were collected from clinical samples and Illumina WGS was performed. Two isolates were selected for Oxford Nanopore sequencing and hybrid genome assembly to generate lineage-specific reference genomes. Mapping to closely related references was used to identify genetic variations and closely related genomes. A transmission network was inferred for the entire genome set using Phyloscanner. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In total, 229 isolates from 11 patients were sequenced. Carriage of two or three sequence types was detected in 27% of patients. Presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and plasmids was variable within genomes from the same patient and sequence type. We identified two dominant sequence types (ST80 and ST1424), with two putative transmission clusters of two patients within ST80, and a single cluster of six patients within ST1424. We found transmission resolution was impaired using fewer than 14 colonies. CONCLUSIONS Patients can carry multiple sequence types of VREfm, and even within related lineages the presence of mobile genetic elements and antimicrobial resistance genes can vary. VREfm within-patient diversity could be considered in future to aid accurate resolution of transmission networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P McHugh
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Surabhi Taori
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas J Evans
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alistair Leanord
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Scottish Microbiology Reference Laboratories, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Kate E Templeton
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Janice J, Wagner TM, Olsen K, Hegstad J, Hegstad K. Emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from vancomycin-susceptible enterococci in hospitalized patients under antimicrobial therapy. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2024; 36:116-122. [PMID: 38128726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Enterococci are opportunistic pathogens with plastic genomes that evolve, acquire, and transmit antimicrobial-resistant determinants such as vancomycin resistance clusters. While vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have emerged as successful nosocomial pathogens, the mechanism by which vancomycin-susceptible enterococci (VSE) transform to VRE in hospitalized patients remains understudied. METHODS Genomes of Enterococcus faecium from two critically ill hospitalized patients subjected to multiple antibiotic therapies, including broad-spectrum antibiotics, were investigated. To identify mechanisms of resistance evolution, genomes of vancomycin-susceptible and -resistant isolates were compared. RESULTS While VSE isolates were initially identified, VRE strains emerged post-vancomycin therapy. Comparative genomics revealed horizontal transmission of mobile genetic elements containing the Tn1549 transposon, which harbours the vanB-type vancomycin resistance gene cluster. This suggests that broad-spectrum antibiotic stress promoted the transfer of resistance-conferring elements, presumably from another gut inhabitant. CONCLUSION This is one of the first studies investigating VSE and VRE isolates from the same patient. The mechanism of transmission and the within-patient evolution of vancomycin resistance via mobile genetic elements under antibiotic stress is illustrated. Our findings serve as a foundation for future studies building on this knowledge which can further elucidate the dynamics of antibiotic stress, resistance determinant transmission, and interactions within the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessin Janice
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Theresa Maria Wagner
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Karina Olsen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Joachim Hegstad
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kristin Hegstad
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
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7
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Caplunik-Pratsch A, Kieninger B, Donauer VA, Brauer JM, Meier VMK, Seisenberger C, Rath A, Loibl D, Eichner A, Fritsch J, Schneider-Brachert W. Introduction and spread of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) at a German tertiary care medical center from 2004 until 2010: a retrospective whole-genome sequencing (WGS) study of the molecular epidemiology of VREfm. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2024; 13:20. [PMID: 38355509 PMCID: PMC10865517 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-024-01379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In most of Europe and especially in Germany, there is currently a concerning rise in the number of hospital-acquired infections due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm). Therefore, there is a need to improve our understanding of the way VREfm spreads in hospitals. In this study, we investigated the molecular epidemiology of VREfm isolates from the first appearance at our university hospital in 2004 until 2010. There is only very scarce information about the molecular epidemiology of VREfm from this early time in Germany. METHODS Our analysis includes all available first VREfm isolates of each patient at our tertiary care center collected during the years 2004-2010. If available, additional consecutive VREfm isolates from some patients were analyzed. We used multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) for the analysis and description of nosocomial transmission pathways as well as the detection of outbreaks. RESULTS VREfm isolates from 158 patients and 76 additional subsequent patient isolates were included in the analysis. Until 2006, detections of VREfm remained singular cases, followed by a peak in the number of VREfm cases in 2007 and 2008 with a subsequent decline to baseline in 2010. MLST and cgMLST analysis show significant changes in the dominant sequence types (STs) and complex types (CTs) over the study period, with ST192 and ST17 being responsible for the peak in VREfm cases in 2007 and 2008. The four largest clusters detected during the study period are comprised of these two STs. Cluster analysis shows a focus on specific wards and departments for each cluster. In the early years of this study (2004-2006), all analyzed VREfm stemmed from clinical specimens, whereas since 2007, approximately half of the VREfm were detected by screening. Of the 234 VREfm isolates analyzed, 96% had a vanB and only 4% had a vanA resistance genotype. CONCLUSIONS This retrospective study contributes significant knowledge about regional VREfm epidemiology from this early VREfm period in Germany. One remarkable finding is the striking dominance of vanB-positive VREfm isolates over the entire study period, which is in contrast with countrywide data. Analysis of cgMLST shows the transition from sporadic VRE cases at our institution to a sharp increase in VRE numbers triggered by oligoclonal spread and specific outbreak clusters with the dominance of ST192 and ST17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aila Caplunik-Pratsch
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Bärbel Kieninger
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Veronika A Donauer
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johanna M Brauer
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa M K Meier
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Corinna Seisenberger
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anca Rath
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Loibl
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anja Eichner
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Fritsch
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wulf Schneider-Brachert
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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Knudsen MJS, Samaniego Castruita JA, Mollerup S, Holzknecht BJ, Hoppe M, Westh H, Pinholt M, Rubin IMC. Long-term carriage and evolution of VREfmLong-term carriage and evolution of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium: a genomic study on consecutive isolates. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2024; 6:dlad153. [PMID: 38161962 PMCID: PMC10753913 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlad153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives To determine if vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) carriers carry the same VREfm clone after a minimum follow-up of 365 days. For those carrying the same clone, we investigated the genomic evolution per year per genome. Methods We used WGS results to assign VREfm clones to each isolate and determine clone shifts. Finally, we calculated distance in core-genome MLST alleles, and the number of SNPs between consecutive VREfm isolates from patients carrying the same VREfm clone. Results In total, 44.2% of patients carried the same VREfm clone, and the genomic evolution was 1.8 alleles and 2.6 SNPs per genome per year. Conclusions In our population of long-term carriers, we calculated a molecular clock of 2.6 SNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah Mollerup
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Barbara Juliane Holzknecht
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Hoppe
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Henrik Westh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Pinholt
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Ingrid Maria Cecilia Rubin
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
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9
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Chopjitt P, Boueroy P, Jenjaroenpun P, Wongsurawat T, Hatrongjit R, Kerdsin A, Sunthamala N. Genomic characterization of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium clonal complex 17 isolated from urine in tertiary hospitals in Northeastern Thailand. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1278835. [PMID: 38312503 PMCID: PMC10834742 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1278835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VREs) have increasingly become a major nosocomial pathogen worldwide, earning high-priority category from the World Health Organization (WHO) due to their antibiotic resistance. Among VREs, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) is particularly concerning, frequently isolated and resistant to many antibiotics used in hospital-acquired infections. This study investigated VREfm isolates from rural tertiary hospitals in Northeastern Thailand based both antibiotic susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing. All isolates showed resistance to vancomycin, ampicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and rifampin. Nitrofurantoin and tigecycline resistance were also observed in nearly all isolates. Conversely, all isolates remained susceptible to chloramphenicol, daptomycin, and linezolid. Genomic characterization revealed that all VREfm isolates belonged to clonal complex 17 (CC17), primarily consisting of sequence type (ST) 80, followed by ST17, ST761, and ST117. Additionally, all isolates harbored numerous antimicrobial-resistant genes, including vanA, tet(L), tet(M), aac(6')-li, ant(6)-Ia, aph(3')-III, aac(6')-aph(2″), aph(2″)-la, ant(9)-la, erm(B), msr(C), erm(T), erm(A), fosB, dfrG, and cfr(B). Notably, all isolates contained virulence genes, for collagen adhesin (acm) and cell wall adhesin (efafm), while hylEfm (glycosyl hydrolase) was detected in VREfm ST80. This study provided important information for understanding the genomic features of VREfm isolated from urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peechanika Chopjitt
