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Chaves-Hernández AJ, Barquero-Calvo E, Quesada-Vasquez D, Chacón-Díaz C. Comamonas testosteroni as the cause of mortality in embryonated chicken eggs of breeding broiler hens in Costa Rica. Avian Pathol 2024; 53:124-133. [PMID: 38126360 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2023.2289587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Mortality of chicken embryos and first-week chickens was reported in a commercial incubator company in Costa Rica. Six 1-day-old Cobb chickens and twenty-four embryonated chicken eggs were examined in the Laboratory of Avian Pathology and the Laboratory of Bacteriology of the National University of Costa Rica. Twelve dead-in-shell embryos showed maceration and were immersed in a putrid, turbid, slightly thick brown liquid. Additionally, the other 12 embryonated eggs had milky yellow-orange content. The livers of those embryos had congestion, haemorrhages and multifocal cream foci of necrosis. Granulocytic infiltration was observed in the bursa of Fabricius, myocardium, liver, lung and kidney. Livers and egg yolks from six embryonated chickens and all 1-day-old chickens were aseptically collected and cultured. In addition, tissues from six better conserved embryos and all 1-day-old chickens were fixed in buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. Biochemical and molecular tests identified Comamonas testosteroni as the cause of the early, middle and late embryo mortality. As all the eggshells from the sampled embryonated eggs were dirty with soiled a fecal matter, contamination after manipulating the eggs was considered the source of infection. C. testosteroni is an environmental microorganism that has rarely been reported to cause human disease. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. testosteroni causing mortality in a hatchery. Cleaning and disinfection using ozone were implemented in the hatchery to eliminate the embryo mortality associated with C. testosteroni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida J Chaves-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Patología Aviar, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Elías Barquero-Calvo
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Dioney Quesada-Vasquez
- Laboratorio de Patología Aviar, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Carlos Chacón-Díaz
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad Microbiología, Universidad Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Branco J, Dallago B, Bernal F. Efficiency of ultraviolet light for disinfection of fertile broiler eggs. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ultraviolet light in reducing bacterial load of eggshells and the impact of experimental disinfection on hatching, embryo mortality, and time-borne distribution using broiler breeder hens of different ages (38, 42, and 48 weeks old). Fertile eggs were subjected to different exposure periods (5, 7, and 9 minutes) of UV light (UV-C) with a 254 nm wavelength. For controls, eggs disinfected with paraformaldehyde (5.3 g/m3) and eggs not disinfected (NC). After subjection to disinfection protocols, the eggs were placed into sterile plastic bags containing 20 mL of peptone saline solution (0.1% m:v) and massaged for 1 minute to release the bacterial load. Aliquots of this solution were incubated in specific medium for bacterial growth for 48 hours at 37ºC for subsequent CFU counts. To evaluate the effects of disinfection on production, eggs previously disinfected by UV-C (9 min) and paraformaldehyde and NC eggs were candled between incubation days 10 and 13 and at the end of the incubation period to assess embryonic mortality. Hatchability distribution was performed every 8 hours. The 9 minutes 254nm UV-C light exposure was able to disinfect viable eggs and matched the effectiveness of the paraformaldehyde technique.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B.S.L. Dallago
- Universidade de Brasília, Brazil; Universidade de Brasília, Brazil
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Oliveira GDS, dos Santos VM, Nascimento ST. Essential oils as sanitisers for hatching eggs. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2021.1959276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. D. S. Oliveira
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine (FAV), University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - V. M. dos Santos
- Laboratory of Poultry Science, Federal Institute of Brasília - Campus Planaltina, Brasília, Brazil
| | - S. T. Nascimento
