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Wongwaipisitkul N, Chanpanitkit Y, Vaewburt N, Phattarathianchai P, Tummaruk P. Factors associated with farrowing assistance in hyperprolific sows. Anim Biosci 2024; 37:39-49. [PMID: 37654166 PMCID: PMC10766455 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was performed to determine risk factors associated with the frequency of farrowing assistance in hyperprolific sows in a tropical environment and to investigate the impacts of farrowing assistance on piglet colostrum consumption and sow colostrum yield. METHODS Farrowing data from 352 Landrace×Yorkshire crossbred sows and 5,554 piglets in five commercial swine herds in Thailand were investigated. The sows were classified according to parity numbers: 1 (n = 72), 2 to 4 (n = 128), 5 to 6 (n = 84), and ≥7 (n = 68) and the total number of piglets born per litter (TB): 10 to 13 (n = 90), 14 to 16 (n = 117), and ≥17 (n = 145). The incidence of farrowing assistance and associated parameters were investigated. RESULTS The TB and farrowing duration averaged 15.8±0.2 and 279.9±11.2 min, respectively. The percentage of sows that required farrowing assistance was 29.8% and varied among herds from 5.7% to 53.3% (p<0.001). The percentage of piglets born after birth assistance using manual intervention was 8.4%. Sows with parity numbers 1 and 2 to 4 had a lower frequency of farrowing assistance than sows with parity numbers ≥7 (p<0.01). The colostrum yield of sows that required farrowing assistance did not differ from sows that farrowed without assistance (5.3±0.2 and 5.1±0.1 kg; p = 0.288); however, the colostrum consumption of piglets born from sows that required farrowing assistance was lower than those born from sows that farrowed without assistance (302.2±15.7 and 354.2±5.6 g; p<0.001). Blood oxygen saturation of the piglets born after birth assistance tended to be lower than the piglets that farrowed without birth assistance (87.8%±1.3% vs 90.4%±0.4%; p = 0.054). CONCLUSION The frequency of farrowing assistance in sows varied among herds and was influenced by parity number. The piglets born after receiving birth assistance should receive special care to improve their blood oxygen saturation and enhance colostrum intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Napatsawan Wongwaipisitkul
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology, and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330,
Thailand
| | - Yanwarut Chanpanitkit
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology, and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330,
Thailand
| | - Natthacha Vaewburt
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology, and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330,
Thailand
| | - Piyakorn Phattarathianchai
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology, and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330,
Thailand
| | - Padet Tummaruk
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology, and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330,
Thailand
- Centre of Excellence in Swine Reproduction, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330,
Thailand
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Vodolazska D, Feyera T, Lauridsen C. The impact of birth weight, birth order, birth asphyxia, and colostrum intake per se on growth and immunity of the suckling piglets. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8057. [PMID: 37198433 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35277-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Colostrum is the only source of passive immunity and the major source of nutrients and is crucial for thermoregulation of newborn piglets in their early life. However, the amount of colostrum obtained by each piglet [colostrum intake (CI)] differs considerably in large litters as born by contemporary hyperprolific sow lines. This experiment aimed to investigate the impact of the following individual characteristics of piglets; birth weight, birth order and neonatal asphyxia at birth on CI, and further to determine the relationship between the CI and the passive immunity transfer, and the growth performance of piglets prior to weaning. Twenty-four Danbred sows of the second-parity and their progeny (n = 460) were used. As main inputs in the prediction model to assess individual piglet CI were piglet birth weight, their weight gain, and the duration of colostrum suckling of the piglets. The asphyxia (state of oxygen deprivation) was assessed by measuring blood lactate concentration immediately after birth, and piglets sampled at d 3 of age for determination of blood plasma concentrations of immunoglobulins (Ig) G, A, and M. Piglets' CI was negatively associated with asphyxia (P = 0.003), birth order (P = 0.005) and low birth weight have compromised the individual CI (P < 0.001). Average daily gain during the suckling period was greater among piglets with high CI (P = 0.001) and birth weight (P < 0.001). Body weight at weaning (d 24 of age) was positively associated with CI (P = 0.0004) and birth weight (P < 0.001). The probability of weaning was positively associated with CI and birth weight (P < 0.001) of the piglets. Concentrations of IgG (P = 0.02), IgA (P = 0.0007), and IgM (P = 0.04) in piglets' plasma at d 3 of age were positively associated with CI, and were negatively associated with birth order (P < 0.001). The present study demonstrated that piglets' individual characteristics at birth (birth weight, birth order, state of oxygen deprivation) have considerable effects on their CI. The knowledge gained from the results of this study gives a scientific base for development and implementation of more effective techniques in practice aimed to improve the piglets' robustness during the suckling period.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vodolazska
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark.