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Parichart Boueroy
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Piroon Jenjaroenpun
- Division of Medical Bioinformatics, Department of Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thidathip Wongsurawat
- Division of Medical Bioinformatics, Department of Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rujirat Hatrongjit
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Anusak Kerdsin
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Nuchsupha Sunthamala
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Kantharawichai, Thailand
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10
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Rubin IMC, Knudsen MJS, Halkjær SI, Ilsby CS, Pinholt M, Petersen AM. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG Versus Placebo for Eradication of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium in Intestinal Carriers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2804. [PMID: 38004815 PMCID: PMC10673360 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review was to assess the efficacy and safety of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) (previously known as Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG) for the eradication of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) in colonized carriers. We searched Cochrane Central, EMBASE, and the PubMed Library from inception to 21 August 2023, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effectiveness of LGG for the eradication of gastrointestinal carriage of VREfm. An initial screening was performed followed by a full-text evaluation of the papers. Out of 4076 articles in the original screening, six RCTs (167 participants) were included in the review. All were placebo-controlled RCTs. The meta-analysis was inconclusive with regard to the effect of LGG for clearing VREfm colonization. The overall quality of the evidence was low due to inconsistency and the small number of patients in the trials. We found insufficient evidence to support the use of LGG for the eradication of VREfm in colonized carriers. There is a need for larger RCTs with a standardized formulation and dosage of LGG in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Maria Cecilia Rubin
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Amager and Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; (M.J.S.K.); (C.S.I.); (M.P.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Maja Johanne Søndergaard Knudsen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Amager and Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; (M.J.S.K.); (C.S.I.); (M.P.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Sofie Ingdam Halkjær
- Gastrounit, Medical Section, Copenhagen University Hospital—Amager and Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark;
| | - Christian Schaadt Ilsby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Amager and Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; (M.J.S.K.); (C.S.I.); (M.P.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Mette Pinholt
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Amager and Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; (M.J.S.K.); (C.S.I.); (M.P.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Andreas Munk Petersen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Amager and Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; (M.J.S.K.); (C.S.I.); (M.P.); (A.M.P.)
- Gastrounit, Medical Section, Copenhagen University Hospital—Amager and Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 1172 Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Li L, Zhang H, Zhang J, Xiao Y, Li Y, Qu J. TEMPORARY REMOVAL: The first investigation of a nosocomial outbreak caused by ST80 vancomycin-resistant Enterococci faecium in China. J Hosp Infect 2023:S0195-6701(23)00356-0. [PMID: 37951417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The publisher regrets that this article has been temporarily removed. A replacement will appear as soon as possible in which the reason for the removal of the article will be specified, or the article will be reinstated. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - H Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Y Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Y Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China.
| | - J Qu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.
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12
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Monteiro Marques J, Coelho M, Santana AR, Pinto D, Semedo-Lemsaddek T. Dissemination of Enterococcal Genetic Lineages: A One Health Perspective. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1140. [PMID: 37508236 PMCID: PMC10376465 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus spp. are commensals of the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals and colonize a variety of niches such as water, soil, and food. Over the last three decades, enterococci have evolved as opportunistic pathogens, being considered ESKAPE pathogens responsible for hospital-associated infections. Enterococci's ubiquitous nature, excellent adaptative capacity, and ability to acquire virulence and resistance genes make them excellent sentinel proxies for assessing the presence/spread of pathogenic and virulent clones and hazardous determinants across settings of the human-animal-environment triad, allowing for a more comprehensive analysis of the One Health continuum. This review provides an overview of enterococcal fitness and pathogenic traits; the most common clonal complexes identified in clinical, veterinary, food, and environmental sources; as well as the dissemination of pathogenic genomic traits (virulome, resistome, and mobilome) found in high-risk clones worldwide, across the One Health continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Monteiro Marques
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mariana Coelho
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andressa Rodrigues Santana
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniel Pinto
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Teresa Semedo-Lemsaddek
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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13
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Misiakou MA, Hertz FB, Schønning K, Häussler S, Nielsen KL. Emergence of linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecium in a tertiary hospital in Copenhagen. Microb Genom 2023; 9:mgen001055. [PMID: 37410656 PMCID: PMC10438815 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Linezolid is used as first-line treatment of infections caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. However, resistance to linezolid is increasingly detected. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the causes and mechanisms for the increase in linezolid-resistant E. faecium at Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet. We therefore combined patient information on linezolid treatment with whole-genome sequencing data for vancomycin- or linezolid-resistant E. faecium isolates that had been systematically collected since 2014 (n=458). Whole-genome sequencing was performed for multilocus sequence typing (MLST), identification of linezolid resistance-conferring genes/mutations and determination of phylogenetically closely related strains. The collection of E. faecium isolates belonged to prevalent vancomycin-resistant MLST types. Among these, we identified clusters of closely related linezolid-resistant strains compatible with nosocomial transmission. We also identified linezolid-resistant enterococcus isolates not genetically closely related to other isolates compatible with de novo generation of linezolid resistance. Patients with the latter isolates were significantly more frequently exposed to linezolid treatment than patients with related linezolid-resistant enterococcus isolates. We also identified six patients who initially carried a vancomycin-resistant, linezolid-sensitive enterococcus, but from whom vancomycin-resistant, linezolid-resistant enterococci (LVRE) closely related to their initial isolate were recovered after linezolid treatment. Our data illustrate that linezolid resistance may develop in the individual patient subsequent to linezolid exposure and can be transmitted between patients in a hospital setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristian Schønning
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Häussler
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karen Leth Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Udaondo Z, Abram K, Kothari A, Jun SR. Top-Down Genomic Surveillance Approach To Investigate the Genomic Epidemiology and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Enterococcus faecium Detected in Cancer Patients in Arkansas. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0490122. [PMID: 36995227 PMCID: PMC10269635 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04901-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of hospital-associated Enterococcus faecium infection is a strenuous task due to the difficulty of identifying transmission routes and the persistence of this nosocomial pathogen despite the implementation of infection control measures that have been successful with other important nosocomial pathogens. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of over 100 E. faecium isolates collected from 66 cancer patients at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS) between June 2018 and May 2019. In the top-down approach used in this study, we employed, in addition to the 106 E. faecium UAMS isolates, a filtered set of 2,167 E. faecium strains from the GenBank database to assess the current population structure of E. faecium species and, consequently, to identify the lineages associated with our clinical isolates. We then evaluated the antibiotic resistance and virulence profiles of hospital-associated strains from the species pool, focusing on antibiotics of last resort, to establish an updated classification of high-risk and multidrug-resistant nosocomial clones. Further investigation of the clinical isolates collected from UAMS patients using whole-genome sequencing analytical methodologies (core genome multilocus sequence typing [cgMLST], core single nucleotide polymorphism [coreSNP] analysis, and phylogenomics), with the addition of patient epidemiological data, revealed a polyclonal outbreak of three sequence types occurring simultaneously in different patient wards. The integration of genomic and epidemiological data collected from the patients increased our understanding of the relationships and transmission dynamics of the E. faecium isolates. Our study provides new insights into genomic surveillance of E. faecium to assist in monitoring and further limiting the spread of multidrug-resistant E. faecium. IMPORTANCE Enterococcus faecium is a member of the gastrointestinal microbiota. Although its virulence is low in healthy, immunocompetent individuals, E. faecium has become the third leading cause of health care-associated infections in the United States. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of over 100 E. faecium isolates collected from cancer patients at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS). We employed a top-down analytical approach (from population genomics to molecular biology) to classify our clinical isolates into their genetic lineages and thoroughly evaluate their antibiotic resistance and virulence profiles. The addition of patient epidemiological data to the whole-genome sequencing analytical methodologies performed in the study allowed us to increase our understanding of the relationships and transmission dynamics of the E. faecium isolates. This study provides new insights into genomic surveillance of E. faecium to help monitor and further limit the spread of multidrug-resistant E. faecium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulema Udaondo
