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Tang X, Zhang L, Wang L, Ren S, Zhang J, Ma Y, Xu F, Wu G, Zhang Y. Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals Dietary Fiber's Impact on Growth, Slaughter Performance, and Gut Microbiome in Durco × Bamei Crossbred Pig. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1674. [PMID: 39203515 PMCID: PMC11357262 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12081674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary fiber (DF) is an important nutrient component in pig's diet that remarkably influences their growth and slaughter performance. The ability of pigs to digest DF depends on the microbial composition of the intestinal tract, particularly in the hindgut. However, studies on how DF alters the growth and slaughter performance of pigs by shaping the gut microbial composition and metabolites are still limited. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of DF on microbial composition, functions, and metabolites, ultimately altering host growth and slaughter performance using Durco × Bamei crossbred pigs supplemented with 0%, 10%, 17%, and 24% broad bean silage in the basic diet. We found that the final weight, average daily gain, fat, and lean meat weight significantly decreased with increasing DF. Pigs with the lowest slaughter rate and fat weight were observed in the 24% fiber-supplemented group. Gut microbial communities with the highest alpha diversity were formed in the 17% fiber group. The relative abundance of fiber-degrading bacteria, bile acid, and succinate-producing bacteria, including Prevotella sp., Bacteroides sp., Ruminococcus sp., and Parabacteroides sp., and functional pathways, including the butanoate metabolism and the tricarboxylic acid [TCA] cycle, significantly increased in the high-fiber groups. The concentrations of several bile acids significantly decreased in the fiber-supplemented groups, whereas the concentrations of succinate and long-chain fatty acids increased. Our results indicate that a high-fiber diet may alter the growth and slaughter performance of Durco × Bamei crossbred pigs by modulating the composition of Prevotella sp., Bacteroides sp., Ruminococcus sp., Parabacteroides sp., and metabolite pathways of bile acids and succinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjiang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining 810008, China
| | - Liangzhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining 810008, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Plateau Livestock Genetic Resources Protection and Innovative Utilization Key Laboratory of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Shien Ren
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining 810008, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Plateau Livestock Genetic Resources Protection and Innovative Utilization Key Laboratory of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Yuhong Ma
- Plateau Livestock Genetic Resources Protection and Innovative Utilization Key Laboratory of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Fafang Xu
- Plateau Livestock Genetic Resources Protection and Innovative Utilization Key Laboratory of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Guofang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
- Plateau Livestock Genetic Resources Protection and Innovative Utilization Key Laboratory of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining 810008, China
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Bottegal DN, Latorre MÁ, Lobón S, Verdú M, Álvarez-Rodríguez J. Fattening Pigs with Tannin-Rich Source ( Ceratonia siliqua L.) and High Doses of Vitamin E: Effects on Growth Performance, Economics, Digestibility, Physiology, and Behaviour. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1855. [PMID: 38997967 PMCID: PMC11240671 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the impact on growth, economic results, apparent nutrient digestibility (CTTAD), physiological variables, and animal behaviour when 214 fattening pigs (78 ± 8.5 kg of initial body weight and 130 ± 4.5 days of age) of both sexes (gilts and boars) were fed two levels of carob pulp (Cp, 0 vs. 20%) and two doses of vitamin E (Vit E, 30 vs. 300 IU/kg) for 40 days. No interaction effects between factors studied (Cp, Vit E, and sex) were observed on the variables. Most productive traits were unaffected by Cp or Vit E inclusion. However, the Cp increased the feed conversion ratio during the first 20 days. The Cp group showed a higher CTTAD of ether extract and hemicellulose but lower CTTAD of crude protein. Pigs fed Cp had a lower plasmatic urea content than the control group. The high Vit E doses increased the CTTAD of every nutrient and the plasmatic α-tocopherol content. The pigs fed Cp tended to spend more time eating in the early morning, likely to mitigate tannins' astringent effects. Dietary inclusion of 20% Cp in finishing high-conformation pigs is possible without affecting overall performance though it reduces nutrient CTTAD and increases feeding cost. Supra-nutritional doses of Vit E do not affect pig performance but increase the α-tocopherol deposition with potential antioxidant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Nicolas Bottegal
- Departament de Ciència Animal, Universitat de Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.N.B.); (J.Á.-R.)
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Rivadavia 1439, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1033AAE, Argentina
| | - María Ángeles Latorre
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2, CITA—Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Sandra Lobón
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2, CITA—Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marçal Verdú
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Industry, BonÀrea Agrupa, 25210 Guissona, Spain;
| | - Javier Álvarez-Rodríguez
- Departament de Ciència Animal, Universitat de Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.N.B.); (J.Á.-R.)
