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Maynard CW, Kidd MT, Chrystal PV, McQuade LR, McInerney BV, Selle PH, Liu SY. Assessment of limiting dietary amino acids in broiler chickens offered reduced crude protein diets. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 10:1-11. [PMID: 35601257 PMCID: PMC9111891 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
As lowering crude protein (CP) in poultry diets continues to minimize amino acid excess, it is important to understand the limiting order of amino acids and the impact of their deficiencies. Therefore, a pair of experiments were conducted to observe the effects of individual amino acid deletions on growth performance, carcass traits, and nutrient utilization. Both experiments involved 3 control diets based on wheat and soybean meal, including a 210.0 g/kg CP industry control (IC), 186.7 g/kg CP positive control (PC) supplemented with feed-grade amino acids to match the IC amino acid profile, 186.7 g/kg CP negative control (NC) with reducing N corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEN) by 0.5 MJ/kg and removing feed-grade amino acids beyond L-Lys-HCl, DL-Met, and L-Thr from PC. Ten deletion diets where the following supplemented amino acids were individually removed from the PC: Val, Ile, Leu, Trp, Arg, His, Phe + Tyr, glycine equivalence (Glyequi), Pro, and Energy (0.5 MJ/kg reduction in AMEN of the PC). All diets were formulated to contain similar concentrations of digestible Lys, total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) and Thr. Experimental diets were offered to broiler chickens from 15 to 22 d post–hatch in a cage study (Exp. 1) to gain digestibility and nutrient utilization data; whereas they were offered from 15 to 35 d post–hatch in a floor-pen study (Exp. 2) to gain performance and carcass yield data. The removal of supplemented Val, Arg, and Ile resulted in reduction on broiler performance (P < 0.05), and the removal of Val, Arg, Ile, and Glyequi negatively influenced carcass traits (P < 0.05). Results from both experiments indicate that Val and Arg are co-limiting in wheat-soybean meal diets, but that Ile and Glyequi may potentially limit breast and thigh development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig W Maynard
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, United States.,Poultry Research Foundation, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Michael T Kidd
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, United States
| | - Peter V Chrystal
- Poultry Research Foundation, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Leon R McQuade
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Bernie V McInerney
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Peter H Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia.,Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Sonia Y Liu
- Poultry Research Foundation, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Jespersen JC, Richert S, Cesar de Paula Dorigam J, Oelschlager ML, Dilger RN. Effects of lysine biomass supplementation on growth performance and clinical indicators in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 100:100971. [PMID: 33516469 PMCID: PMC7936182 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of crystalline amino acids (AA) through microbial fermentation concomitantly provides an AA-enriched biomass that may serve as a cost-effective supplement for broiler chickens. We investigated the effects of feeding a fermentation biomass product containing approximately 62% Lys on growth performance, organ growth, and clinical outcomes of broilers. Beginning at 2 d post-hatch, a total of 360 Ross 308 chicks were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatments provided to 12 replicate cages of 6 birds. Practical corn-soybean meal-based dietary treatments included: negative control (NC; no supplementation of L-Lys, 1.01 and 0.86% standardized ileal digestible Lys in starter and grower phases, respectively), NC + 0.23% L-Lys HCl (positive control; PC), and NC supplemented with 0.30, 0.90, or 1.50% Lys biomass (LB) in both phases. Feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the study. Individual bird and feeder weights were recorded on study day 0, 10, 21, and 35. At study conclusion, birds from each treatment were randomly selected to collect blood and tissue samples. The PC and 0.30% LB diets elicited similar overall (day 0–35) body weight gain and birds were heavier (P < 0.001) than the NC and other LB treatments. The PC, 0.30% LB, and 0.90% LB groups had better (P < 0.001) overall feed conversion ratio than NC. Some LB-supplemented treatments elicited increased (P < 0.001) relative spleen and ileum weight compared with NC and PC. Heterophils were increased (P < 0.001) in LB treatments compared with PC and NC. Lymphocytes were decreased (P < 0.001) in LB treatments compared with NC, and 1.50% LB was similar to PC. This resulted in an increased (P < 0.001) heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in some LB treatments, which may have resulted from general AA supplementation or the LB product. Collectively, these results suggest that addition of up to 0.30% LB restored growth performance when added to a Lys-deficient practical diet and elicited results identical to the Lys-adequate PC diet with no negative clinical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susann Richert
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Nutrition & Care, Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | | | | | - Ryan N Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, USA.