| | - T Feyera
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - C Lauridsen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
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Quesnel H, Resmond R, Merlot E, Père MC, Gondret F, Louveau I. Physiological traits of newborn piglets associated with colostrum intake, neonatal survival and preweaning growth. Animal 2023; 17:100843. [PMID: 37263133 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Colostrum intake, which is critical for piglet survival after birth and growth up to weaning, greatly depends on piglet weight and vitality at birth. Our aim was to identify a set of biological variables explaining individual variations in colostrum intake, preweaning growth and risk of dying. Farrowing traits, morphological traits and colostrum intake were determined for 504 piglets born alive from 37 Landrace × Large White sows. A subset of 203 of these piglets was used to measure plasma neonatal concentrations of metabolites and hormones in blood collected from the umbilical cord at birth. From univariate analyses, we established that colostrum intake was positively associated with plasma neonatal concentrations of IGF-I, albumin, thyroid hormones (P < 0.001), and non-esterified fatty acids (P < 0.05), and was negatively associated with concentrations of lactate (P < 0.001). In a multivariable analysis, the variables explaining the variation in colostrum intake were piglet birth weight and rectal temperature 1 h after birth (positive effect, P < 0.001), time of birth after the onset of parturition, and fructose plasma concentrations at birth (negative effects, P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). Piglets that died within 3 days after birth had lower neonatal concentrations of albumin (P < 0.001), IGF-I and thyroxine (P < 0.01) than surviving piglets. Preweaning growth was positively associated with neonatal concentrations of IGF-I, thyroxine (P < 0.001), albumin and insulin (P < 0.05). Cortisol and glucose concentrations at birth were not related to colostrum intake, neonatal survival or preweaning growth. Multivariable analyses confirmed that colostrum intake was the predominant factor influencing piglet survival within 3 days after birth and preweaning growth. These results provide physiological indicators of piglet colostrum intake, besides birth weight. They also confirm the impact of time of birth during farrowing on colostrum intake and the crucial importance of physiological maturity at birth for postnatal adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Quesnel
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint Gilles, France.
| | - R Resmond
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint Gilles, France
| | - E Merlot
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint Gilles, France
| | - M-C Père
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint Gilles, France
| | - F Gondret
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint Gilles, France
| | - I Louveau
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint Gilles, France
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Uddin MK, Hasan S, Peltoniemi O, Oliviero C. The effect of piglet vitality, birth order, and blood lactate on the piglet growth performances and preweaning survival. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:52. [PMID: 36564789 PMCID: PMC9789625 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00299-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Litter size is going up in modern pig production. Due to large litter size and increased farrowing duration, newborn piglets, during parturition, can suffer from asphyxiation. This alters their blood energy parameters and can contribute to their reduced vitality at birth, which is detrimental to their growth performance and survival. We aimed to evaluate the effects of vitality score, piglets' umbilical cord blood lactate, glucose, and butyrate, and birth order on growth performance and the preweaning mortality of piglets. RESULTS The more vital (vitality score 2, VS2) piglets had higher umbilical cord blood glucose and butyrate, lower blood lactate, and higher colostrum intake (CI) at birth, and showed higher body weight at birth and at weaning than did less vital piglets (vitality score 1, VS1). Umbilical cord lactate negatively correlated with vitality, colostrum intake, and growth before weaning. Among the four birth-order groups (BOGs), piglets born earlier during parturition had a higher mean vitality score than those born later. BOG1 and BOG2 had significantly higher CI (p < 0.05) than BOG3 and BOG4. CONCLUSION Changes in piglets' body weight, colostrum intake, and umbilical cord lactate are associated with piglet vitality and asphyxiation during farrowing. In addition, asphyxiation induced higher umbilical cord lactate may serve as an indicator of low vitality and low colostrum consumption. Overall, improvement in piglets' vitality and in the farrowing process can help in reducing piglet mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Karim Uddin
