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Blankson G, Osei-Fosu P, Adeendze E, Ashie D. Contamination levels of organophosphorus and synthetic pyrethroid pesticides in vegetables marketed in Accra, Ghana. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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2
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Estimated daily intake of pesticides and xenoestrogenic exposure by fruit consumption in the female population from a Mediterranean country (Spain). Food Control 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Kozmutza C, Picó Y. To address accuracy and precision using methods from analytical chemistry and computational physics. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2009; 151:59-75. [PMID: 18369729 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-008-0249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this work the pesticides were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In present study the occurrence of imidacloprid in 343 samples of oranges, tangerines, date plum, and watermelons from Valencian Community (Spain) has been investigated. The nine additional pesticides were chosen as they have been recommended for orchard treatment together with imidacloprid. The Mulliken population analysis has been applied to present the charge distribution in imidacloprid. Partitioned energy terms and the virial ratios have been calculated for certain molecules entering in interaction. A new technique based on the comparison of the decomposed total energy terms at various configurations is demonstrated in this work. The interaction ability could be established correctly in the studied case. An attempt is also made in this work to address accuracy and precision. These quantities are well-known in experimental measurements. In case precise theoretical description is achieved for the contributing monomers and also for the interacting complex structure some properties of this latter system can be predicted to quite a good accuracy. Based on simple hypothetical considerations we estimate the impact of applying computations on reducing the amount of analytical work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Kozmutza
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, BME, Budafoki ut 8, 1111, Budapest, Hungary.
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4
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Battu RS, Singh B, Arora PK, Sahoo SK. Dissipation of quinalphos in kinnow mandarin fruits under subtropical conditions of Punjab, India. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2008; 80:395-398. [PMID: 18478172 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-008-9363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Quinalphos residues were studied separately in the pulp and rind of kinnow mandarin fruits by following a standardized methodology and estimated on gas liquid chromatograph (GC) by employing nitrogen phosphorus detector. Following application of quanilphos (Ekalux 25EC) at 10.0 and 20.0 mL per tree (per 5 L of water) on kinnow mandarin fruits at both these dosages were found to be 0.05 and 0.16 mg/kg, respectively. These initial deposits were found to be less than its maximum residue limit (MRL) of 0.25 mg/kg. The corresponding values in the rind were found to be 0.65 and 1.64 mg/kg, respectively. These residue levels in the rind dissipated below the MRL in 5 and 15 days, respectively. The half-life value for quanilphos in the rind at single and double dosages were found to be 3.2 and 4.0 days, respectively. Low dissipation rate of quanilphos in the rind may be attributed to the fibrous nature of the peel where the insecticide can be adsorbed, high moisture content and oil based nature of the rind. The results clearly show that quanilphos does not penetrate into the pulp of the kinnow mandarin and the fruit is safe for consumption even after one day of the application at both these dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raminderjit S Battu
- Department of Entomology, Pesticide Residue Analysis Laboratory, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
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Moreno M, Bermejo E, Sánchez A, Chicharro M, Zapardiel A. Application of matrix solid-phase dispersion to the determination of amitrole and urazole residues in apples by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:867-72. [PMID: 18425502 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A new method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) extraction was studied for the extraction of amitrole (3-amino-1,2,4-triazole), and its metabolite urazole (3,5-dihydroxy-1,2,4-triazole), in apple samples. The influence of experimental conditions on the yield of the extraction process and on the efficiency of the cleanup step was evaluated. Determination was carried out by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with electrochemical detection, demonstrating the compatibility between MSPD and CE techniques. The method has been successfully applied to different apple varieties. Recoveries in samples spiked at 1.6 and 1.7 microg g(-1) for amitrole and urazole were 88 and 82%, respectively. The limits of detection were 0.4 microg g(-1) for both compounds using electrochemical detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moreno
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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Bogialli S, Di Corcia A. Matrix solid-phase dispersion as a valuable tool for extracting contaminants from foodstuffs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 70:163-79. [PMID: 17126908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review updates our knowledge on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), a sample treatment procedure that is increasingly used for extracting/purifying contaminants from a variety of solid, semi-solid, viscous, and liquid foodstuffs. MSPD is primarily used because of its flexibility, selectivity, and the possibility of performing extraction and cleanup in one step, this resulting in drastically shortening of the analysis time and low consumption of toxic and expensive solvents. Technical developments and parameters influencing the extraction yield and selectivity are examined and discussed. Experimental results for the analysis of pesticides, veterinary drugs, persistent environmental chemicals, naturally occurring toxicants, and surfactants in food are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bogialli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università La Sapienza, Piazza Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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7