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Saadatmand N, Toghyani M, Gheisari A. Effects of dietary fiber and threonine on performance, intestinal morphology and immune responses in broiler chickens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5:248-255. [PMID: 31528726 PMCID: PMC6739262 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of fiber and threonine (Thr) on growth performance, intestinal morphology and immune responses of broiler chickens. A total of 420 one-day-old mixed sex broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly divided into 6 experimental diets and 5 replicates of 14 chicks based on a factorial arrangement (2 × 3) from 1 to 42 d of age. Experimental factors included dietary supplemental fiber type (no supplemental fiber [NSF], 30 g/kg sugar beet pulp [SBP] or 30 g/kg rice hull [RH]) and Thr inclusion level (100% or 110% of Thr requirement recommended by breeder company [Ross 308]). Growth performance of broilers was assayed at different periods of the experiment. Intestinal morphometric features were measured at 21 d of age. Antibody titer against sheep red blood cells (SRBC), Newcastle and influenza disease viruses were measured on d 30 of trial. Dietary inclusion of SBP and RH significantly decreased feed intake and weight gain during the entire rearing period (P < 0.05). Interaction of fiber and Thr had no beneficial effects on the performance of chickens across the entire rearing phase. Dietary supplementation of 110% Thr required level improved jejunal morphometric features (P < 0.05), whereas its inclusion with fibrous materials failed to show the same effects. Dietary supplemental Thr together with SBP significantly increased antibody production against SRBC (P < 0.05). In conclusion, although supplemental 30 g/kg fibrous materials impaired growth performance, inclusion of SBP along with 110% Thr level improved the humoral immunity in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Saadatmand
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, 81595-158, Iran
| | - Majid Toghyani
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, 81595-158, Iran
| | - Abasali Gheisari
- Animal Science Research Department, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education & Extension Organization (AREEO), Isfahan, 81785-199, Iran
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Abstract
Abstract
Threonine (Thr) is the third limiting essential amino acid after methionine and lysine in cornsoybean based diets of broilers. Dietary imbalance of Thr, therefore, results in a poor growth performance in broilers. This review summarizes literature data on the known effects of dietary levels of Thr on growth performance, gut morphology, immunity and carcass characteristics in broilers. Due to continuous improvement in genetic potential and management practices for poultry production, dietary Thr requirements are changing. A number of studies have shown that supplementation of Thr in broiler diet at a higher level than the current NRC recommendation (0.74-0.81%), increases body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and improves gut morphology, carcass quality and immune status, mainly by enhancing the functional capability of digestive system and immune organs (spleen, bursa, and thymus). According to the literature data discussed in this review, the minimal and maximal total dietary Thr levels for healthy birds reared in normal conditions were 0.67 and 0.90% for growth performance, 0.77 and 1.1% for a better gut health, 0.60 and 1.02% for immunity and 0.62 and 0.97% for better carcass characteristics. This background provides impetus to further investigate the exact level of Thr and its effects on growth performance, gut morphology, immunity and carcass characteristics in broilers.
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Shahir MH, Rahimi R, Taheri HR, Heidariniya A, Baradaran N, Asadi Kermani Z. Effect of protein source and protease addition on performance, blood metabolites and nutrient digestibility of turkeys fed on low-protein diets from 28 to 55 d post hatch. Br Poult Sci 2016; 57:390-6. [PMID: 27074290 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2016.1172202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a monocomponent protease and dietary inclusion of canola meal (CM) and poultry by-product meal (PBM) on growth performance, carcass characteristics and blood metabolites of turkeys fed on low crude protein (CP) diets from 28 to 55 d post hatch. Experimental treatments included control, maize-soybean meal diet including 258.3 g/kg CP; negative control 1 (NC1), maize-soybean meal diet with reduced CP (232.4 g/kg); NC2, control diet (CP, 258.3 g/kg) including CM (80 g/kg) and PBM (80 g/kg); NC3, maize-soybean meal diet with reduced CP (232.4 g/kg) including CM (80 g/kg) and PBM (80 g/kg). Also, the NC1 + P and NC3 + P diets were created by addition of protease enzyme (30 000 units/kg of diet) to the NC1 and NC3 diets, respectively. The NC3 group had lower body weight gain (BWG) compared to those fed on the control diet, and no improvement with enzyme addition (NC3 + P) was achieved. The protease addition to the NC1 diet (NC1 + P) improved BWG to the level of the control diet. The NC1 group had higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the control and NC3 + P, but protease addition to the NC1 diet improved FCR. Protease addition to the low CP diets resulted in higher nitrogen (N) retention than in the control and NC2 groups. Also, the NC1 + P and NC3 + P diets increased apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of CP compared to the control group. It was concluded that addition of CM (up to 80 g/kg) and PBM (up to 80 g/kg) to turkey diets had no negative effect on growth performance from 28 to 55 d of age. The NC1 + P group achieved the BWG of the control group which was partially due to increases in N retention and AID of CP, but the NC3 + P group failed to recover the growth losses. This difference implies that the efficacy of the protease may depend upon the protein source in the ration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Shahir
