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Zhang H, Wang Y, Hu L, Cong J, Xu Z, Chen X, Rao S, Li M, Shen Z, Mauck J, Loor JJ, Yang Z, Mao Y. Potential Role of Lauric Acid in Milk Fat Synthesis in Chinese Holstein Cows Based on Integrated Analysis of Ruminal Microbiome and Metabolome. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1493. [PMID: 38791709 PMCID: PMC11117337 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The composition and metabolic profile of the ruminal microbiome have an impact on milk composition. To unravel the ruminal microbiome and metabolome affecting milk fat synthesis in dairy cows, 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene sequencing, as well as ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) methods were used to investigate the significant differences in ruminal bacterial and fungal communities as well as metabolome among Chinese Holstein cows with contrasting milk fat contents under the same diet (H-MF 5.82 ± 0.41% vs. L-MF 3.60 ± 0.12%). Another objective was to culture bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) to assess the effect of metabolites on lipid metabolism. Results showed that the acetate-to-propionate ratio and xylanase activity in ruminal fluid were both higher in H-MF. Microbiome sequencing identified 10 types of bacteria and four types of fungi differently abundant at the genus level. Metabolomics analysis indicated 11 different ruminal metabolites between the two groups, the majority of which were lipids and organic acids. Among these, lauric acid (LA) was enriched in fatty acid biosynthesis with its concentration in milk fat of H-MF cows being greater (217 vs. 156 mg per 100 g milk), thus, it was selected for an in vitro study with BMECs. Exogenous LA led to a marked increase in intracellular triglyceride (TG) content and lipid droplet formation, and it upregulated the mRNA abundance of fatty acid uptake and activation (CD36 and ACSL1), TG synthesis (DGAT1, DGAT2 and GPAM), and transcriptional regulation (SREBP1) genes. Taken together, the greater relative abundance of xylan-fermenting bacteria and fungi, and lower abundance of bacteria suppressing short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria or participating in fatty acid hydrogenation altered lipids and organic acids in the rumen of dairy cows. In BMECs, LA altered the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism in mammary cells, ultimately promoting milk fat synthesis. Thus, it appears that this fatty acid plays a key role in milk fat synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.Z.)
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.Z.)
| | - Liping Hu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.Z.)
| | - Jiahe Cong
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.Z.)
| | - Zhengzhong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shengqi Rao
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Mingxun Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.Z.)
| | - Ziliang Shen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.Z.)
| | - John Mauck
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Zhangping Yang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.Z.)
| | - Yongjiang Mao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.Z.)
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Zhang M, Liu Z, Kang F, Wu K, Ni H, Han Y, Yang Y, Fu T, Yang G, Gao T, Han L. Is milk fat globule size correlated with milk fat content in Ruminants? Food Chem 2024; 439:138101. [PMID: 38043286 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
In milk, fat exists in the form of milk fat globules (MFGs). The average size (average fat globules of different particle sizes) is the most common parameter when describing MFG size. There are different views on whether there is a correlation between MFG size and milk fat content. Is the MFG size correlated with milk fat content in ruminants? To address this question, we conducted two experiments. In experiment Ⅰ, dairy cows (n = 40) and dairy goats (n = 30) were each divided into a normal group and a low-fat group according to the milk fat content. In experiment Ⅱ, dairy cows (n = 16) and dairy goats (n = 12) were each divided into a normal group and a conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-induced low-fat group. The normal groups were fed a basal diet, and the CLA-induced low-fat groups were fed the basal diet + 300 g/d CLA (cows) or the basal diet + 90 g/d CLA (goats). In both experiments, we determined the correlation between MFG size and milk composition and MFG distribution. The results showed that in the normal and low-fat groups of cows and goats, MFG size was not correlated with milk fat, protein, or lactose content or fat-to-protein ratio. Additionally, there was no difference in the distribution of large, medium, and small MFGs (P > 0.05). However, in the CLA-induced low-fat groups, we found a correlation between MFG size and milk fat content and fat-to-protein ratio (R2 > 0.3). Moreover, there was a significant change in the size distribution of MFGs. Therefore, in natural milk, MFG size was not correlated with milk fat content. Following CLA supplementation, MFG size was correlated with milk fat content. Our findings revealed that CLA and not milk fat affects MFG distribution and size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglu Zhang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046 PR China.