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shah Hasan
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Peltoniemi
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Claudio Oliviero
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Diehl B, Oster M, Vernunft A, Wimmers K, Bostedt H. Intrinsic challenges of neonatal adaptation in swine. Arch Anim Breed 2022; 65:427-438. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-65-427-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. The losses of piglets in commercial pig farming remain at
concerning levels and need to be addressed through the implementation of new
sustainable breeding and management strategies. In fact, piglets are
especially at risk in the first days of life. Both genetics and the
farrowing process have been shown to impact piglet vitality. In addition,
knowledge of the animal-intrinsic responses in adapting to extra-uterine
life is particularly important but is scarcely described in the scientific
literature. In this review, the three phases that constitute neonatal
adaptation in the pig are systematically presented. The first phase of early
adaptation involves primarily the development of cardiorespiratory function
(within the first 10 min of life) as well as thermoregulatory processes
and acid–base balance (up to 24 h of life). In the second phase,
homeostasis is established, and organ maturation takes place (up to 14 d
post natum). The final third phase aims at the development of neurological,
immunological and muscular features (up to 28 d of life). The involvement
of aggravating and ameliorating factors such as dystocia, low colostrum
yield and heat supply is key to the development of strategies to reduce
piglet losses and increase vitality. The insights are of particular value in
addressing current concerns in pig farming and to further improve animal
welfare in pig production across different management types.
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Vongsariyavanich S, Sundaraketu P, Sakulsirajit R, Suriyapornchaikul C, Therarachatamongkol S, Boonraungrod N, Pearodwong P, Tummaruk P. Effect of carbetocin administration during the mid-period of parturition on farrowing duration, newborn piglet characteristics, colostrum yield and milk yield in hyperprolific sows. Theriogenology 2021; 172:150-159. [PMID: 34174753 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Control of the farrowing process is crucial to reduce the risk of post-parturient disorders in sows and newborn piglet mortality. Carbetocin is a long-acting oxytocin-like compound that has been introduced to domestic animal obstetrics. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the effects of carbetocin administration during the mid-period of parturition on farrowing duration as well as colostrum and milk production and its side effects on neonatal piglet characteristics in hyperprolific sows. The study included 89 Landrace x Yorkshire crossbred sows and 1534 piglets. Sows were randomly distributed into two groups: CONTROL (n = 46), where sows were allowed to farrow naturally, and TREATMENT (n = 43), where sows were administered 0.5 μg/kg carbetocin intramuscularly after the birth of the 7th piglet. In each litter, the piglets were classified into two groups according to birth order: 1-7 and ≥8. The colostrum yield of sows and the colostrum intake of each individual piglet were calculated. Litter weight gain of the piglets from 3 to 5 days of lactation was used to estimate milk yield. Farrowing duration tended to be reduced from 338.4 ± 35.2 min in the CONTROL group to 255.3 ± 36.4 min in the TREATMENT group (P = 0.105). However, the colostrum yield in the TREATMENT group was lower than that in the CONTROL group (3828 ± 149 and 3041 ± 158 g, respectively, P < 0.001). Nevertheless, milk yield during 3-5 days of lactation in the TREATMENT group did not differ significantly compared to that in the CONTROL group (7.53 ± 0.01 and 7.54 ± 0.01 kg/day, respectively, P = 0.643). The incidence of stillbirths in the TREATMENT group was not significantly different from that in the CONTROL group (8.3 and 7.4%, respectively, P = 0.944). However, the incidence of piglets born with umbilical cord rupture in the TREATMENT group with birth order ≥8 was higher than that in the CONTROL group in the same birth order (16.6 and 5.7%, P < 0.001). Across groups, colostrum intake of piglets born with birth order ≥8 was lower than that of piglets born in the birth orders 1-7 (187.4 ± 8.7 and 241.5 ± 9.0 g, P < 0.001). Interestingly, the colostrum intake of piglets with birth orders 1-7 in the TREATMENT group was also lower than that of piglets with the same birth order in the CONTROL group (214.9 ± 12.9 and 268.1 ± 12.5 g, respectively, P = 0.003). Colostrum intake was lowest in the piglets with birth order ≥8 in the TREATMENT group (159.6 ± 12.3, P < 0.001). Carbetocin administration after the birth of the 7th piglet reduced the birth interval of piglets but increased the incidence of piglets born with umbilical rupture and reduced colostrum intake. Therefore, colostrum supplementation and care of the newborn piglets immediately after birth are strongly recommended after carbetocin administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suphannarat Vongsariyavanich