- a Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture , University of Zanjan , Zanjan , Iran
| | - R Rahimi
- a Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture , University of Zanjan , Zanjan , Iran
| | - H R Taheri
- a Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture , University of Zanjan , Zanjan , Iran
| | - A Heidariniya
- a Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture , University of Zanjan , Zanjan , Iran
| | - N Baradaran
- a Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture , University of Zanjan , Zanjan , Iran
| | - Z Asadi Kermani
- a Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture , University of Zanjan , Zanjan , Iran
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Tanure CBGS, Santos JS, Oliveira EM, Laboissiere M, Racanicci AMC, Mc Manus CM, Café MB, Stringhini JH. Digestible Threonine Levels in the Starter Diet of Broilers Derived from Breeders of Different Ages. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1516-635xspecialissuenutrition-poultryfeedingadditives031-038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - JS Santos
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - CM Mc Manus
- Universidade de Brasília, Brazil; CNPq, Brazil
| | - MB Café
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil; CNPq, Brazil
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Effects of acidified drinking water on performance, carcass, immune response, jejunum morphology, and microbiota activity of broiler chickens fed diets containing graded levels of threonine. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Cardoso AS, Costa FGP, Ramalho de Lima M, Nogueira ET, Santos CS, Barboza de Sousa R, Lima RC, Vieira DVG. Nutritional requirement of digestible threonine for white egg layers of 60 to 76 weeks of age. J APPL POULTRY RES 2014. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2014-01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Zhang Z, Kim I. The response in growth performance, relative organ weight, blood profiles, and meat quality to dietary threonine: lysine ratio in broilers. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2013.824890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ziaei N, Guy J, Edwards S, Blanchard P, Ward J, Feuerstein D. Effect of Gender on Factors Affecting Excreta Dry Matter Content of Broiler Chickens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2007. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/16.2.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Thornton SA, Corzo A, Pharr GT, Dozier Iii WA, Miles DM, Kidd MT. Valine requirements for immune and growth responses in broilers from 3 to 6 weeks of age. Br Poult Sci 2006; 47:190-9. [PMID: 16641030 DOI: 10.1080/00071660600610989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Four experiments were conducted to evaluate valine (Val) requirements in Ross 508 broilers from 3 to 6 weeks of age. Common diets were fed to broilers until 3 weeks of age. Growth and carcass measurements were taken in all experiments. Immune responsiveness measurements were taken in Experiments 1 and 2. Birds given 7.2 g Val/kg of diet in Experiment 1 had more abdominal fat than birds given 8.2 g Val/kg of diet, but there were no differences in growth or other carcass measurements. Because growth performance was not reduced in birds given 7.2 g Val/kg of diet, Val concentration was reduced to 6.4 g Val/kg of diet in Experiments 2 and 3. Increasing Val from 6.4 to 8.7 g Val/kg of diet resulted in linear increases for BW gain, feed efficiency and Val intake in male birds, and Val intake in female birds. Quadratic responses to increasing dietary Val were not observed in any experiment. There were no effects of Val on innate or adaptive immunity. A nonessential amino acid mixture containing the same nitrogen content as the L-Val additions in Experiment 4 was added and tends to support the idea that the responses to Val were specific and not due to increases in total nitrogen. Dose responses to Val resulted in male, but not female, birds given 7.3 g Val/kg of diet having improved BW gain and feed efficiency compared with birds receiving 6.4 g Val/kg of diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Thornton
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
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Corzo A, Fritts C, Kidd M, Kerr B. Response of broiler chicks to essential and non-essential amino acid supplementation of low crude protein diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kidd M, Barber S, Virden W, Dozier W, Chamblee D, Wiernusz C. Threonine Responses of Cobb Male Finishing Broilers in Differing Environmental Conditions. J APPL POULTRY RES 2003. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/12.2.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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