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Barker SA. Matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 70:151-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Berrada H, Fernández M, Ruiz MJ, Moltó JC, Mañes J. Exposure assessment of fruits contaminated with pesticide residues from Valencia, 2001- 03. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:674-82. [PMID: 16751144 DOI: 10.1080/02652030600599132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A total of 634 samples of oranges, tangerines, peaches, nectarines, khakis and watermelons were collected from an Agricultural Valencia Community Cooperative during the May 2001 to April 2003 campaigns and they were analysed for 15 pesticides among those recommended for pest treatment. A conventional multiresidue analytical procedure based on ethyl acetate extraction was used followed by gas chromatography coupled to a nitrogen phosphorus detector for routine analysis; and mass spectrometry was performed for confirmation. Recovery studies with spiked samples at 0.5 mg kg-1 for each pesticide ranged from 52% for acephate to 87% for fenthion with a standard deviation <20%. Limits of quantification ranged from 0.1 to 100 microg kg-1. A total of 43% of samples contained pesticide residues; and 5% exceeded the maximum residue levels (MRLs). Nine of the pesticides studied were found. Malathion, which was the most frequently detected, was found in 121 samples (19%) at 0.002-4.25 mg kg-1; followed by fenthion in 104 samples (16%) at 0.005-2.3 mg kg-1; and methidation in 68 samples (10%) at 0.008-1.3 mg kg-1. Khaki showed the highest contamination rates with 60% of contaminated samples that exceeded more often the MRLs; and fenthion was the pesticide more frequently detected in all the commodities studied at levels above the European MRLs. The estimated daily intakes of each pesticide calculated from the results obtained were much lower than the acceptable daily intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Berrada
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
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9
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Fernández-Cruz ML, Barreda M, Villarroya M, Peruga A, Llanos S, García-Baudín JM. Captan and fenitrothion dissipation in field-treated cauliflowers and effect of household processing. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2006; 62:637-45. [PMID: 16718745 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Field trial studies have been performed with captan and fenitrothion on cauliflower to propose maximum residue limits and to study the dissipation of the pesticides. Residue levels have been determined at different times following good laboratory practice using gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. The behaviour of residue levels of these compounds after household processing has been analysed using gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Seven days after treatment, residue levels of captan could be detected, but not of fenitrothion. The half-lives of dissipation for captan and fenitrothion were calculated as 0.9 and 1.8 days respectively. Washing did not significantly affect the residual amounts of captan and fenitrothion observed in raw vegetables; however, after cooking, captan had degraded completely, whereas residue levels of fenitrothion were not modified significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L Fernández-Cruz
- Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Carretera de la Coruña km 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Gallardo E, Barroso M, Margalho C, Cruz A, Vieira DN, López-Rivadulla M. Determination of quinalphos in blood and urine by direct solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 832:162-8. [PMID: 16414313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Revised: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new method based on direct solid-phase microextraction (DI-SPME) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed for the purpose of determining quinalphos in blood and urine. Two types of coated fibre have been assayed and compared: carbowax/divinylbenzene (CW/DVB 65 microm) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS 100 microm). The main parameters affecting the SPME process such as temperature, salt addition, pH, stirring and adsorption/desorption time profiles were optimized to enhance the sensitivity of the procedure. The method was developed using only 100 microL of blood and urine. Limits of detection of the method for blood and urine matrices were, respectively, 10 and 2 ng/mL. Linearity was established over concentration ranges from 0.05 to 50 microg/mL for blood, and 0.01 to 50 microg/mL for urine, with regression coefficients ranging between 0.9991 and 0.9999. Intra- and interday precision values were less than 13%, and accuracy was within +/-15% of the nominal concentration for all studied levels in both matrices. Absolute recoveries were 14 and 26% for blood and urine, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gallardo
- Instituto de Medicina Legal, Servicio de Toxicología Forense, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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de Llasera MPG, Gómez-Almaraz L, Vera-Avila LE, Peña-Alvarez A. Matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction and determination by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection of residues of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in tomato fruit. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1093:139-46. [PMID: 16233879 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2005] [Revised: 04/13/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) is described for the quantitative extraction of glyphosate and its major metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) from tomato fruit. After application of 120 microL of HNO3 1M to the sample, the dispersion column was packed with 0.5 g of sample blended into 1 g of NH2-silica. Two aqueous fractions were obtained. First, AMPA was eluted from the column using deionized water (F1), and then a NaH2PO4 0.005 M solution was used for the elution of glyphosate (F2). Cleanup of F1 and F2 was made by ion exchange chromatography on a SAX anion exchange silica. Determination was done by HPLC with fluorescence detection after precolumn derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethylchloroformate (FMOC-Cl). Mean recoveries calculated at fortification levels of 0.5 microg/g for glyphosate and 0.4 microg/g for AMPA were 87% and 78%, respectively. The relative standard deviations (n=7) for the total procedure were 10% and 16%. Detection limits were 0.05 microg/g for glyphosate and 0.03 microg/g for AMPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P García de Llasera
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Ingenieria Quimica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 3000, 04510 México, D.F., México.