| | - Zhentao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046 PR China.
| | - Fangyuan Kang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046 PR China.
| | - Kuixian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046 PR China.
| | - Han Ni
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046 PR China.
| | - Yingqian Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046 PR China.
| | - Yanbin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046 PR China.
| | - Tong Fu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046 PR China.
| | - Guoyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China.
| | - Tengyun Gao
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046 PR China.
| | - Liqiang Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046 PR China.
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Tan C, Tian Y, Tao L, Xie J, Wang M, Zhang F, Yu Z, Sheng J, Zhao C. Exploring the Effect of Milk Fat on Fermented Milk Flavor Based on Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry (GC-IMS) and Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Molecules 2024; 29:1099. [PMID: 38474610 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Milk fat is a premium nutritional health product, yet there is a lack of high-fat dairy products for daily consumption in the current market. This study investigated the influence of different milk fat contents on the physicochemical and textural properties of fermented milk. The research revealed that an increase in milkfat content significantly improved the water-holding capacity, syneresis, color, hardness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness of fermented milk, while showing minimal changes in pH and total titratable acidity. Response surface analysis indicated that fermented milk with 25% milk fat, 2.5% inoculum, a fermentation time of 16 h, and a fermentation temperature of 30 °C exhibited the highest overall acceptability. Using GC-IMS technology, 36 volatile compounds were identified, with an increase in milk fat content leading to elevated levels of ketone compounds, and 14 compounds were defined as key aroma compounds (ROAV > 1). Electronic nose distinguished samples with different milk fat contents. The results demonstrate that an increase in milk fat content enhances the physicochemical and flavor attributes of fermented milk. This work provides theoretical references for the production and development of high-fat fermented milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Tan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yang Tian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Food and Drug Homologous Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Personalized Food Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- PuEr University, PuEr 665000, China
| | - Liang Tao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Food and Drug Homologous Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Personalized Food Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jing Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Mingming Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zhijin Yu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jun Sheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Cunchao Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Food and Drug Homologous Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Personalized Food Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Yunnan Plateau Characteristic Agricultural Industry Research Institute, Kunming 650201, China
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Ye T, Yuan J, Raza SHA, Deng T, Yang L, Ahmad MJ, Hosseini SM, Zhang X, Alamoudi MO, AlGabbani Q, Alghamdi YS, Chen C, Liang A, Schreurs NM, Yang L. Evolutionary analysis of buffalo sterol regulatory element-binding factor (SREBF) family genes and their affection on milk traits. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:2082-2093. [PMID: 35533681 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2070185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The sterol regulatory element-binding factor (SREBF) genes are a vital group of proteins binding to the sterol regulatory element 1 (SRE-1) regulating the synthesis of fatty acid. Two potential candidate genes (SREBF1 and SREBF2) have been identified as affecting milk traits. This study aims to identify the SREBF family of genes and find candidate markers or SREBF genes influencing lactation production in buffalo. A genome-wide study was performed and identified seven SREBF genes randomly distributed on 7 chromosomes and 24 protein isoforms in buffalos. The SREBF family of genes were also characterized in cattle, goat, sheep and horse, and using these all-protein sequences, a phylogenetic tree was built. The SREBF family genes were homologous between each other in the five livestock. Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within or near the SREBF genes in the buffalo genome were identified and at least one milk production trait was associated with three of the SNP. The expression of SREBF genes at different lactation stages in buffalo and cattle from published data were compared and the SREBF genes retained a high expression throughout lactation with the trend being the same for buffalo and cattle. These results provide valuable information for clarifying the evolutionary relationship of the SREBF family genes and determining the role of SREBF genes in the regulation of milk production in buffalo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingzhu Ye
