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Li S, Zhao D, Shen Y, Dai L, Qin W, Yang D, Li Y, Yang L, Li Y, He D. Identification of Different Varieties of Oil Peony Seeds Combining ICP-MS with Chemometrics and Assessment of Associated Health Risk. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:4288-4301. [PMID: 38103107 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03998-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Peony seed is an excellent oil crop, and peony seed oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids needed by the human body. In this study, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), fingerprint, and chemometrics, the correlation between the content of inorganic elements in oil peony seeds, their origins, and varieties were investigated. Meanwhile, estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risks (CR) were combined to evaluate the comprehensive health risks of heavy metals in peony seed oil. The results showed that the difference in the content of inorganic elements could identify the varieties of oil peony seeds. Sr, K, Ca, V, Al, Fe, Cu, Ba, As, Ga, Co, and Rb were the characteristic inorganic elements that played a role in identification. In addition, The THQs and HIs (< 1) for non-carcinogenic elements indicated no risk. The CRs indicated that the carcinogenic harm was negligible. The study concluded that three varieties of peony seed oil would not pose any health hazard. It provided an effective comprehensive method for the identification of oil peony seeds and predicted the potential health risks of edible peony seed oil, providing a reference for the development and consumption of peony seed oil food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, #1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Dezhang Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, #1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yuan Shen
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, #1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Lei Dai
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, #1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Weihan Qin
- Chongqing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 400065, China
| | - Dan Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, #1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yaxuan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, #1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Chongqing Pharmaceutical Preparation Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Yan Li
- Chongqing Pharmaceutical Preparation Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Dan He
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, #1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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2
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Li S, Yin K, Wang Y, Tan L, Zhao J, Pan S, Yang L, He D. Integrating ICP-MS and Chemometrics for Profiling Inorganic Elements in Lianhua Qingwen Capsules and Evaluating Health Risk. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04279-1. [PMID: 38926229 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04279-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Lianhua Qingwen capsule (LHQWC) is composed of 13 traditional Chinese herbs. In this study, we employed inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to quantify the concentrations of 26 inorganic elements (Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Ag, Cd, Cs, Ba, Hg, Tl, Pb, U) across 22 batches of LHQWC. These results were complemented with Chemometrics analysis and health risk assessment of selected hazardous elements. Chemometric analysis revealed significant quality variations among the 22 batches of LHQWC, identifying U, Cs, Tl, Rb, Mn, As, Mg, and Al as characteristic elements influencing formulation consistency. Moreover, the health risk assessment indicated that while levels of Cu, As, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Hg in LHQWC were within acceptable limits, concerns arose regarding vanadium levels in certain batches. These findings underscore the necessity of comprehensive elemental analysis and health risk assessment to ensure the safety and quality of LHQWC. Our study provides valuable insights for both quality evaluation and regulatory considerations in the production of LHQWC and similar herbal formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 1# Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ke Yin
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 1# Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yiwu Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 1# Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Lihong Tan
- Chongqing Pharmaceutical Preparation Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Jianing Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 1# Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Shuxiang Pan
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 1# Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Chongqing Pharmaceutical Preparation Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Dan He
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 1# Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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3
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Oladeji OM, Kopaopa BG, Mugivhisa LL, Olowoyo JO. Investigation of Heavy Metal Analysis on Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Skin Cancer by Traditional Practitioners in Pretoria. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:778-786. [PMID: 37347404 PMCID: PMC10764444 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03701-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The use of medicinal plants for the treatment of diseases, including cancer, is acknowledged and accepted in many African nations. Heavy metal contamination of plant materials poses a potential health risk, particularly for populations that are already vulnerable. This study determines the levels of heavy metals in medicinal plant samples used for treatment of skin cancer and evaluate the health risk caused by heavy metals to the adult population in Pretoria, South Africa using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The concentrations of metals were as follows; As (<0.2 - 1.04±0.026), Cd (0.02 ±0.00026 - 0.167±0.006), Pb (0.38 ±0.01 - 2.27±0.05), Cr (5.31±0.21- 26.9 ±3.96) mg/kg, and Hg which were lesser than 0.02 mg/kg. The mean concentrations of all analyzed heavy metals are above permissible limit except for Hg which are lower than the permissible limit. The Hazard Quotient (THQ) was less than 1 for all the heavy metals, suggesting that there are no obvious non-carcinogenic health risks associated with the consumption of these medicinal plants for now even though the prolonged use may result in health risks. The ingestion route was identified as the primary contributor to the overall risk by the health index (HI) values in the present study, which were more than 1, indicating that the combined effects of the heavy metal contaminants present in a particular herbal preparation pose health risk in the long term. Our findings support the need for close monitoring of potential heavy metal concentrations in medicinal plants given to patients from herbal shops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun Mary Oladeji
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, School of Science and Technology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, South Africa.