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Fernández-Cruz ML, Villarroya M, Llanos S, Alonso-Prados JL, García-Baudín JM. Field-incurred fenitrothion residues in kakis: comparison of individual fruits, composite samples, and peeled and cooked fruits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:860-863. [PMID: 14969542 DOI: 10.1021/jf0305074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Field trials have been carried out to determine the variability of residue levels of fenitrothion and its main metabolites fenitrothion-oxon and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol in individual kaki fruits versus composite samples, in peel versus flesh, and in whole uncooked versus whole cooked fruits. Residue levels have been determined by gas chromatography with thermionic specific detection after extraction with ethyl acetate and without further cleanup. At harvest, residue levels of fenitrothion were below maximum residue levels (MRLs) and the two metabolites 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol and fenitrothion-oxon could be quantified with average amounts of 0.080 and 0.012 mg/kg, respectively. Levels of fenitrothion decreased 88% after peeling, whereas temperature did not result in a high variation. The ratios of the highest residue level in the individual fruits to the corresponding mean of residue levels in the composite samples for fenitrothion were <3. This value is lower than that recommended by the World Health Organization as default value for consumer risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luisa Fernández-Cruz
- Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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13
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Albero B, Sánchez-Brunete C, Tadeo JL. Determination of organophosphorus pesticides in fruit juices by matrix solid-phase dispersion and gas chromatography. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:6915-6921. [PMID: 14611147 DOI: 10.1021/jf030414m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A rapid multiresidue method was developed for the determination of nine organophosphorus pesticides in fruit juices. The analytical procedure is based on the matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) of juice samples on Florisil in small glass columns and subsequent extraction with ethyl acetate assisted by sonication. Residue levels were determined by gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. Spiked blank samples were used as standards to counteract the matrix effect observed in the chromatographic determination. The NPD response for all pesticides was linear in the concentration range studied with determination coefficients >0.999. Average recoveries obtained for all of the pesticides in the different juices and fortification levels were >70% with relative standard deviations of <11%. The detection limits ranged from 0.1 to 0.6 microg/kg. The identity of the pesticides was confirmed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection using selected ion monitoring. The proposed MSPD method was applied to determine pesticide residue levels in fruit juices sold in Spanish supermarkets. At least one pesticide was found in most of the samples, although the levels detected were very low, far from the maximum residue levels established for raw fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Albero
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, INIA, Carretera de la Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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14
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Hamada M, Wintersteiger R. Fluorescence screening of organophosphorus pesticides in water by an enzyme inhibition procedure on TLC plates. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2003. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.16.2003.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fernández M, Picó Y, Mañes J. Pesticide residues in oranges from Valencia (Spain). FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2001; 18:615-24. [PMID: 11469317 DOI: 10.1080/02652030118441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
One hundred and fifty citrus samples from an agricultural co-operative of the Valencian Community (Spain) were analysed for pre- and post-harvest pesticide residues using high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. Among the residues from post-harvest treatments, imazalil was detected in 112 (74.7%) samples at a mean level of 1.2 mg/kg, thiabendazole in 21 (14.0%) samples at a mean level of 0.47 mg/kg and carbendazim in 5 (3.3%) samples at a mean level of 1.05 mg/kg. Among the residues from pre-harvest treatment, dicofol was detected in 28 (18.7%) samples at a mean level of .28 mg/kg chlorpyriphos in 19 (12.7% samples at a mean level of 0.16 mg/kg and endosulfan in 11 (7.3%) at a mean level of 0.27 mg/kg. Most of the samples contained residues of various pesticides and six samples (4.0%) exceeded the European Union Maximum Residue Limit (MRL). The pesticides that surpassed the MRLs were chlorpyriphos in five samples and dicofol in one.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fernández