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine (FAV), University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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He Z, Chen X, Shi X, Li X, Li C, Li J, Xu G, Yang N, Zheng J. Acetic acid, vinegar, and citric acid as washing materials for cuticle removal to improve hatching performance of quail eggs. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3865-3876. [PMID: 32731973 PMCID: PMC7597931 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cuticle is the outmost layer of the eggshell and may affect the hatchability by modulating eggshell conductance. Three different solutions using acetic acid (AA), vinegar (V), and citric acid (CA) for cuticle removal by egg washing were developed, and the effects of cuticle removal on hatching performance of quail hatching eggs were evaluated. A total of 5,238 fresh quail hatching eggs were randomly divided into 9 treatments as follows: unwashed control, nondipped (CND); washed control, water dipped (CWD); standard control, 0.13% sodium hyperchlorite (CSH); 2% AA (AA2); 4% AA (AA4); 44.4% V (V2); 88.8% V (V4); 2% CA (CA2); and 4% CA (CA4). Overall, AA4, V4, and CA4 treatments significantly improved the hatchability of fertile eggs (95.42%, 94.16% and 95.66%, respectively) (P < 0.05) and the hatchability of CND, CWD, CSH, AA2, V2 and CA2 treatments were 90.98%, 93.00%, 92.27%, 79.44%, 90.37%, and 90.59%, respectively. The eggshell thickness and cuticle quality results showed that all AA, V, and CA solutions can effectively remove the quail eggshell cuticle, and AA4, V4 and CA4 significantly decreased eggshell thickness (P < 0.05). Microbial activity on the eggshell surface in all acid treatments was reduced significantly at day 0 of incubation (P < 0.05) and that significantly decreased than controlled treatments over the incubation period except AA2 treatment. Egg weight loss was lower for all acid treatments than that of the CND treatment (P < 0.05). There was no clear effect of treatments on chick quality. Hatch time in AA4, V4, and CA4 treatments slightly improved compared with controlled treatments (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences between treatments for chick livability and live weight at the first 21 D of life. Results of the present study indicate that cuticle removal with AA4, V4, or CA4 could effectively decrease the microbial activity on the eggshell surface during the incubation period and improve hatchability of quail hatching eggs without negative effects on hatch time and performance of quail chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxiang He
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xia Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuefeng Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xianyu Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chengfeng Li
- Hu Bei Shendan Healthy Food Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430206, Hubei Province, China
| | - Junying Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guiyun Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ning Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiangxia Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Oliveira GDS, Dos Santos VM, Nascimento ST, Rodrigues JC. Alternative sanitizers to paraformaldehyde for incubation of fertile eggs. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2001-2006. [PMID: 32241483 PMCID: PMC7587769 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate an ethanolic extract of propolis and clove essential oil as a substitute for paraformaldehyde for the sanitation of fertile eggs. In total, 1,800 hatching eggs (from 40-week-old CPK [Pesadão Vermelho] breeder hens) were randomly distributed among the treatments (grain alcohol, clove essential oil, ethanolic extract of propolis, and paraformaldehyde). Spraying was the application method for all treatments except for paraformaldehyde, for which fumigation was used. The experimental design was a randomized block design with 4 treatments. Analysis of the incubation parameters was based on 6 replications per treatment. The egg weight loss was lower in the eggs treated with ethanolic extract of propolis (8.59 ± 3.34%) than in the eggs treated with grain alcohol (13.40 ± 2.87%), clove essential oil (12.96 ± 3.33%), and paraformaldehyde (13.05 ± 3.24%). The hatchability of the fertile eggs (51.39 ± 5.81%) and the hatchability of the set eggs (44.74 ± 6.79%) were negatively affected by the application of ethanolic extract of propolis. Late mortality of eggs treated was higher than early mortality in the grain alcohol (12.14 ± 4.72%; 2.86 ± 3.30%), clove essential oil (4.60 ± 5.95%; 3.03 ± 3.50%), and ethanolic extract of propolis (36.63 ± 6.60%, 11.98 ± 4.30%) treatments. The eggs treated with clove essential oil (67.90 ± 1.87%), paraformaldehyde (67.80 ± 1.85%), or grain alcohol (67.50 ± 1.92%) presented chick yields as expected. However, due to the high yield of eggs treated with ethanolic extract of propolis (69.25 ± 1.68%), its application at the concentration used in the present research is not recommended. Clove essential oil, when sprayed on fertile eggs as a sanitizing agent, did not differ from paraformaldehyde in relation to hatchery performance parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel da S Oliveira
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary (FAV), University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Vinícius M Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Poultry Science, Federal Institute of Brasília - Campus Planaltina, Brasília 73.380-900, DF, Brazil.