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kaleb Abram
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Atul Kothari
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Se-Ran Jun
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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15
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No Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on Eradication of Colonization by Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium or Microbiome Diversity in Hospitalized Adult Patients. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0234821. [PMID: 35475684 PMCID: PMC9241610 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02348-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this trial was to evaluate the efficacy of a 4-week supplementation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) in eliminating the gastrointestinal carrier state of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) in hospitalized adults. The primary outcome of the study was the number of patients with cleared VREfm colonization after the 4-week intervention. Secondary outcomes were clearance of VREfm colonization at weeks 8, 16, and 24, number of VREfm infections (isolated from nonintestinal foci), and changes in fecal microbiome diversity after the intervention. The trial was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in hospitalized adult VREfm carriers. Patients were enrolled and randomized to receive 60 billion CFU of LGG daily or placebo for 4 weeks. For a subgroup of patients, rectal swabs for VREfm were collected also at 8, 16, and 24 weeks and analyzed using shotgun metagenomics. Patients ingesting a minimum of 50% of the probiotic during the 4-week intervention were included in subsequent outcome analyses (48 of 81 patients). Twelve of 21 patients in the LGG group (57%) compared to 15 of 27 patients in the placebo group (56%) cleared their VREfm carriage. Eighteen patients completed the entire 24-week intervention with the same minimum compliancy. Of these, almost 90% in both groups cleared their VREfm carriage. We found a statistically significant difference between VREfm clearers and nonclearers regarding metronidazole and vancomycin usage as well as length of hospitalization after inclusion. The microbiome analyses revealed no significant difference in alpha diversity between the LGG and the placebo group. Beta diversity differed between the groups and the different time points. This study did not show an effect of LGG in eradication of VREfm after a 4-week intervention. IMPORTANCE Whereas other studies exploring the effect of L. rhamnosus in clearing VREfm from the intestine included children and adults, with a wider age range, our study consisted of a geriatric patient cohort. The natural clearance of VREfm in this study was almost 60% after 4 weeks, thus much higher than described previously. Also, this study characterizes the microbiome of VREfm patients in detail. This article showed no effect of the probiotic L. rhamnosus in clearing VREfm from the intestine of patients.
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Knudsen MJS, Rubin IMC, Gisselø K, Mollerup S, Petersen AM, Pinholt M, Westh H, Bartels MD. The use of core genome multilocus sequence typing to determine the duration of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium outbreaks. APMIS 2022; 130:323-329. [PMID: 35253272 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium has increased rapidly, and in Denmark, we are facing an endemic outbreak situation in hospitals. The aim of this study was to use whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and core genome multilocus sequencing typing (cgMLST) to determine the duration of VREfm outbreaks and thereby evaluate the effect of our infection control strategies. We included all VREfm isolates from six hospitals in the Capital Region of Denmark that were sequenced between 2012 and 2020. Ward data were collected from our laboratory information system. A ward outbreak was defined as two patient samples from the same ward within a period of 30 days belonging to the same cgMLST cluster. cgMLST complex types were determined using Ridom SeqSphere v7.2.3, where a maximum of 20 allelic differences between isolates defines a cluster. We included 1690 patient isolates between 2012 and 2020. Our collection consisted of 45 unique clusters and 227 ward outbreaks. The median duration of outbreaks was 20 days. We reported a median outbreak duration of VREfm outbreaks based on WGS data to be 20 days, and thus concluded that our infection control precautions are adequate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingrid Maria Cecilia Rubin
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Gastroenterology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Gisselø
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah Mollerup
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Munk Petersen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Gastroenterology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Pinholt
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Westh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Damkjaer Bartels
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Egan SA, Kavanagh NL, Shore AC, Mollerup S, Samaniego Castruita JA, O’Connell B, McManus BA, Brennan GI, Pinholt M, Westh H, Coleman DC. Genomic analysis of 600 vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium reveals a high prevalence of ST80 and spread of similar vanA regions via IS1216E and plasmid transfer in diverse genetic lineages in Ireland. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:320-330. [PMID: 34747439 PMCID: PMC8809189 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) cause a wide range of hospital infections. Ireland has had one of the highest invasive VREfm infection rates in Europe over the last decade, yet little is known about Irish VREfm. OBJECTIVES To investigate the population structure of Irish VREfm, explore diversity by analysing the vanA transposon region and compare Irish, Danish and global isolates. METHODS E. faecium (n = 648) from five Irish hospitals were investigated, including VREfm [547 rectal screening and 53 bloodstream infection (BSI)] isolates and 48 vancomycin-susceptible (VSEfm) BSI isolates recovered between June 2017 and December 2019. WGS and core-genome MLST (cgMLST) were used to assess population structure. Genetic environments surrounding vanA were resolved by hybrid assembly of short-read (Illumina) and long-read (Oxford Nanopore Technologies) sequences. RESULTS All isolates belonged to hospital-adapted clade A1 and the majority (435/648) belonged to MLST ST80. The population structure was highly polyclonal; cgMLST segregated 603/648 isolates into 51 clusters containing mixtures of screening and BSI isolates, isolates from different hospitals, and VREfm and VSEfm. Isolates within clusters were closely related (mean average ≤16 allelic differences). The majority (96.5%) of VREfm harboured highly similar vanA regions located on circular or linear plasmids with multiple IS1216E insertions, variable organization of vanA operon genes and 78.6% harboured a truncated tnpA transposase. Comparison of 648 Irish isolates with 846 global E. faecium from 30 countries using cgMLST revealed little overlap. CONCLUSIONS Irish VREfm are polyclonal, yet harbour a characteristic plasmid-located vanA region with multiple IS1216E insertions that may facilitate spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Egan
- Microbiology Research Unit, Division of Oral Biosciences, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Lincoln Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Nicole L. Kavanagh
- Microbiology Research Unit, Division of Oral Biosciences, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Lincoln Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Anna C. Shore
- Microbiology Research Unit, Division of Oral Biosciences, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Lincoln Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sarah Mollerup
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | | | - Brian O’Connell
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
- National MRSA Reference Laboratory, St. James’s Hospital, James’s Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Brenda A. McManus
- Microbiology Research Unit, Division of Oral Biosciences, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Lincoln Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Grainne I. Brennan
- National MRSA Reference Laboratory, St. James’s Hospital, James’s Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Mette Pinholt
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Henrik Westh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - David C. Coleman
- Microbiology Research Unit, Division of Oral Biosciences, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Lincoln Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
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18