- Laboratori de Bromatologia i Toxicologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Spain
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Abstract
Matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) is a patented process, first reported in 1989, for conducting simultaneous disruption and extraction of solid and semi-solid samples. MSPD permits complete fractionation of the sample matrix components as well as the ability to selectively elute a single compound or several classes of compounds from the same sample. The method has been applied to the isolation of drugs in food animal tissues but has also found wide application in the analysis of herbicides, pesticides and pollutants from animal tissues, fruits, vegetables and other matrices. The present article provides a review of MSPD applications in these and related fields and discusses the factors known to affect MSPD methods. Both the practical and theoretical aspects of MSPD are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Barker
- Laboratory for Residue Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, USA.
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Abstract
Matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), a patented process for the simultaneous disruption and extraction of solid and semi-solid samples, was first reported in 1989. Since that time, MSPD has found application in numerous fields, but has proven to be particularly applicable for the analysis of drugs, pollutants, pesticides and other components in foods. The present article provides a review of these and related applications and discusses both the practical and theoretical aspects for the use of MSPD in sample processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Barker
- The Laboratory for Residue Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, USA.
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Valenzuela AI, Redondo MJ, Pico Y, Font G. Determination of abamectin in citrus fruits by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2000; 871:57-65. [PMID: 10735286 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01190-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-ES-MS) with positive ion detection was used to determine abamectin in oranges. MS conditions were optimized to achieve maximum sensitivity. The main ion for abamectin was [M+Na]+ at a fragmentor voltage of 180 V. Abundant structural information can be obtained at different fragmentor voltages. The detection limit for the standard solution was 12 pg injected, and good linearity and reproducibility were observed. Abamectin residues were extracted using matrix solid-phase dispersion. Orange samples were homogenized with C18 bonded silica placed onto a glass column and eluted with dichloromethane. Recoveries of the abamectin from oranges fortified with approximately 0.01-10 mg/kg ranged from 94 to 99% with an overall average recovery of 96%. The quantification limit is 0.0025 mg/kg, which means detection limit for this analyte could be set at a few hundred picograms per gram of fruit. The presence in the electrosprayed solution of numerous citrus constituents did not interfere significantly with the ionization process of abamectin. The assay procedure provides a simple, rapid, and sensitive method for monitoring residues in oranges. The method was applied to field treatment orange samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Valenzuela
- Laboratori de Toxicologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
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Fernández M, Picó Y, Mañes J. Determination of carbamate residues in fruits and vegetables by matrix solid-phase dispersion and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2000; 871:43-56. [PMID: 10735285 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00907-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen carbamates were analysed in orange, grape, onion and tomatoes by matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Electrospray (ES) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) were compared and both gave similar results in terms of sensitivity and structural information because at 20 V fragmentor voltages the fragmentation is minimal. The efficiency of different solid-phases (C18, C8, cyano, amine and phenyl) for the MSPD was compared. Mean recoveries using C8 varied from 64 to 106% with relative standard deviations of 5-15% in the concentration range of 0.01-10 mg kg(-1). Matrix constituents did not interfere significantly with the ionisation process of carbamates. The limits of detection were typically in the 0.001-0.01 mg kg(-1) range, which were between 10 and 100 times lower than the maximum residue levels (MRLs) established by the European Union (EU). The method was applied to residue detection in fruit and vegetable samples taken from Valencian markets, in which carbamates were detected at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fernández
- Laboratori de Bromatologia i Toxicologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
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