1
|
Vigneswaran N, McKew G. A retrospective study of Enterococcus faecalis infective endocarditis: comparison of clinical characteristics and outcomes associated with treatment. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2022; 4:dlac096. [PMID: 36196445 PMCID: PMC9524564 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlac096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
A synergistic antibiotic combination of a penicillin and gentamicin (AG) or ceftriaxone (AC) is used in the management of Enterococcus faecalis infective endocarditis (EFIE). We compare the treatment outcomes between AG and AC, including low and high dose ceftriaxone (1 and 2 g 12 hourly).
Methods
A retrospective cohort study of patients treated for EFIE at single tertiary centre (2012–2019). Outcome measures examined were 90- and 180-day mortality, treatment associated adverse events and relapse of bacteraemia (within 1 year).
Results
39 patients were enrolled [61.6% given (AC) (n = 24), 24% received ACL (n = 10) and 34% received ACN (n = 14)], 38.4% received AG (n = 15). We noted a difference in the mortality outcomes at 90 and 180 days between those treated with AG and AC overall (6.7% and 33.3%, respectively) although this did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.114, P = 0.061). No significant difference was noted between these groups in incidence of relapsed bacteraemia with two cases noted in the AC cohort (8.3%, 2/24) and none observed (0/15) in the AG cohort (P = 0.662, P = 0.414). A greater number of adverse events was observed in the AG group (11/15, 73.3%) compared to the overall AC group (6/24, 25.0%) (P = 0.009), with no difference between the high and low dose ceftriaxone groups (P = 0.05).
Conclusion
Combination treatment of EFIE with AC is associated with a reduced number of adverse events in comparison to AG groups. Although increased mortality was observed in the AC group, this did not reach statistical significance, and reflects the greater comorbidities and reduced capacity for surgical source control in this cohort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Vigneswaran
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital , Sydney , Australia
| | - G McKew
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital , Sydney , Australia
- University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin B, Li R, Handley TN, Wade JD, Li W, O’Brien-Simpson NM. Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides Are Leading the Way to Combat Oropathogenic Infections. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2959-2970. [PMID: 34587737 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oral dental infections are one of the most common diseases affecting humans, with caries and periodontal disease having the highest incidence. Caries and periodontal disease arise from infections caused by oral bacterial pathogens. Current misuse and overuse of antibiotic treatments have led to the development of antimicrobial resistance. However, recent studies have shown that cationic antimicrobial peptides are a promising family of antibacterial agents that are active against oral pathogenic bacteria and also possess less propensity for development of antimicrobial resistance. This timely Review has a focus on two primary subjects: (i) the oral bacterial pathogens associated with dental infections and (ii) the current development of antimicrobial peptides targeting oral pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Lin
- The Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, Melbourne Dental School, Centre for Oral Health Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Rong Li
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Thomas N.G. Handley
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - John D. Wade
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Wenyi Li
- The Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, Melbourne Dental School, Centre for Oral Health Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Neil M. O’Brien-Simpson
- The Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, Melbourne Dental School, Centre for Oral Health Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lytic bacteriophages facilitate antibiotic sensitization of Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.00143-21. [PMID: 33649110 PMCID: PMC8092871 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00143-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium, a commensal of the human intestine, has emerged as a hospital-adapted, multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogen. Bacteriophages (phages), natural predators of bacteria, have regained attention as therapeutics to stem the rise of MDR bacteria. Despite their potential to curtail MDR E. faecium infections, the molecular events governing E. faecium-phage interactions remain largely unknown. Such interactions are important to delineate because phage selective pressure imposed on E. faecium will undoubtedly result in phage resistance phenotypes that could threaten the efficacy of phage therapy. In an effort to understand the emergence of phage resistance in E. faecium, three newly isolated lytic phages were used to demonstrate that E. faecium phage resistance is conferred through an array of cell wall-associated molecules, including secreted antigen A (SagA), enterococcal polysaccharide antigen (Epa), wall teichoic acids, capsule, and an arginine-aspartate-aspartate (RDD) protein of unknown function. We find that capsule and Epa are important for robust phage adsorption and that phage resistance mutations in sagA, epaR, and epaX enhance E. faecium susceptibility to ceftriaxone, an antibiotic normally ineffective due to its low affinity for enterococcal penicillin binding proteins. Consistent with these findings, we provide evidence that phages potently synergize with cell wall (ceftriaxone and ampicillin) and membrane-acting (daptomycin) antimicrobials to slow or completely inhibit the growth of E. faecium Our work demonstrates that the evolution of phage resistance comes with fitness defects resulting in drug sensitization and that lytic phages could serve as effective antimicrobials for the treatment of E. faecium infections.