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Biehl LM, Higgins PG, Stemler J, Gilles M, Peter S, Dörfel D, Vogel W, Kern WV, Gölz H, Bertz H, Rohde H, Klupp EM, Schafhausen P, Salmanton-García J, Stecher M, Wille J, Liss B, Xanthopoulou K, Zweigner J, Seifert H, Vehreschild MJGT. Impact of single-room contact precautions on acquisition and transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci on haematological and oncological wards, multicentre cohort-study, Germany, January-December 2016. Euro Surveill 2022; 27:2001876. [PMID: 35027104 PMCID: PMC8759111 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2022.27.2.2001876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundEvidence supporting the effectiveness of single-room contact precautions (SCP) in preventing in-hospital acquisition of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (haVRE) is limited.AimWe assessed the impact of SCP on haVRE and their transmission.MethodsWe conducted a prospective, multicentre cohort study in German haematological/oncological departments during 2016. Two sites performed SCP for VRE patients and two did not (NCP). We defined a 5% haVRE-risk difference as non-inferiority margin, screened patients for VRE, and characterised isolates by whole genome sequencing and core genome MLST (cgMLST). Potential confounders were assessed by competing risk regression analysis.ResultsWe included 1,397 patients at NCP and 1,531 patients at SCP sites. Not performing SCP was associated with a significantly higher proportion of haVRE; 12.2% (170/1,397) patients at NCP and 7.4% (113/1,531) patients at SCP sites (relative risk (RR) 1.74; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.35-2.23). The difference (4.8%) was below the non-inferiority margin. Competing risk regression analysis indicated a stronger impact of antimicrobial exposure (subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR) 7.46; 95% CI: 4.59-12.12) and underlying disease (SHR for acute leukaemia 2.34; 95% CI: 1.46-3.75) on haVRE than NCP (SHR 1.60; 95% CI: 1.14-2.25). Based on cgMLST and patient movement data, we observed 131 patient-to-patient VRE transmissions at NCP and 85 at SCP sites (RR 1.76; 95% CI: 1.33-2.34).ConclusionsWe show a positive impact of SCP on haVRE in a high-risk population, although the observed difference was below the pre-specified non-inferiority margin. Importantly, other factors including antimicrobial exposure seem to be more influential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena M Biehl
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, partner site Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul G Higgins
- German Centre for Infection Research, partner site Bonn-Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jannik Stemler
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, partner site Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Meyke Gilles
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Silke Peter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Dörfel
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Immunology, Siloah hospital, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wichard Vogel
- Department of Oncology, Haematology, Immunology and Rheumatology, Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Winfried V Kern
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine II, University Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Gölz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Bertz
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Holger Rohde
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Klupp
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Philippe Schafhausen
- Department of Oncology and Haematology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum/University Cancer Centre Hamburg, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jon Salmanton-García
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Melanie Stecher
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, partner site Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Wille
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Blasius Liss
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
- Department of Internal medicine I, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Kyriaki Xanthopoulou
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janine Zweigner
- Department of Hospital Hygiene and Infection Control, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Harald Seifert
- German Centre for Infection Research, partner site Bonn-Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria J G T Vehreschild
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, partner site Bonn-Cologne, Germany
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19
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Marbjerg L, Stougaard CL, Sørensen SAG, Thomsen AV, Wang L, Andersen L, Andersen TE, Kallipolitis B, Kemp M. A New Tool for Analyses of Whole Genome Sequences Reveals Dissemination of Specific Strains of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium in a Hospital. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:733676. [PMID: 34778297 PMCID: PMC8578741 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.733676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A new easy-to-use online bioinformatic tool analyzing whole genome sequences of healthcare associated bacteria was used by a local infection control unit to retrospectively map genetic relationship of isolates of E. faecium carrying resistance genes to vancomycin in a hospital. Three clusters of isolates were detected over a period of 5 years, suggesting transmission between patients. Individual relatedness between isolates within each cluster was established by SNP analyses provided by the system. Genetic antimicrobial resistance mechanisms to antibiotics other than vancomycin were identified. The results suggest that the system is suited for hospital surveillance of E. faecium carrying resistance genes to vancomycin in settings with access to next Generation Sequencing without bioinformatic expertise for interpretation of the genome sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lis Marbjerg
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - Amalie Vørs Thomsen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lis Wang
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lise Andersen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Emil Andersen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Kallipolitis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Michael Kemp
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Regional Department of Clinical Microbiology, Zealand University Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark
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20
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Pratama R, Beukers AG, McIver CJ, Keighley CL, Taylor PC, van Hal SJ. A vanA vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium ST80 outbreak resulting from a single importation event. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 77:31-37. [PMID: 34718605 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A marked genotype shift among vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) from vanB to vanA in Australia between 2011 and 2015 is a well-known phenomenon. It is hypothesized that this was caused by multiple independent clones emerging simultaneously in different settings and/or regions. OBJECTIVES To gain insights into the circumstances surrounding the shift from vanB to vanA VREfm in one Australian hospital. METHODS The genomes of 69 vanA VREfm isolates from St George Hospital collected between 2009 and 2018 were studied. An expansion of ST80 vanA VREfm was noted following a single introduction. ST80 isolates were thus further characterized using hybrid sequencing and contextualized through comparisons with other published Australian ST80 isolates. Phylogenies were constructed with plasmid sequences compared with the index isolate. RESULTS The 2011 expansion of ST80 vanA VREfm isolates in our institution originated from the 2009 index isolate, from a patient transferred from overseas. Phylogenetic analysis with other Australian ST80 vanA VREfm isolates showed that the 2011 expansion event was unique, with limited spread to adjacent local health districts. Plasmid analysis showed multiple variants, which can also be traced back to the 2009 isolate, consistent with ongoing plasmid adaptation over time. CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm an expansion event following a VREfm introduction event leading to a sustained clonal and plasmid outbreak over several years. Moreover, it demonstrates the complexity of countrywide replacement events. This study also highlights the use of hybrid sequencing in establishing an epidemiological relationship to the index isolate that was initially inapparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryanbi Pratama
- Department of Microbiology, NSW Health Pathology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Alicia G Beukers
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, NSW Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Christopher J McIver
- Department of Microbiology, NSW Health Pathology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Caitlin L Keighley
- Department of Microbiology, NSW Health Pathology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Peter C Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, NSW Health Pathology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Sebastiaan J van Hal
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, NSW Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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21
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Lisotto P, Couto N, Rosema S, Lokate M, Zhou X, Bathoorn E, Harmsen HJM, Friedrich AW, Rossen JWA, Chlebowicz-Fliss MA. Molecular Characterisation of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium Isolates Belonging to the Lineage ST117/CT24 Causing Hospital Outbreaks. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:728356. [PMID: 34646248 PMCID: PMC8503688 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.728356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) is a successful nosocomial pathogen. The current molecular method recommended in the Netherlands for VREfm typing is based on core genome Multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST), however, the rapid emergence of specific VREfm lineages challenges distinguishing outbreak isolates solely based on their core genome. Here, we explored if a detailed molecular characterisation of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and accessory genes could support and expand the current molecular typing of VREfm isolates sharing the same genetic background, enhancing the discriminatory power of the analysis. Materials/Methods: The genomes of 39 VREfm and three vancomycin-susceptible E. faecium (VSEfm) isolates belonging to ST117/CT24, as assessed by cgMLST, were retrospectively analysed. The isolates were collected from patients and environmental samples from 2011 to 2017, and their genomes were analysed using short-read sequencing. Pangenome analysis was performed on de novo assemblies, which were also screened for known predicted virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance genes, bacteriocins, and prophages. Two representative isolates were also sequenced using long-read sequencing, which allowed a detailed analysis of their plasmid content. Results: The cgMLST analysis showed that the isolates were closely related, with a minimal allelic difference of 10 between each cluster’s closest related isolates. The vanB-carrying transposon Tn1549 was present in all VREfm isolates. However, in our data, we observed independent acquisitions of this transposon. The pangenome analysis revealed differences in the accessory genes related to prophages and bacteriocins content, whilst a similar profile was observed for known predicted virulence and resistance genes. Conclusion: In the case of closely related isolates sharing a similar genetic background, a detailed analysis of MGEs and the integration point of the vanB-carrying transposon allow to increase the discriminatory power compared to the use of cgMLST alone. Thus, enabling the identification of epidemiological links amongst hospitalised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Lisotto
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Natacha Couto