| | - Boikanyo Genneyrolter Kopaopa
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, School of Science and Technology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, South Africa
| | - Liziwe Lizbeth Mugivhisa
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, School of Science and Technology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, South Africa
| | - Joshua Oluwole Olowoyo
- Department of Health Science and The Water School, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, USA
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Guo MF, Zhang HH, Zhong P, Xu JD, Zhou SS, Long F, Kong M, Mao Q, Li SL. Integrating Multi-Type Component Determination and Anti-Oxidant/-Inflammatory Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Pre-Molting Washing on the Quality and Bioactivity of Cicadae Periostracum. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227683. [PMID: 36431784 PMCID: PMC9699411 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cicadae Periostracum (CP) is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb derived from the slough that is molted from the nymph of the insect Cryptotympana pustulata Fabricius. Washing with water to remove residual silt is a primary processing method of CP that is recommended by the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, but how washing methods affect the quality and bioactivity of CP is unknown. In this study, the quality and bioactivity of non-washed CP (CP-NW), post-molting-washed CP (CP-WAT), and pre-molting-washed CP (CP-WBT) were comparatively investigated. The quality of these CP samples was evaluated in terms of the UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-based chemical profiling and semi-quantification of 39 N-acetyldopamine oligomers (belonging to six chemical types), the HPLC-UV-based quantification of 17 amino acids, the ICP-MS-based quantification of four heavy metals, and the contents of ash; the bioactivities of the samples were compared regarding their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. It was found that, compared with CP-NW, both CP-WBT and CP-WAT had significantly lower contents of ash and heavy metals. Moreover, compared with CP-WAT, CP-WBT contained lower levels of total ash, acid-insoluble ash, and heavy metals and higher contents of N-acetyldopamine oligomers and amino acids. It also had enhanced anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. A Spearman's correlation analysis found that the contents of N-acetyldopamine oligomers and free amino acids were positively correlated with the anti-oxidant/-inflammatory activities of CP. All these results suggest that pre-molting washing can not only remove the residual silt but can also avoid the loss of the bioactive components and assure higher bioactivities. It is concluded that pre-molting washing could enhance the quality and bioactivity of CP and should be a superior alternative method for the primary processing of qualified CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Fei Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Huan-Huan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Ping Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Jin-Di Xu
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhou
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Fang Long
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Ming Kong
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Qian Mao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
- Correspondence: (Q.M.); (S.-L.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-025-85639640 (S.-L.L.)
| | - Song-Lin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
- Correspondence: (Q.M.); (S.-L.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-025-85639640 (S.-L.L.)
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Kenny CR, Ring G, Sheehan A, Mc Auliffe MAP, Lucey B, Furey A. Novel metallomic profiling and non-carcinogenic risk assessment of botanical ingredients for use in herbal, phytopharmaceutical and dietary products using HR-ICP-SFMS. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17582. [PMID: 36266322 PMCID: PMC9584900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16873-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of element concentrations in botanical extracts is relevant to assure consumer protection given the increased interest in plant-based ingredients. This study demonstrates successful multi-element investigations in order to address the lack of comprehensive profiling data for botanical extracts, while reporting for the first time the metallomic profile(s) of arnica, bush vetch, sweet cicely, yellow rattle, bogbean, rock-tea and tufted catchfly. Key element compositions were quantified using a validated HR-ICP-SFMS method (µg kg-1) and were found highly variable between the different plants: Lithium (18-3964); Beryllium (3-121); Molybdenum (75-4505); Cadmium (5-325); Tin (6-165); Barium (747-4646); Platinum (2-33); Mercury (5-30); Thallium (3-91); Lead (12-4248); Bismuth (2-30); Titanium (131-5827); Vanadium (15-1758); Chromium (100-4534); Cobalt (21-652); Nickel (230-6060) and Copper (1910-6340). Compendial permissible limits were not exceeded. Overall, no evidence of a health risk to consumers could be determined from consumption of the investigated plants at reasonable intake rates. Mathematical risk modelling (EDI, CDI, HQ, HI) estimated levels above safe oral thresholds only for Cd (16%) and Pb (8%) from higher intakes of the respective plant-derived material. Following high consumption of certain plants, 42% of the samples were categorised as potentially unsafe due to cumulative exposure to Cu, Cd, Hg and Pb. PCA suggested a potential influence of post-harvest processing on Cr, Ti and V levels in commercially-acquired plant material compared to wild-collected and farm-grown plants. Moreover, a strong correlation was observed between Pb-Bi, Be-V, Bi-Sn, and Tl-Mo occurrence. This study may support future research by providing both robust methodology and accompanying reference profile(s) suitable for the quality evaluation of essential elements and/or metal contaminants in botanical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara-Ruth Kenny
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Co. Cork, T12 P928, Ireland
- Department of Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Co. Cork, T12 P928, Ireland
| | - Gavin Ring
- Department of Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Co. Cork, T12 P928, Ireland
| | - Aisling Sheehan
- Department of Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Co. Cork, T12 P928, Ireland
| | - Michael A P Mc Auliffe
- Centre for Advanced Photonics and Process Analysis (CAPPA), Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Co. Cork, T12 P928, Ireland
| | - Brigid Lucey
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Co. Cork, T12 P928, Ireland
| | - Ambrose Furey
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Co. Cork, T12 P928, Ireland.