Collapse
|
4
|
Is Once-Daily High-Dose Ceftriaxone plus Ampicillin an Alternative for Enterococcus faecalis Infective Endocarditis in Outpatient Parenteral Antibiotic Therapy Programs? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 65:AAC.02099-20. [PMID: 33046488 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02099-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceftriaxone administered as once-daily high-dose short infusion combined with ampicillin has been proposed for the treatment of Enterococcus faecalis infective endocarditis in outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy programs (OPAT). This combination requires synergistic activity, but the attainment of ceftriaxone synergic concentration (Cs) with the regimen proposed for OPAT has not been studied. This phase II pharmacokinetic study enrolled healthy adult volunteers who underwent two sequential treatment phases. During phase A, volunteers received 2 g of ceftriaxone each 12 h during 24 h followed by a 7-day wash-out. Then the participants received phase B, which consisted of a single dose of 4 g of ceftriaxone. Throughout both phases, each volunteer underwent intensive pharmacokinetic (PK) sampling over 24 h. Ceftriaxone total and unbound concentrations were measured. Twelve participants were enrolled and completed both phases. Mean ceftriaxone total and free concentrations 24 h after the administration of 2 g each 12 h were 86.44 ± 25.90 mg/liter and 3.59 ± 1.35 mg/liter, respectively, and after the 4-g single dose were 34.60 ± 11.16 mg/liter and 1.40 ± 0.62 mg/liter, respectively. Only 3 (25%) patients in phase A maintained unbound plasma concentrations superior to the suggested Cs = 5 mg/liter during 24 h, and none (0%) in phase B. No grade 3 to 4 adverse events or laboratory abnormalities were observed. Ceftriaxone optimal exposure combined with ampicillin to achieve maximal synergistic activity against E. faecalis required for the treatment of infective endocarditis remains unknown. However, the administration of a single daily dose of 4 g of ceftriaxone implies a reduction in the time of exposure to the proposed Cs. (This study has been registered in the European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials [EudraCT] database under identifier 2017-003127-29.).