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Sigrid Rosema
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte Lokate
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Xuewei Zhou
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Erik Bathoorn
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hermie J M Harmsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Alexander W Friedrich
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - John W A Rossen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,IDbyDNA Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Monika A Chlebowicz-Fliss
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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22
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Gisselø KL, Rubin IMC, Knudsen MS, From-Hansen M, Stangerup M, Kavalaris CP, Pinholt M, Mollerup S, Westh H, Bartels MD, Petersen AM. Substantial Decrease in Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium Outbreak Duration and Number of Patients During the Danish COVID-19 Lockdown: A Prospective Observational Study. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 28:73-80. [PMID: 34491861 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2021.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) is a globally significant nosocomial pathogen with a rapidly increasing prevalence. The objectives were to investigate VREfm outbreak duration and study the additional impact that infection control bundle strategies (ICBSs) set up to curb coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spreading had on VREfm outbreaks. Outbreak data set were collected prospectively from April 2, 2014 to August 13, 2020 at Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Denmark. All VREfm samples had polymerase chain reaction performed for vanA/vanB genes before whole genome sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The relatedness of isolates was studied by core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) using Ridom SeqSphere. Eighty-one outbreaks had a median outbreak duration of 32.5 days (range 5-204 days) and 1,161 VREfm isolates were sequenced. The same cgMLST cluster types reappeared after outbreaks were terminated. When comparing the first 5 months of the COVID-19 pandemic with the corresponding period in 2019, we found a 10-fold decrease in VREfm outbreak patients and median outbreak duration decreased from 56 to 7 days (88%). Several COVID-19 ICBSs were implemented from March 13 through summer 2020. VREfm outbreaks lasted up to 204 days, but our findings suggest that outbreaks might last longer since the same cgMLST persisted in the same wards for years implying an endemic situation with recurrent outbreaks caused by hospital reservoirs or readmittance of unknown VREfm carriers. The sharp decline in VREfm outbreaks during the COVID-19 pandemic was most likely due to the ICBSs, resulting in a decrease in VREfm transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingrid Maria Cecilia Rubin
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Gastroenterology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | | | - Michelle From-Hansen
- Infection Control, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Marie Stangerup
- Infection Control, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | | | - Mette Pinholt
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Sarah Mollerup
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Henrik Westh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen N, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Mette Damkjær Bartels
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Andreas Munk Petersen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Gastroenterology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen N, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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23
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Pinholt M, Mollerup S, Boye K, Worning P, Holzknecht BJ, Nygaard S, Nielsen KL, Hasman H, Roer L, Hammerum AM, Westh H, Schønning K. Investigation of the introduction and dissemination of vanB Enterococcus faecium in the Capital Region of Denmark and development of a rapid and accurate clone-specific vanB E. faecium PCR. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:2260-2267. [PMID: 34151364 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During 2018-19, an increase of vanB vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) was observed in the Capital Region of Denmark. vanA/vanB PCR performed directly on rectal swabs is accurate in detection of vanA; however, the positive predictive value for vanB-positive samples is low because of the presence of vanB in non-enterococcal gut commensals. OBJECTIVES We investigated the epidemiology and clonal relatedness of vanB VREfm from the period 2015-19 and describe the application of a clone-specific vanB VREfm PCR assay for rapid and accurate detection of vanB VREfm in rectal screening samples. METHODS vanB VREfm were investigated using epidemiological data and WGS data. The SeqSphere+ software was used to analyse MLST and cgMLST, and de novo assemblies were annotated to determine insertion sites for the vanB transposon (Tn1549). A clone-specific vanB VREfm PCR assay was designed to detect the sequence bridging Tn1549 and the E. faecium chromosome (araA2) in the dominant cluster. RESULTS Two hundred and seventy-five vanB VREfm isolates were identified, of which 76% were identified in 2019. A dominant cluster (Cluster 1, n = 204, 74%), six minor clusters and 15 singletons were identified. All Cluster 1 isolates and six non-Cluster 1 isolates had Tn1549 integrated into araA2. In 2019, the PCR assay would have detected 92% of all rectal screening samples containing vanB VREfm. CONCLUSIONS vanB VREfm increased due to the introduction and nosocomial transmission of the successful Cluster 1. The clone-specific PCR assay detected vanB VREfm outbreak isolates in rectal screening samples rapidly and accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Pinholt
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah Mollerup
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kit Boye
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peder Worning
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Barbara Juliane Holzknecht
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sanne Nygaard
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen Leth Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Hasman
- Department for Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise Roer
- Department for Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette M Hammerum
- Department for Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Westh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Schønning
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Rogers LA, Strong K, Cork SC, McAllister TA, Liljebjelke K, Zaheer R, Checkley SL. The Role of Whole Genome Sequencing in the Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistant Enterococcus spp.: A Scoping Review. Front Public Health 2021; 9:599285. [PMID: 34178909 PMCID: PMC8222819 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.599285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus spp. have arisen as important nosocomial pathogens and are ubiquitous in the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and the environment. They carry many intrinsic and acquired antimicrobial resistance genes. Because of this, surveillance of Enterococcus spp. has become important with whole genome sequencing emerging as the preferred method for the characterization of enterococci. A scoping review was designed to determine how the use of whole genome sequencing in the surveillance of Enterococcus spp. adds to our knowledge of antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus spp. Scoping review design was guided by the PRISMA extension and checklist and JBI Reviewer's Guide for scoping reviews. A total of 72 articles were included in the review. Of the 72 articles included, 48.6% did not state an association with a surveillance program and 87.5% of articles identified Enterococcus faecium. The majority of articles included isolates from human clinical or screening samples. Significant findings from the articles included novel sequence types, the increasing prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in hospitals, and the importance of surveillance or screening for enterococci. The ability of enterococci to adapt and persist within a wide range of environments was also a key finding. These studies emphasize the importance of ongoing surveillance of enterococci from a One Health perspective. More studies are needed to compare the whole genome sequences of human enterococcal isolates to those from food animals, food products, the environment, and companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Rogers
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kayla Strong
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Susan C Cork
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Karen Liljebjelke
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rahat Zaheer
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Sylvia L Checkley
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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25
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Epidemiological typing of ST80 vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium: core genome multilocus sequence typing versus single nucleotide polymorphism-based typing. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2021; 25:119-123. [PMID: 33762207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) belonging to sequence type 80 (ST80) have been successfully disseminating in hospital settings. This study aimed to explore whole-genome sequencing (WGS)-based approaches in epidemiological typing of VRE by investigating a collection of ST80 strains. METHODS In total, 41 VRE ST80 isolates in three suspected transmission chains were subjected to WGS. The genetic relationship of the isolates was analysed by core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based typing. The published genome sequence of a predominant ST80 clone in Copenhagen was also included in the analyses. RESULTS Group 1 isolates (n = 10) were recovered in the same geographic area, including two isolates from an outbreak of vanA genotype. Group 2 isolates (n = 4) were detected from another outbreak. Group 3 consisted of 3 non-outbreak isolates and 24 representative isolates from an outbreak of vanB genotype. Our findings indicated ≥24 allelic difference and >16 SNPs as the cut-off for excluding VRE strains from an outbreak. cgMLST identified >200 differing alleles between genomes of the Copenhagen clone and outbreak strains in this study. Our findings also demonstrated that SNP analysis was not suitable for typing samples from different groups, even with the same ST, owing to lack of an optimal reference genome. CONCLUSION cgMLST and SNPs provided comparable epidemiological discrimination for isolates with a suspected transmission chain. For diverse isolates, SNP analysis could be suboptimal. An approach applying cgMLST as the first-line typing method and SNPs as a complementary tool is suggested.