- Swine Reproduction Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Piracha Sundaraketu
- Swine Reproduction Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Run Sakulsirajit
- Swine Reproduction Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chakorn Suriyapornchaikul
- Swine Reproduction Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Naritsara Boonraungrod
- CEVA Animal Health (Thailand) Ltd., Sri-Ayudhaya Rd., Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pachara Pearodwong
- School of Agricultural Resources, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Padet Tummaruk
- Swine Reproduction Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Mills KM, Shirley LK, Sharp K, Garcia R, Suarez-Trujillo A, Stewart KR. Effects of induction on the farrowing process and piglet blood parameters at the time of farrowing. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab032. [PMID: 33997654 PMCID: PMC8112119 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, sows have been induced to farrow using prostaglandin followed by an injection of oxytocin 24 h later. Benefits of induction can include decreased rate of stillbirths, dystocia, and postnatal mortality along with increasing the likelihood of farrowings being attended. Several studies have indicated that oxytocin administration may negatively impact fetal oxygen supply during parturition, potentially from umbilical cords breaking prior to birth, resulting in increased preweaning mortality. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if various induction protocols impact umbilical cord breakage and fetal blood parameters at birth. Fifty-eight primiparous and multiparous sows were assigned to one of three treatments: no induction (NO; n = 24) or 2 cc prostaglandin administered on day 114 of gestation followed by either 1 cc of oxytocin 24 h later (OXY24; n = 13) or 0.5 cc of oxytocin at 6 and 12 h after prostaglandin (OXY6; n = 21). Details of the farrowing process were recorded, and umbilical cord blood was collected from piglets at birth and evaluated on an iSTAT machine using an Abbott EC8+ test cartridge. There were no differences in total born, number born alive, stillborns, mummies, or assistance needed during farrowing. Induced sows were more likely to farrow by day 115 compared to naturally farrowing sows (P = 0.02). Sows in the OXY24 treatment tended to have longer farrowings when compared to both NO and OXY6 (4.8 vs. 3.6 vs. 3.9 h; P = 0.09). Colostrum from OXY6 sows tended to have a greater amount of lactose present than NO and OXY24 (P = 0.05). Colostrum from sows with longer gestation lengths had a higher percentage of fat (P = 0.03). Piglets born from NO sows had higher base excess, total carbon dioxide, and glucose, which suggests that these piglets had prolonged moments of asphyxiation (P < 0.01). OXY24 piglets had the lowest blood pH which is indicative of hypoxic birthing conditions (P < 0.01). Preweaning mortality was driven largely by a low birth weight coupled with low colostrum intake (P = 0.03). All piglets, regardless of treatment, displayed signs of stress during farrowing. Induction did not influence preweaning mortality but has the potential to decrease the incidence by increasing attended farrowings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla M Mills
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, 270 S Russell Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Larissa K Shirley
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, 270 S Russell Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Katharine Sharp
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, 270 S Russell Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ricardo Garcia
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, 270 S Russell Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Aridany Suarez-Trujillo
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, 270 S Russell Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kara R Stewart
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, 270 S Russell Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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