Collapse
|
5
|
Jimenez-Toro I, Rodriguez CA, Zuluaga AF, Otalvaro JD, Vesga O. A new pharmacodynamic approach to study antibiotic combinations against enterococci in vivo: Application to ampicillin plus ceftriaxone. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243365. [PMID: 33290425 PMCID: PMC7723291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of ampicillin (AMP) and ceftriaxone (CRO) is considered synergistic against Enterococcus faecalis based on in vitro tests and the rabbit endocarditis model, however, in vitro assays are limited by the use of fixed antibiotic concentrations and the rabbit model by poor bacterial growth, high variability, and the use of point dose-effect estimations, that may lead to inaccurate assessment of antibiotic combinations and hinder optimal translation. Here, we tested AMP+CRO against two strains of E. faecalis and one of E. faecium in an optimized mouse thigh infection model that yields high bacterial growth and allows to define the complete dose-response relationship. By fitting Hill’s sigmoid model and estimating the parameters maximal effect (Emax) and effective dose 50 (ED50), the following interactions were defined: synergism (Emax increase ≥2 log10 CFU/g), antagonism (Emax reduction ≥1 log10 CFU/g) and potentiation (ED50 reduction ≥50% without changes in Emax). AMP monotherapy was effective against the three strains, yielding valid dose-response curves in terms of dose and the index fT>MIC. CRO monotherapy showed no effect. The combination AMP+CRO against E. faecalis led to potentiation (59–81% ED50 reduction) and not synergism (no changes in Emax). Against E. faecium, the combination was indifferent. The optimized mouse infection model allowed to obtain the complete dose-response curve of AMP+CRO and to define its interaction based on pharmacodynamic parameter changes. Integrating these results with the pharmacokinetics will allow to derive the PK/PD index bound to the activity of the combination, essential for proper translation to the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivone Jimenez-Toro
- GRIPE, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Integrated Laboratory of Specialized Medicine (LIME), School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Carlos A. Rodriguez
- GRIPE, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Integrated Laboratory of Specialized Medicine (LIME), School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- * E-mail:
| | - Andres F. Zuluaga
- GRIPE, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Integrated Laboratory of Specialized Medicine (LIME), School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Julian D. Otalvaro
- Integrated Laboratory of Specialized Medicine (LIME), School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Omar Vesga
- GRIPE, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellín, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Serious infections owing to vancomycin-resistant enterococci have historically proven to be difficult clinical cases, requiring combination therapy and management of treatment-related toxicity. Despite the introduction of new antibiotics with activity against vancomycin-resistant enterococci to the therapeutic armamentarium, significant challenges remain. An understanding of the factors driving the emergence of resistance in vancomycin-resistant enterococci, the dynamics of gastrointestinal colonization and microbiota-mediated colonization resistance, and the mechanisms of resistance to the currently available therapeutics will permit clinicians to be better prepared to tackle these challenging hospital-associated pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William R Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 2.112, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics (CARMiG)
| | - Barbara E Murray
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 2.112, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics (CARMiG); Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 2.112, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Louis B Rice
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brown University, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Cesar A Arias
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 2.112, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics (CARMiG); Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 2.112, Houston, TX 77030, USA; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA; Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
How do I manage a patient with enterococcal bacteraemia? Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 27:364-371. [PMID: 33152537 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterococcal bacteraemia (EB) is common, particularly in the nosocomial setting, and its management poses a challenge for clinicians and microbiologists. OBJECTIVES The aim was to summarize the more relevant features of EB and to provide a practical state-of-the-art on the topics that more directly affect its management. SOURCES Pubmed articles from inception to 31 May 2020. CONTENT The following topics are covered: epidemiological, clinical and microbiological characteristics and factors associated with prognosis of EB; diagnosis and work-up, including the use of echocardiography to rule out endocarditis; antibiotic management with special focus on antimicrobial resistance and complicated EB; and the role of infectious disease consultation and the use of bundles in EB. In addition, three clinical vignettes are presented to illustrate the practical application of the guidance provided, and major gaps in the current evidence supporting EB management are discussed. IMPLICATIONS EB is associated with large burdens of morbidity and mortality, particularly among fragile and immunosuppressed patients presenting complicated bacteraemia due to multidrug-resistant enterococci. Most cases of EB are caused by Enterococcus faecalis, followed by E. faecium. EB often presents as polymicrobial bacteraemia. Rapidly identifying patients at risk of EB is crucial for timely application of diagnostic techniques and empiric therapy. Early alert systems and rapid diagnostic techniques, such as matrix-assisted desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, especially if used together with infectious disease consultation within bundles, appear to improve management and prognosis of EB. Echocardiography is also key in the work-up of EB and should probably be more extensively used, although its exact indications in EB are still debated. Multidisciplinary approaches are warranted due to the complexity and severity of EB.