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26
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Arredondo-Alonso S, Top J, Corander J, Willems RJL, Schürch AC. Mode and dynamics of vanA-type vancomycin resistance dissemination in Dutch hospitals. Genome Med 2021; 13:9. [PMID: 33472670 PMCID: PMC7816424 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-020-00825-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterococcus faecium is a commensal of the gastrointestinal tract of animals and humans but also a causative agent of hospital-acquired infections. Resistance against glycopeptides and to vancomycin has motivated the inclusion of E. faecium in the WHO global priority list. Vancomycin resistance can be conferred by the vanA gene cluster on the transposon Tn1546, which is frequently present in plasmids. The vanA gene cluster can be disseminated clonally but also horizontally either by plasmid dissemination or by Tn1546 transposition between different genomic locations. METHODS We performed a retrospective study of the genomic epidemiology of 309 vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (VRE) isolates across 32 Dutch hospitals (2012-2015). Genomic information regarding clonality and Tn1546 characterization was extracted using hierBAPS sequence clusters (SC) and TETyper, respectively. Plasmids were predicted using gplas in combination with a network approach based on shared k-mer content. Next, we conducted a pairwise comparison between isolates sharing a potential epidemiological link to elucidate whether clonal, plasmid, or Tn1546 spread accounted for vanA-type resistance dissemination. RESULTS On average, we estimated that 59% of VRE cases with a potential epidemiological link were unrelated which was defined as VRE pairs with a distinct Tn1546 variant. Clonal dissemination accounted for 32% cases in which the same SC and Tn1546 variants were identified. Horizontal plasmid dissemination accounted for 7% of VRE cases, in which we observed VRE pairs belonging to a distinct SC but carrying an identical plasmid and Tn1546 variant. In 2% of cases, we observed the same Tn1546 variant in distinct SC and plasmid types which could be explained by mixed and consecutive events of clonal and plasmid dissemination. CONCLUSIONS In related VRE cases, the dissemination of the vanA gene cluster in Dutch hospitals between 2012 and 2015 was dominated by clonal spread. However, we also identified outbreak settings with high frequencies of plasmid dissemination in which the spread of resistance was mainly driven by horizontal gene transfer (HGT). This study demonstrates the feasibility of distinguishing between modes of dissemination with short-read data and provides a novel assessment to estimate the relative contribution of nested genomic elements in the dissemination of vanA-type resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Arredondo-Alonso
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Janetta Top
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jukka Corander
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Pathogen Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Helsinki Institute of Information Technology (HIIT), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rob J L Willems
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anita C Schürch
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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27
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Fioriti S, Simoni S, Caucci S, Morroni G, Ponzio E, Coccitto SN, Brescini L, Cirioni O, Menzo S, Biavasco F, Giovanetti E, Brenciani A, Vignaroli C. Trend of clinical vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolated in a regional Italian hospital from 2001 to 2018. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:1607-1613. [PMID: 32783169 PMCID: PMC7688800 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A retrospective study of the epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in a regional hospital of central Italy in 2001-2018 demonstrated an increased VRE prevalence since 2016. A total of 113 VRE isolates, 89 E. faecium (VREfm) and 24 E. faecalis (VREfs), were collected in the study period. All strains showed high-level resistance to vancomycin; 107 also showed teicoplanin resistance. Altogether, 84 VREfm and 20 VREfs carried vanA, whereas 5 VREfm and 1 VREfs carried vanB. MLST analysis documented that 89 VREfm isolates mainly belonged to ST78, ST80, and ST117. Most strains were isolated from 2001 to 2007, ST78 being the predominant clone. VREfm re-emerged in 2016 with a prevalence of the ST80 lineage. Most VREfs were isolated from 2001 to 2006; although they belonged to 7 different STs, there was a prevalence of ST88 and ST6. Notably, ST88 was sporadically recovered throughout the study period. The increasing rate of VREfm isolation from 2016 to 2018 may be related to the influx of new successful clones and to the renewed and widespread use of vancomycin. Improved infection control measures in hospital wards should be adopted to limit the spread of new epidemic VRE strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Fioriti
- Unit of Microbiology of Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Serena Simoni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Sara Caucci
- Unit of Microbiology of Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gianluca Morroni
- Unit of Microbiology of Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisa Ponzio
- Section of Hygiene of Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Sonia Nina Coccitto
- Unit of Microbiology of Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lucia Brescini
- Infectious Diseases Clinic of Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Oscar Cirioni
- Infectious Diseases Clinic of Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefano Menzo
- Unit of Microbiology of Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Biavasco
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Giovanetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Brenciani
- Unit of Microbiology of Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Carla Vignaroli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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28
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Freitas AR, Pereira AP, Novais C, Peixe L. Multidrug-resistant high-risk Enterococcus faecium clones: can we really define them? Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 57:106227. [PMID: 33207280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium is a significant opportunistic human pathogen with a broad host range, including humans, farm animals, pets and wildlife. Specialised subpopulations have globally evolved towards a powerful and convergent adaption to the healthcare environment by acquiring a cocktail of key antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, enabling them to thrive in the disturbed microbiota of hospitalised patients. These populations can also be found in different community reservoirs, but the relevance of their dispersal in non-human hosts is greatly unknown and is here discussed. This review provides a brief historical overview of what we have been considering E. faecium high-risk clones worldwide alongside the advances in strain typing technologies that have revolutionised our understanding of the genetic evolution of this species over the last three decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Freitas
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana P Pereira
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Novais
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luísa Peixe
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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29
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Fang H, Fröding I, Ullberg M, Giske CG. Genomic analysis revealed distinct transmission clusters of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium ST80 in Stockholm, Sweden. J Hosp Infect 2020; 107:12-15. [PMID: 33127458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) belonging to sequence type (ST)80 has become the predominant clonal lineage in Stockholm in the last three years. ST80 accounted for 75% and 46% of VRE cases in 2018 and 2019, respectively, and gave rise to both vanA-type and vanB-type outbreaks. Non-duplicate ST80-VREfm isolates (N = 188) were subjected to whole genome sequencing. Genomic analysis revealed three distinct transmission clusters. Our study indicated that difficulties in detecting low-grade vancomycin-resistant isolates by phenotypic testing might be one of the explanatory factors for the prolonged course of vanB-type outbreaks. Herein, we also report the first optrA-positive linezolid-resistant VRE isolate in Stockholm.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - I Fröding
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Ullberg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C G Giske
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Werner G, Neumann B, Weber RE, Kresken M, Wendt C, Bender JK. Thirty years of VRE in Germany - "expect the unexpected": The view from the National Reference Centre for Staphylococci and Enterococci. Drug Resist Updat 2020; 53:100732. [PMID: 33189998 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2020.100732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Enterococci are commensals of the intestinal tract of many animals and humans. Of the various known and still unnamed new enterococcal species, only isolates of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis have received increased medical and public health attention. According to textbook knowledge, the majority of infections are caused by E. faecalis. In recent decades, the number of enterococcal infections has increased, with the increase being exclusively associated with a rising number of nosocomial E. faecium infections. This increase has been accompanied by the dissemination of certain hospital-acquired strain variants and an alarming progress in the development of antibiotic resistance namely vancomycin resistance. With this review we focus on a description of the specific situation of vancomycin resistance among clinical E. faecium isolates in Germany over the past 30 years. The present review describes three VRE episodes in Germany, each of which is framed by the beginning and end of the respective decade. The first episode is specified by the first appearance of VRE in 1990 and a country-wide spread of specific vanA-type VRE strains (ST117/CT24) until the late 1990s. The second decade was initially marked by regional clusters and VRE outbreaks in hospitals in South-Western Germany in 2004 and 2005, mainly caused by vanA-type VRE of ST203. Against the background of a certain "basic level" of VRE prevalence throughout Germany, an early shift from the vanA genotype to the vanB genotype in clinical isolates already occurred at the end of the 2000s without much notice. With the beginning of the third decade in 2010, VRE rates in Germany have permanently increased, first in some federal states and soon after country-wide. Besides an increase in VRE prevalence, this decade was marked by a sharp increase in vanB-type resistance and a dominance of a few, novel strain variants like ST192 and later on ST117 (CT71, CT469) and ST80 (CT1065). The largest VRE outbreak, which involved about 2,900 patients and lasted over three years, was caused by a novel and until that time, unknown strain type of ST80/CT1013 (vanB). Across all periods, VRE outbreaks were mainly oligoclonal and strain types varied over space (hospital wards) and time. The spread of VRE strains obviously respects political borders; for instance, both vancomycin-variable enterococci which were highly prevalent in Denmark and ST796 VRE which successfully disseminated in Australia and Switzerland, were still completely absent among German hospital patients, until to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Werner
- National Reference Centre for Staphylococci and Enterococci, Division Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Germany.