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Lin Q, Tu X, Li X, Gou F, Ding L, Lu Z, Feng J, Ying Y, Hu C. Effects of electrolyte balance on intestinal barrier, amino acid metabolism, and mTORC1 signaling pathway in piglets fed low-protein diets. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 17:408-417. [PMID: 38812495 PMCID: PMC11134538 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
A proper dietary electrolyte balance (dEB) is essential to ensure optimal growth performance of piglets. In the low-protein diet, this balance may be affected by the reduction of soybean meal and the inclusion of high levels of synthetic amino acids. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the optimal dEB of low-protein diets and its impact on the growth performance of piglets. A total of 108 piglets (initial age of 35 d) were randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 replicates of 6 pigs each as follows: low electrolyte diet (LE group; dEB = 150 milliequivalents [mEq]/kg); medium electrolyte diet (ME group; dEB = 250 mEq/kg); high electrolyte diet (HE group; dEB = 350 mEq/kg). Results indicated that the LE and HE diet significantly decreased the average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and crude protein digestibility (P < 0.05) in piglets. Meanwhile, LE diets disrupted the structural integrity of the piglets' intestines and decreased jejunal tight junction protein (occludin and claudin-1) expression (P < 0.05). Additionally, the pH and HCO3- in the arterial blood of piglets in the LE group were lower than those in the ME and HE groups (P < 0.05). Interestingly, the LE diet significantly increased lysine content in piglet serum (P < 0.05), decreased the levels of arginine, leucine, glutamic acid, and alanine (P < 0.05), and inhibited the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway by decreasing the phosphorylation abundance of key proteins. In summary, the dietary electrolyte imbalance could inhibit the activation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway, which might be a key factor in the influence of the dEB on piglet growth performance and intestinal health. Moreover, second-order polynomial (quadratic) regression analysis showed that the optimal dEB of piglets in the low-protein diet was 250 to 265 mEq/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lin
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaodian Tu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Feiyang Gou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lin Ding
- Animal Husbandry Technology Promotion and Breeding Livestock and Poultry Monitoring Station of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Zeqing Lu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jie Feng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yongfei Ying
- Animal Husbandry Technology Promotion and Breeding Livestock and Poultry Monitoring Station of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Caihong Hu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Miller KA, Johnson EM, Matchan SA, Goehring D, Ross JW, Gabler NK. Strategies to manage barn feed supply to prolong and hold late finishing pigs during a supply chain disruption. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 7:txac166. [PMID: 36816826 PMCID: PMC9930728 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The U.S. pork production system is sensitive to supply chain disruptions, including those that can create challenges of feed delivery and feed management during the event of a foreign animal disease outbreak. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate feeding strategies during a prolonged feed availability shortage in group-housed finishing pigs and assess the impacts on pig performance. A total of 1,407 mixed-sex pigs (92 ± 11 kg BW) were randomly allocated to one of five treatments across 60 pens (N = 12 pens per treatment, 22 pigs per pen) and were blocked by initial body weight (BW) within the replicate, over a 21-d test period. Treatments were fed for 14 d (P1), and thereafter all pens returned to ad libitum access to a standard commercial diet for 7 d (P2). Treatments included: 1) Pens fed ad libitum (CON); 2) Pens fed at 1.45X ME maintenance requirement daily of CON diet (1.45X); 3) Pens fed 2X ME maintenance requirement daily of CON diet (2X); 4) Tightened feeders to the lowest setting, fed ad libitum of CON diet (CF); and 5) whole corn kernels, fed ad libitum (WC). P1 and P2 BW and feed disappearance were recorded to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Data were analyzed with pen as the experimental unit and least-squares means values reported by treatment. Compared to CON, pens fed 1.45X, 2X, CF, and WC treatments had significantly reduced P1 ADG (1.09 vs. 0.02, 0.34, 0.72, 0.41 kg/d, respectively), ADFI (3.21 vs. 1.42, 1.90, 2.49, 2.40 kg/d, respectively) and G:F (P < 0.05). During P2, ADG and G:F were increased (P < 0.05) compared to CON across all treatments. However, ADFI increased only in the 2X, CF, and WC diet from the CON (P < 0.05). Overall (days 0 to 21), all strategies attenuated BW, ADG, and ADFI (P < 0.01) compared to CON. However, G:F was only reduced (P < 0.01) in 1.45X and WC, but not 2X and CF (P > 0.05) compared to CON. In conclusion, all strategies explored could extend feed budgets. Even though these strategies were successful, increased BW variability was reported with more restrictive strategies. Further, adverse pig behaviors and welfare implications needs to be considered in adopting any restrictive feeding strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla A Miller
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Erika M Johnson
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Stacie A Matchan