| | - Sheila T Nascimento
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary (FAV), University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Jullyana C Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Poultry Science, Federal Institute of Brasília - Campus Planaltina, Brasília 73.380-900, DF, Brazil
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Ricke SC, Richardson K, Dittoe DK. Formaldehydes in Feed and Their Potential Interaction With the Poultry Gastrointestinal Tract Microbial Community-A Review. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:188. [PMID: 31249838 PMCID: PMC6584747 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As antibiotics continue to be phased out of livestock production, alternative feed amendments have received increased interest not only from a research standpoint but for commercial application. Most of the emphasis to date has focused on food safety aspects, particularly on lowering the incidence of foodborne pathogens in livestock. Several candidates are currently either being examined or are already being implemented in commercial settings. Among these candidates are chemical compounds such as formaldehyde. Formaldehyde has historically been used to inhibit Salmonella in feeds during feed processing. Currently, there are several commercial products available for this purpose. This review will cover both the historical background, current research, and prospects for further research on the poultry gastrointestinal tract and feeds treated with formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C. Ricke
- Department of Food Science, Center of Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | | | - Dana K. Dittoe
- Department of Food Science, Center of Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Hygiene and biosecurity protocols reduce infection prevalence but do not improve fledging success in an endangered parrot. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4779. [PMID: 30886308 PMCID: PMC6423005 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41323-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs) are recognised as global extinction drivers of threatened species. Unfortunately, biodiversity managers have few tested solutions to manage them when often the desperate need for solutions necessitates a response. Here we test in situ biosecurity protocols to assess the efficacy of managing Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD), one of the most common and emergent viral diseases in wild parrots (Psittaciformes) that is currently affecting numerous threatened species globally. In response to an outbreak of PBFD in Mauritius “echo” parakeets (Psittacula eques), managers implemented a set of biosecurity protocols to limit transmission and impact of Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV). Here we used a reciprocal design experiment on the wild population to test whether BFDV management reduced viral prevalence and viral load, and improved nestling body condition and fledge success. Whilst management reduced the probability of nestling infection by approximately 11% there was no observed impact on BFDV load and nestling body condition. In contrast to expectations there was lower fledge success in nests with added BFDV biosecurity (83% in untreated vs. 79% in treated nests). Our results clearly illustrate that management for wildlife conservation should be critically evaluated through targeted monitoring and experimental manipulation, and this evaluation should always focus on the fundamental objective of conservation.
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8
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Gottselig SM, Dunn-Horrocks SL, Woodring KS, Coufal CD, Duong T. Advanced oxidation process sanitization of eggshell surfaces. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1356-62. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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9
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Buhr R, Spickler J, Ritter A, Bourassa D, Cox N, Richardson L, Wilson J. Efficacy of combination chemicals as sanitizers of Salmonella-inoculated broiler hatching eggshells. J APPL POULTRY RES 2013. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2012-00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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10
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Fuhrmann H, Rupp N, Büchner A, Braun P. The effect of gaseous ozone treatment on egg components. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:593-598. [PMID: 20355086 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.3853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of the salmonella problem in poultry, disinfection technologies are necessary. Ozone is a strong oxidant used for the disinfection of surfaces, drinking water and foods. However, since ozone not only destroys bacteria but may also damage eggs, it is necessary to clarify the effects of ozone treatment on hatching egg components. In this study, doses of gaseous ozone ranging from 10 to 50 mL L(-1) were tested. The vitamin A and E contents and fatty acid composition of the egg yolk were determined. To detect possible damage to the DNA of the germ disc, single-cell gel electrophoresis was used. Moreover, free SH groups were measured in the egg white. The soluble cuticula proteins were analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. RESULTS The yolk was not significantly affected by ozone treatment. However, the DNA of the germ disc was attacked and a significant decrease in free SH groups in the egg white was recorded at 50 mL L(-1) ozone. Even at low ozone doses the soluble cuticula proteins were completely destroyed. CONCLUSION Significant alterations of egg components were caused by 50 mL L(-1) ozone. At lower ozone doses the oxidative processes occurred mainly at the egg surface and are therefore probably harmless to the developing embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Fuhrmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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11