| | - Bernd Neumann
- National Reference Centre for Staphylococci and Enterococci, Division Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Germany
| | - Robert E Weber
- National Reference Centre for Staphylococci and Enterococci, Division Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Germany
| | | | | | - Jennifer K Bender
- National Reference Centre for Staphylococci and Enterococci, Division Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Germany
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31
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Quantifying acquisition and transmission of Enterococcus faecium using genomic surveillance. Nat Microbiol 2020; 6:103-111. [PMID: 33106672 PMCID: PMC7610418 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-00806-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nosocomial acquisition and transmission of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) is the driver for E. faecium carriage in hospitalized patients, which, in turn, is a risk factor for invasive infection in immunocompromised patients. In the present study, we provide a comprehensive picture of E. faecium transmission in an entire sampled patient population using a sequence-driven approach. We prospectively identified and followed 149 haematology patients admitted to a hospital in England for 6 months. Patient stools (n = 376) and environmental swabs (n = 922) were taken at intervals and cultured for E. faecium. We sequenced 1,560 isolates (1,001 stool, 559 environment) and focused our genomic analyses on 1,477 isolates (95%) in the hospital-adapted clade A1. Of 101 patients who provided two or more stool samples, 40 (40%) developed E. faecium carriage after admission based on culture, compared with 64 patients (63%) based on genomic analysis (73% VREfm). Half of 922 environmental swabs (447, 48%) were positive for VREfm. Network analysis showed that, of 111 patients positive for the A1 clade, 67 had strong epidemiological and genomic links with at least one other patient and/or their direct environment, supporting nosocomial transmission. Six patients (3.4%) developed an invasive E. faecium infection from their own gut-colonizing strain, which was preceded by nosocomial acquisition of the infecting isolate in half of these. Two informatics approaches (subtype categorization to define phylogenetic clusters and the development of an SNP cut-off for transmission) were central to our analyses, both of which will inform the future translation of E. faecium sequencing into routine outbreak detection and investigation. In conclusion, we showed that carriage and environmental contamination by the hospital-adapted E. faecium lineage were hyperendemic in our study population and that improved infection control measures will be needed to reduce hospital acquisition rates.
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32
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Ünal N, Bal E, Karagöz A, Altun B, Koçak N. Detection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in samples from broiler flocks and houses in Turkey. Acta Vet Hung 2020; 68:117-122. [PMID: 32877355 DOI: 10.1556/004.2020.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) is a global threat to public health. Knowledge about the occurrence of vanA-carrying enterococci in broiler and environmental samples is important as antibiotic resistance can be transferred to human bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of VRE in broiler cloacal and environmental (house) samples and to genotype the isolates. In this study, 350 swabs were collected from broiler farms. All samples were plated onto enterococcus selective agar containing 6 mg/L vancomycin and 64 mg/L ceftazidime. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined for vancomycin and teicoplanin. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) was isolated from 6 out of 300 (2%) broiler cloacal samples and 13 out of 50 (26%) house samples. All E. faecium isolates had vanA genes. All VREfm isolates (19 isolates) were confirmed to be 95% similar to each other. In conclusion, although 20 years have passed since the ban on avoparcin in Turkey, the present study shows that VREfm isolates are still present in broiler production and especially in broiler houses, and most importantly, a major VREfm clone was isolated from broiler cloacal and house samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilgün Ünal
- 1Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erhan Bal
- 2Institute of Health Sciences, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Alper Karagöz
- 3Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Microbiology, Uşak University, Uşak, Turkey
| | - Belgin Altun
- 4Vocational School of Health Services, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nadir Koçak
- 5Medical Genetic Department, Medical Faculty, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
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33
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Hammerum AM, Justesen US, Pinholt M, Roer L, Kaya H, Worning P, Nygaard S, Kemp M, Clausen ME, Nielsen KL, Samulioniené J, Kjærsgaard M, Østergaard C, Coia J, Søndergaard TS, Gaini S, Schønning K, Westh H, Hasman H, Holzknecht BJ. Surveillance of vancomycin-resistant enterococci reveals shift in dominating clones and national spread of a vancomycin-variable vanA Enterococcus faecium ST1421-CT1134 clone, Denmark, 2015 to March 2019. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24. [PMID: 31456560 PMCID: PMC6712932 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.34.1900503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe clonal shifts in vanA Enterococcus faecium isolates from clinical samples obtained from patients in Denmark from 2015 to the first quarter (Q1) of 2019. During Q1 2019, the vancomycin-variable enterococci (VVE) ST1421-CT1134 vanA E. faecium became the most dominant vanA E. faecium clone and has spread to all five regions in Denmark. Among 174 E. faecium isolates with vanA, vanB or vanA/vanB genes in Q1 2019, 44% belonged to this type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette M Hammerum
- Department for Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrik S Justesen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mette Pinholt
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Louise Roer
- Department for Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hülya Kaya
- Department for Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peder Worning
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Sanne Nygaard
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Herlev and Gentofte University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Michael Kemp
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Karen Leth Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jurgita Samulioniené
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mona Kjærsgaard
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Claus Østergaard
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - John Coia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital South West Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | | | - Shahin Gaini
- Centre of Health Research, University of the Faroe Islands, Torshavn, Faroe Islands.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Medical Department, National Hospital Faroe Islands, Torshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Kristian Schønning
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Henrik Westh
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Henrik Hasman
- Department for Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Weber A, Maechler F, Schwab F, Gastmeier P, Kola A. Increase of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium strain type ST117 CT71 at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2008 to 2018. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2020; 9:109. [PMID: 32678047 PMCID: PMC7364619 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-020-00754-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to an overall rise in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm), an increase in certain strain types marked by sequence type (ST) and cluster type (CT) has been reported in Germany over the past few years. Outbreak analyses at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin revealed the frequent occurrence of VREfm ST117 CT71 isolates in 2017 and 2018. To investigate whether ST117 CT71 have emerged in recent years or whether these strains have been circulating for a longer time, we retrospectively analyzed non-outbreak strains that occurred between 2008 and 2018 to identify frequent STs and CTs. METHODS In total, 120 VREfm isolates obtained from clinical and surveillance cultures from the years 2008, 2013, 2015, and 2018 were analyzed. Thirty isolates per year comprising the first 7-8 non-outbreak isolates of each quarter of the respective year were sequenced using whole genome sequencing. MLST and cgMLST were determined as well as resistance genes and virulence factors. Risk factors for VREfm ST117 were analyzed in a multivariable analysis with patient characteristics as possible confounders. RESULTS The percentage of VREfm of type ST117 increased from 17% in 2008 to 57% in 2018 (p = 0.012). In 2008, vanA genotype accounted for 80% of all ST117 isolates compared to 6% in 2018. VanB CT71 first appeared in 2018 and predominated over all other ST117 at 43% (p < 0.0001). The set of resistance genes (msrC, efmA, erm(B), dfrG, aac(6')-Ii, gyrA, parC and pbp5) and virulence factors (acm, esp, hylEfm, ecbA and sgrA) in CT71 was also found in other ST117 non-CT71 strains, mainly in CT36. The study population did not differ among the different calendar years analyzed in terms of age, gender, length of stay, or ward type (each p > 0.2). CONCLUSION This study revealed an increase in ST117 strains from 2008 to 2018, accompanied by a shift toward CT71 strains with the vanB genotype in 2018. We did not detect resistance or virulence traits in CT71 that could confer survival advantage compared to other CTs among ST117 strains. To date, it is not clear why ST117 and in particular strain type ST117 CT71 predominates over other strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Weber