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tingxian Deng
- Guangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Lv Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Jamil Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hosseini
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muna O Alamoudi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qwait AlGabbani
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Youssef S Alghamdi
- Department of Biology, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aixin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nicola M Schreurs
- Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Liguo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Lu W, Yang J, Hu M, Zhong K, Wang Y, Yang Y, Loor JJ, Yang G, Han L. Effects of choline deficiency and supplementation on lipid droplet accumulation in bovine primary liver cells in vitro. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:9868-9878. [PMID: 37678795 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Rumen-protected choline (RPC) supplementation in the periparturient period has in some instances prevented and alleviated fatty liver disease in dairy cows. Mechanistically, however, it is unclear how choline prevents the accumulation of lipid droplets (LD) in liver cells. In this study, primary liver cells isolated from liver tissue obtained via puncture biopsy from 3 nonpregnant mid-lactation multiparous Holstein cows (∼160 d postpartum) were used. Analyses of LD via oil red O staining, protein abundance via Western blotting, and phospholipid content and composition measured by thin-layer chromatography and HPLC/mass spectrometry were performed in liver cells cultured in choline-deficient medium containing 150 μmol/L linoleic acid for 24 h. In a subsequent experiment, lipophagy was assessed in liver cells cultured with 30, 60, or 90 µmol/L choline-chloride. All data were analyzed statistically using SPSS 20.0 via t-tests or one-way ANOVA. Compared with liver cells cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium alone, choline deficiency increased the average diameter of LD (1.59 vs. 2.10 µm), decreased the proportion of small LD (<2 µm) from 75.3% to 56.6%, and increased the proportion of large LD (>4 µm) from 5.6% to 15.0%. In addition, the speed of LD fusion was enhanced by the absence of choline. Among phospholipid species, the phosphatidylcholine (PC) content of liver cells decreased by 34.5%. Seventeen species of PC (PC [18:2_22:6], PC [15:0_16:1], PC [14:0_20:4], and so on) and 6 species of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC; LPC [15:0/0:0]), PC (22:2/0:0), LPC (20:2/0:0), and so on] were decreased, while PC (14:1_16:1) and LPC (0:0/20:1) were increased. Choline deficiency increased the triglyceride (TAG) content (0.57 vs. 0.39 μmol/mg) in liver cells and increased the protein abundance of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1, sterol regulatory element binding protein cleavage activation protein, and fatty acid synthase by 23.5%, 17%, and 36.1%, respectively. Upon re-supplementation with choline, the phenotype of LD (TAG content, size, proportion, and phospholipid profile) was reversed, and the ratio of autophagy marker LC3II/LC3I protein was significantly upregulated in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, at least in vitro in mid-lactation cows, these data demonstrated that PC synthesis is necessary for normal LD formation, and both rely on choline availability. According to the limitation of the source of liver cells used, further work should be conducted to ascertain that these effects are applicable to liver cells from postpartum cows, the physiological stage where the use of RPC has been implemented for the prevention and treatment of fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P.R. China
| | - Jingna Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P.R. China
| | - Mingyue Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P.R. China
| | - Kai Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P.R. China
| | - Yueying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P.R. China
| | - Yanbin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P.R. China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Science and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Guoyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, P.R. China
| | - Liqiang Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P.R. China.