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Walker SE, Sander JE. Effect of BioSentry 904 and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-tris disinfecting during incubation of chicken eggs on microbial levels and productivity of poultry. Avian Dis 2004; 48:238-43. [PMID: 15283410 DOI: 10.1637/7049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Proper sanitation practices and the use of efficacious disinfectants in a hatchery have an effect on chick quality. Aerosol bacterial counts, egg moisture loss, hatchability, chick quality, and broiler productivity were evaluated when egg surfaces were contaminated by immersion of each egg into a broth medium containing a field isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and incubated with exposure to one of three disinfectant treatments administered by fine spray: distilled water, BioSentry 904 (904), and a 1:1 ratio of 904 and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-Tris. The aerosol bacteria levels were statistically greater on day 21 of incubation in the group treated with distilled water than in those receiving disinfectants. Overall hatch of fertile eggs and egg moisture loss were comparable among all three treatments. At 1 day of age, the chicks incubated with 904 had a statistically lower yolk sac contamination rate than those incubated with 904+EDTA-Tris or distilled water. The 2-wk mortality rates, body weights, feed conversion ratios, yolk sac weights, and yolk sac contamination rates were all similar among the three treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Walker
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Bailey J, Cox N, Berrang M. Bactericidal Treatment of Hatching Eggs III: Effect of Organic Contaminants on Efficacy of Egg Sanitizers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2001. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/10.2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Knape KD, Carey JB, Ricke SC. Response of foodborne Salmonella spp. marker strains inoculated on egg shell surfaces to disinfectants in a commercial egg washer. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2001; 36:219-227. [PMID: 11409500 DOI: 10.1081/pfc-100103745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of an iodine based disinfectant (IBD, Iocide, Biomedical Development Corporation, San Antonio, TX) on Salmonella enteritidis and S. typhimurium inoculated on egg shell surfaces under simulated industry egg processing conditions with a commercial egg washer used as the sanitizer delivery system. Re-circulated egg washer water containing 1.40-2.85 g/l total dissolved solids was obtained from a commercial egg processing. Sanitizing treatments consisted of distilled deionized water (DDW), IBD, and chlorine (CL; 200 ppm). All treatments (DDW, IBD and CL) significantly (p < 0.05) decreased Salmonella spp. populations on the shell compared to dry (no spray) egg controls. However, efficacy of egg sanitizers appeared to be dependent on the level of total dissolved solids in the egg wash water.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Knape
- Poultry Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-2472, USA
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Berrang M, Cox N, Frank J, Burh R, Bailey J. Hatching Egg Sanitization for Prevention or Reduction of Human Enteropathogens: A Review. J APPL POULTRY RES 2000. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/9.2.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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KNAPE K, CAREY J, BURGESS R, KWON Y, RICKE S. COMPARISON OF CHLORINE WITH AN IODINE-BASED COMPOUND ON EGGSHELL SURFACE MICROBIAL POPULATIONS IN A COMMERCIAL EGG WASHER. J Food Saf 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.1999.tb00244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Cox N, Berrang M, Buhr R, Bailey J. Bactericidal Treatment of Hatching Eggs II. Use of Chemical Disinfectants with Vacuum to Reduce Salmonella. J APPL POULTRY RES 1999. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/8.3.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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McKEE S, KWON Y, CAREY J, SAMS A, RICKE S. COMPARISON OF A PEROXIDASE-CATALYZED SANITIZER WITH OTHER EGG SANITIZERS USING A LABORATORY-SCALE SPRAYER. J Food Saf 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.1998.tb00212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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KWON Y, KRIEG D, KUO FL, CAREY J, RICKE S. BIOCIDAL ACTIVITY OF A PEROXIDASE-CATALYZED SANITIZER AGAINST SELECTED BACTERIA ON INERT CARRIERS AND EGG SHELLS. J Food Saf 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.1997.tb00165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Scott TA, Mackenzie CJ. Incidence and classification of early embryonic mortality in broiler breeder chickens. Br Poult Sci 1993; 34:459-70. [PMID: 8358633 DOI: 10.1080/00071669308417601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
1. Unusually high early embryonic mortality (EEM) was observed in hatching eggs from broiler compared with white or brown table-egg breeders in Atlantic Canada. Broiler breeder EEM in Atlantic Canada was twice the EEM in broiler breeders from other areas of North America. 2. Comparisons of holding temperatures (18 and 30 degrees C) for 24 h after egg collection, in combination with a storage time of 0 or 7 d at 18 degrees C prior to incubation, were made using the criteria: embryo development (stage), and size at 0, 3, 6 and 9 d incubation, EEM, late embryonic mortality (LEM) and hatchability (HAT). 3. Stage of development of embryos, at 0 d incubation, was highest for eggs held for 24 h at 30 degrees C and stored for 7 d. Embryo stage, weight and length at 3, 6 and 9 d incubation were positively correlated. 4. Hatchability of fertile eggs was lowest (66.5%) for eggs held for 24 h at 30 degrees C and stored for 7 d and highest (87.2%) for eggs held for 24 h at 18 degrees C and stored for 0 d. Holding temperature and storage time significantly influenced EEM and LEM. 5. EEM classification differed for strain of breeder. In broiler breeders the majority of the EEM was at a relatively late stage of development (exhibiting an obvious blood ring with a visible embryo). In comparison, EEM from table egg breeders was distributed equally among three categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Scott
- Agriculture Canada Research Station, Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada
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20
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Scott TA, Swetnam C. Screening Sanitizing Agents and Methods of Application for Hatching Eggs II. Effectiveness Against Microorganisms on the Egg Shell. J APPL POULTRY RES 1993. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/2.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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21
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The Effect of UV-Light and Air Filtering System on Embryo Viability and Microorganism Load on the Egg Shell. J APPL POULTRY RES 1993. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/2.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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