- Department of Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Co. Cork, T12 P928, Ireland.
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Zhang H, Wang B, Liu X, Zhang H, Yao J, Gong X, Yan J. Process optimization for the synthesis of functionalized Au@AgNPs for specific detection of Hg 2+ based on quality by design (QbD). RSC Adv 2022; 12:9121-9129. [PMID: 35424865 PMCID: PMC8985144 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01500e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study highlights the advantages of using the quality by design (QbD) approach to synthesise and optimize SERS substrates for the detection of Hg2+. Considering that the performance of Au@AgNPs is affected by many factors, Plackett–Burman (PB) experimental design was used to determine the critical process parameters (CPPs) for evaluating the performance of Au@AgNPs. The quantitative relationships between the CPPs and the critical quality attributes (CQAs) were assessed by Box-Behnken Design (BBD). The optimal design space for Au@AgNPs was calculated via a Monte Carlo algorithm. Finally, detection of Hg2+ in the range of 1 ∼ 100 ng mL−1 (R2 = 0.9891) was achieved by SERS in combination with 4,4-bipyridine (Dpy) as signal molecules. The recoveries for licorice ranged from 83.53% to 92.96%. Specificity and practicality studies indicated that the method based on the QbD concept and design space not only met the optimal performance of Au@AgNPs but also improved the rapid detection of Hg2+ in Chinese medicine samples. The current study highlights the advantages of using the quality by design (QbD) approach to synthesise and optimize SERS substrates for the detection of Hg2+.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology No. 18, Chaowang Road Hangzhou 310014 China
| | - Baoling Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology No. 18, Chaowang Road Hangzhou 310014 China
| | - Xiaoyi Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology No. 18, Chaowang Road Hangzhou 310014 China
| | - Hongxu Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology No. 18, Chaowang Road Hangzhou 310014 China
| | - Jiangyu Yao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology No. 18, Chaowang Road Hangzhou 310014 China
| | - Xingchu Gong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Jizhong Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology No. 18, Chaowang Road Hangzhou 310014 China
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7
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Multielement Principal Component Analysis and Origin Traceability of Rice Based on ICP-MS/MS. J FOOD QUALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/5536241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this experiment, inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS) was used to determine the content of 30 elements in rice from six places of production and to explore the relationship between the multielement content in rice and the producing area. The contents of Ca, P, S, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, K, Mg, Na, Ge, Sb, Ba, Ti, V, Se, As, Sr, Mo, Ni, Co, Cr, Al, Li, Cs, Pb, Cd, B, In, and Sn in rice were determined by ICP-MS/MS in the SQ and MS/MS mode. By passing H2, O2, He, and NH3/He reaction gas into the ICP-MS/MS, respectively, the interference was eliminated by means of in situ mass spectrometry and mass transfer. The detection limit of each element was 0.0000662–0.144 mg/kg, and the limit of quantification was in the range of 0.000221–0.479 mg/kg, the linear correlation coefficient was greater or equal to 0.9987 (R2 ≥ 0.9987), and the detection results had low detection limit and great linear regression. Recovery of the method was in the range of 80.6% to 110.5% with spike levels of 0.10–100.00 mg/kg, and relative standard deviations were lower than 10%. For the multielement content of rice from different producing areas, the principal component factor analysis can get six principal component factors, 87.878% cumulative contribution rate, and the distribution of the principal component scores of each element and different producing areas. Based on the multielement content and cluster analysis, the samples were accurately divided into two major categories and six subcategories according to the places of production, which proved that there was a significant correlation between the multielement content in rice and the place of production, so that the place of rice origin can be traced.
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Guo C, Lv L, Liu Y, Ji M, Zang E, Liu Q, Zhang M, Li M. Applied Analytical Methods for Detecting Heavy Metals in Medicinal Plants. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:339-359. [PMID: 34328385 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1953371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
For thousands of years, medicinal plants (MPs) have been one of the main sources of drugs worldwide. However, recently, heavy metal pollution has seriously affected the quality and safety of MPs. Consuming MPs polluted by heavy metals such as Pb, Hg, and Cu significantly threaten the health of consumers. To manage this situation, the levels of heavy metals in MPs must be controlled. In recent years, this field has attracted significant attention, but few researchers have systematically summarized various analytical methods. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate methods that can accurately and effectively detect the amount of heavy metals in MPs. Herein, some important analytical methods used to detect heavy metals in MPs and their applications have been introduced and summarized in detail. These include atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic fluorescence spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, neutron activation analysis, and anodic stripping voltammetry. The characteristics of these methods were subsequently compared and analyzed. In addition, high-performance liquid chromatography, ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and disposable electrochemical sensors have also been used for heavy metal detection in MPs. To elucidate the systematic and comprehensive information, these methods have also been briefly introduced in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Lijuan Lv
- Department of Basic Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuchao Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Mingyue Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Erhuan Zang
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Minhui Li
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China.,Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, China.,Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of the Planting and Development of Astragalus Membranaceus of the Geoherbs, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China.,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
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