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Friederike Maechler
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Schwab
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Gastmeier
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Kola
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany
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35
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Rubin IMC, Pedersen MS, Mollerup S, Kaya H, Petersen AM, Westh H, Pinholt M. Association between vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium colonization and subsequent infection: a retrospective WGS study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 75:1712-1715. [PMID: 32125377 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 2012, the incidence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) has increased dramatically in Copenhagen and vanA E. faecium has become endemic and polyclonal. OBJECTIVES To examine whether a patient with a positive VRE clinical sample had the same VREfm in a preceding screening sample (within 60 days). METHODS We performed a 30 month retrospective study. From our laboratory information system (LIS), we identified all patients with an invasive VREfm isolate and a VREfm rectal screening isolate within 60 days before infection. VREfm pairs (screening isolate and invasive isolate) were whole-genome sequenced. All isolates were analysed using SeqSphere and core-genome MLST (cgMLST) types were determined. We examined all isolates for the presence of the three most dominant vanA plasmids in the Capital Region of Denmark. Two novel vanA plasmids were closed by Nanopore/Illumina sequencing. RESULTS We found a total of 19 VREfm pairs. Of these, 13 patients had pairs with matching cgMLST types and vanA plasmids and a median number of 6 days from identification of carriage to clinical infection. One patient had a pair with non-matching cgMLST types but matching vanA plasmids and 24 days between identification of carriage to clinical infection. Five patients had pairs with non-matching cgMLST types and non-matching vanA plasmids and a median number of 18 days from identification of carriage to clinical infection. CONCLUSIONS Of our 19 pairs, 13 were a match regarding cgMLST types (68%) and 1 more (5%) had matching vanA plasmids. Infection was thus preceded by colonization with the same isolates in 13 out of 19 patients. The five mismatches (26%) could be explained by the longer interval between colonization and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Maria Cecilia Rubin
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | | | - Sarah Mollerup
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Hülya Kaya
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Munk Petersen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Westh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Pinholt
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
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Egan SA, Corcoran S, McDermott H, Fitzpatrick M, Hoyne A, McCormack O, Cullen A, Brennan GI, O'Connell B, Coleman DC. Hospital outbreak of linezolid-resistant and vancomycin-resistant ST80 Enterococcus faecium harbouring an optrA-encoding conjugative plasmid investigated by whole-genome sequencing. J Hosp Infect 2020; 105:726-735. [PMID: 32439548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linezolid is an antibiotic used to treat infections caused by multi-drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria. Linezolid resistance in enterococci has been reported with increasing frequency, with a recent rise in resistance encoded by optrA, poxtA or cfr. AIM To investigate a hospital outbreak of linezolid- and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (LVREfm) using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). METHODS Thirty-nine VREfm from patient screening (19 isolates, 17 patients) and environmental sites (20 isolates) recovered in October 2019 were investigated. Isolates were screened using polymerase chain reaction for optrA, poxtA and cfr, and underwent Illumina MiSeq WGS. Isolate relatedness was assessed using E. faecium core genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST). One LVREfm underwent MinION long-read WGS (Oxford Nanopore Technologies) and hybrid assembly with MiSeq short-read sequences to resolve an optrA-encoding plasmid. FINDINGS Twenty isolates (51.3%) were LVREfm and optrA-positive, including the LVREfm from the index patient. A closely related cluster of 28 sequence type (ST) 80 isolates was identified by cgMLST, including all 20 LVREfm and eight linezolid-susceptible VREfm, with an average allelic difference of two (range 0-10), indicating an outbreak. Nineteen (95%) LVREfm harboured a 56,684-bp conjugative plasmid (pEfmO_03). The remaining LVREfm exhibited 44.1% sequence coverage to pEfmO_03. The presence of pEfmO_03 in LVREfm and the close relatedness of the outbreak cluster isolates indicated the spread of a single strain. The outbreak was terminated by enhanced infection prevention and control (IPC) and environmental cleaning measures, ceasing ward admissions and ward-dedicated staff. CONCLUSION WGS was central in investigating an outbreak of ST80 LVREfm. The rapid implementation of enhanced IPC measures terminated the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Egan
- Microbiology Research Unit, Division of Oral Biosciences, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S Corcoran
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Bon Secours Hospital Dublin, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - H McDermott
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Bon Secours Hospital Dublin, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Fitzpatrick
- Infection Prevention and Control Department, Bon Secours Hospital Dublin, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Hoyne
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Bon Secours Hospital Dublin, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - O McCormack
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Bon Secours Hospital Dublin, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Cullen
- Pharmacy Department, Bon Secours Hospital Dublin, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - G I Brennan
- National MRSA Reference Laboratory, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - B O'Connell
- National MRSA Reference Laboratory, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D C Coleman
- Microbiology Research Unit, Division of Oral Biosciences, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
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Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) is a globally significant public health threat and was listed on the World Health Organization's 2017 list of high-priority pathogens for which new treatments are urgently needed. Treatment options for invasive VREfm infections are very limited, and outcomes are often poor. Whole-genome sequencing is providing important new insights into VREfm evolution, drug resistance and hospital adaptation, and is increasingly being used to track VREfm transmission within hospitals to detect outbreaks and inform infection control practices. This mini-review provides an overview of recent data on the use of genomics to understand and respond to the global problem of VREfm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gorrie
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Charlie Higgs
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Glen Carter
- Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Timothy P Stinear
- Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Benjamin Howden
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.,Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
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