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Y, Xiong Y, Wang Z, Zheng J, Xu G, Deng Q, Wen Z, Yu Z. Comparison of solithromycin with erythromycin in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from China: antibacterial activity, clonality, resistance mechanism, and inhibition of biofilm formation. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2020; 74:143-151. [PMID: 33077828 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-020-00374-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Solithromycin (SOL), a fourth-generation macrolide and ketolide, has been reported to have robust antibacterial activity against a wide spectrum of Gram-positive bacteria. However, the impact of SOL on planktonic growth and biofilm formation of clinical enterococcus isolates remains unclear. In this study, 276 Enterococcus faecalis isolates and 122 Enterococcus faecium were retrospectively collected from a tertiary hospital from China. SOL against clinical isolates of enterococci from China were evaluated the antimicrobial activity in comparison with erythromycin, and explore its relationship with the clonality, virulence genes and resistance mechanism of these isolates. Our data showed that the MICs of SOL against clinical E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates from China were ≤4 and ≤8 mg l-1, respectively. ST16 and ST179 were regarded as the risk factor to SOL resistance in E. faecalis. SOL could inhibit but not eradicate the biofilm formation of E. faecalis. The bactericidal effects of SOL against E. faecalis and E. faecium were demonstrated to be similar to linezolid and vancomycin using time-kill assays. In conclusion, SOL showed significantly enhanced antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of E. faecalis and E. faecium from China in comparison to erythromycin. Furthermore, SOL could inhibit the biofilm formation of E. faecalis and have the similar bactericidal ability as linezolid and vancomycin against both E. faecalis and E. faecium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, 518052, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanpeng Xiong
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, 518052, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhanwen Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, 518052, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinxin Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, 518052, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guangjian Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, 518052, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiwen Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, 518052, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zewen Wen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, 518052, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Zhijian Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, 518052, Shenzhen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Harada S, Shibue Y, Aoki K, Ishii Y, Tateda K. Prevalence of High-Level Aminoglycoside Resistance and Genes Encoding Aminoglycoside-Modifying Enzymes in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Isolated in a University Hospital in Tokyo. Jpn J Infect Dis 2020; 73:476-480. [PMID: 32611969 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2019.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
High-level aminoglycoside resistance (HLAR) limits treatment options for invasive enterococcal infections. We examined the prevalence of HLAR, carriage of genes encoding aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, and production of β-lactamase using the disk diffusion method, polymerase chain reaction, and a nitrocefin-based test, respectively, in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from patients at a university hospital in Tokyo in 2010. Of the 100 E. faecalis isolates analyzed, 30 isolates had high-level resistance (HLR) to gentamicin, and 22 isolates had HLR to streptomycin. Of the 40 E. faecium isolates analyzed, 9 isolates had HLR to gentamicin, and 9 isolates had HLR to streptomycin. Of the 39 gentamicin-HLR enterococcal isolates, 24 isolates were non-HLR to streptomycin. All 39 isolates with HLR to gentamicin as well as 19 of 101 without HLR carried aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia. Carriage of ant(6')-Ia was confirmed in 25 of 31 streptomycin-HLR isolates. Production of β-lactamase was documented in none of the E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates. Whole-genome sequencing analysis revealed that all but one E. faecalis isolate that carried aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia and ant(6')-Ia belonged to sequence type (ST) 4 (n = 8), ST16 (n = 4), or ST179 (n = 9). Nevertheless, most of the pairs of isolates had > 10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms even among the isolates of the same ST.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sohei Harada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yasushi Shibue
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yokohama City Minato Red Cross Hospital, Japan
| | - Kotaro Aoki
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ishii
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tateda
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University School of Medicine, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Coates ARM, Hu Y, Holt J, Yeh P. Antibiotic combination therapy against resistant bacterial infections: synergy, rejuvenation and resistance reduction. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:5-15. [DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1705155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R. M. Coates
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Yanmin Hu
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - James Holt
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pamela Yeh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| |
Collapse
|