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA,Iowa Pork Industry Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | - Jason W Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA,Iowa Pork Industry Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Faccin JEG, Tokach MD, Goodband RD, DeRouchey JM, Woodworth JC, Gebhardt JT. Gilt development to improve offspring performance and survivability. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6609152. [PMID: 35708589 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods for developing incoming replacement gilts can indirectly and directly influence survivability of their offspring. Indirectly, having proper gilt development reduces culling rates and mortality, which increases longevity and creates a more mature sow herd. Older sows are more likely to have greater immunity than gilts and therefore can pass this along to their pigs in both quantity and quality of colostrum and milk, thus improving piglet survivability. Directly, proper gilt development will maximize mammary gland development which increases colostrum and milk production leading to large, healthy pig. As for the developing gilt at birth, increasing colostrum intake, reducing nursing pressure, providing adequate space allowance, and good growth rate can increase the likelihood that gilts successfully enter and remain in the herd. Light birth weight gilts (<1 kg) or gilts from litters with low birth weight should be removed early in the selection process. Gilts should be weaned at 24 d of age or older and then can be grown in a variety of ways as long as lifetime growth rate is over 600 g/d. Current genetic lines with exceptional growth rate run the risk of being bred too heavy, reducing longevity. On the other hand, restricting feed intake at specific times could be detrimental to mammary development. In these situations, reducing diet amino acid concentration and allowing ad libitum feed is a possible strategy. Gilts should be bred between 135 and 160 kg and at second estrus or later while in a positive metabolic state to increase lifetime productivity and longevity in the herd. Once bred, gilts should be fed to maintain or build body reserves without becoming over-conditioned at farrowing. Proper body condition at farrowing impacts the percentage of pigs born alive as well as colostrum and milk production, and consequently, offspring performance and survivability. Combined with the benefit in pig immunity conferred by an older sow parity structure, gilt development has lasting impacts on offspring performance and survivability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil E G Faccin
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Jordan T Gebhardt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
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Johnson AK, Rademacher CJ, Eggers J, Gabler NK, Greiner LL, Kaisand J, Karriker LA, Millman ST, Patience JF, Ramirez BC, Schulz LL, Webb SR, Ross JW. Innovative strategies for managing swine welfare during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iowa. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 5:txab225. [PMID: 34993422 PMCID: PMC8722373 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a global pandemic on March 11, 2020 by the World Health Organization and its impact on animal agriculture in the United States was undeniable. By April, COVID-19 resulted in the simultaneous closure or reduced operations of many meat processing plants in the upper Midwest, leading to supply chain disruptions. In Iowa, the leading pork production and processing state, these disruptions caused producer uncertainty, confusion, and stress, including time-sensitive challenges for maintaining animal care. The Iowa Resource Coordination Center (IRCC) was quickly created and launched by the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship (IDALS). The IRCC included public representation from the Iowa Pork Producers Association (IPPA), Iowa Pork Industry Center (IPIC), and Iowa State University Extension and Outreach, and private partners including producers, veterinarians, and technical specialists. Supporting swine welfare, the IRCC provided information on management strategies, dietary alterations to slow pig growth, alternative markets, on-farm euthanasia, and mass depopulation under veterinary oversight. In a crisis, Iowa created a model that reacted to producers’ pragmatic, mental and emotional needs. This model could be quickly replicated with an introduction of foreign animal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Johnson
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50001, USA.,Iowa Pork Industry Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50001, USA
| | - Chris J Rademacher
- Iowa Pork Industry Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50001, USA.,Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50001, USA
| | - Jamee Eggers
- Iowa Pork Producers Association, Clive, IA 50325, USA
| | - Nicholas K Gabler
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50001, USA.,Iowa Pork Industry Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50001, USA
| | - Laura L Greiner
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50001, USA.,Iowa Pork Industry Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50001, USA
| | - Jeff Kaisand
- Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, Des Moines, IA 50319, USA
| | - Locke A Karriker
- Iowa Pork Industry Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50001, USA.,Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50001, USA.,Swine Medicine Education Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50001, USA
| | - Suzanne T Millman
- Iowa Pork Industry Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50001, USA.,Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50001, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50001, USA
| | - John F Patience
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50001, USA.,Iowa Pork Industry Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50001, USA
| | - Brett C Ramirez
- Iowa Pork Industry Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50001, USA.,Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Ames, IA 50001, USA
| | - Lee L Schulz
- Iowa Pork Industry Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50001, USA.,Department of Economics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50001, USA
| | - Sherrie R Webb
- American Association of Swine Veterinarians, Perry, IA 50220, USA
| | - Jason W Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50001, USA.,Iowa Pork Industry Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50001, USA
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