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Yao D, Zhao X, Zhao S, Shi H, Ma Y, Li J. Characterization of the fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3) promoter and its transcriptional regulation by cAMP response element binding protein 1 (CREB1) in goat mammary epithelial cells. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:1960-1967. [PMID: 35416753 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2061504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3) is involved in signal transduction pathways, and in the uptake and utilization of long-chain fatty acids. However, the transcriptional regulation of FABP3 in goat is unclear. In this study, the FABP3 5' flanking region was amplified from goat (Capra hircus) genomic DNA. Luciferase reporter vectors containing promoter fragments of five different lengths were constructed and transfected into dairy goat mammary epithelial cells. The region of the promoter located between -1801 and -166 bp upstream of the transcription start site (TSS) exhibited the highest luciferase activity, and contained two cAMP response elements (CREs) located at -1632 bp and -189 bp. Interference with CREB1 significantly downregulated FABP3 promoter activity. In addition, FABP3 promoter activity was significantly reduced after mutation of the CRE1 (-1632 bp) and CRE2 (-189 bp) sites. Further analysis indicated that the CRE2 site was essential for the transcriptional activity induced by CREB1. These results demonstrated that CREB1 is involved in the transcriptional regulation of FABP3 expression in the goat mammary gland via a direct mechanism, thus revealing a novel signaling pathway involved in fatty acid metabolism in goat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Yao
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China
- College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuying Zhao
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China
- College of Animal Science and Animal Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hengbo Shi
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Ma
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
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Huang J, Shao Y, Zong X, Zhang H, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Shi H. FADS1 overexpression promotes fatty acid synthesis and triacylglycerol accumulation via inhibiting the AMPK/SREBP1 pathway in goat mammary epithelial cells. Food Funct 2022; 13:5870-5882. [PMID: 35548952 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00246a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Delta-5 desaturase (D5D), encoded by the fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) gene, is a rate-limiting enzyme in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) synthesis that influences the PUFA levels in milk fat. However, the function and molecular mechanism of FADS1 in milk fat metabolism remain largely unknown. The FADS1 overexpression increased the triglyceride content, lipid droplet size, and expression of genes related to fatty acid de novo synthesis (SREBP1 and ACC), intracellular fatty acid transporters (FABP3 and FABP4) and triacylglycerol synthesis gene (DGAT2). It also significantly promoted the SREBP1 nuclear translocation by inhibiting the AMPK activation. In addition, FADS1 overexpression inhibited cell proliferation and arrested cell cycle at the G1 phase. These findings reveal a novel FADS1-AMPK-SREBP1 pathway regulating milk fat production in the goat mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Yuexin Shao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Xueyang Zong
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Huawen Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Xian Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Zhifei Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Huaiping Shi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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Zhang X, Deng Y, Ma J, Hu S, Hu J, Hu B, Liu H, Li L, He H, Wang J. Effects of different breeds/strains on fatty acid composition and lipid metabolism-related genes expression in breast muscle of ducks. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101813. [PMID: 35358925 PMCID: PMC8966148 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid composition contributes greatly to the nutritional value of meat, and breeds/strains are important factors affecting the composition of fatty acid. Recently, few studies have focused on the fatty acid composition in breast muscle of different duck breeds. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to compare the fatty acid composition and lipid metabolism-related genes expression in breast muscle of Jianchang duck (J), Cherry Verry duck (CV) and 3 crossbred strains (BH1, BH2 and MC♂ × (BGF2♂ × GF2♀)♀ (MBG)). Our results showed that the breast muscle of J had the highest contents of C22:1(n−9) but the lowest ratios of Ʃ-omega 6 (Ʃn−6)/Ʃ-omega 3 (Ʃn−3), Ʃ-mono-unsaturated fatty acid (ƩMUFA)/Ʃ-saturated fatty acid (ƩSFA) and Ʃ-polyunsaturated fatty acid (ƩPUFA)/ƩSFA. The ƩPUFA/ƩSFA ratio was higher in breast muscle of MBG than in that of BH2 and CV, and the contents of C22:1(n-9), ƩMUFA and ƩPUFA were higher in BH1 than in BH2 and CV. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of SCD1, FADS2, ELOVL2, and ELOVL5 were significantly higher in MBG (P < 0.05), while those of FASD1 and ACACA were significantly higher in BH1 than in BH2 and CV (P < 0.05). Principal component analysis showed that fatty acids variation exhibited extensive positive loading on principal components (PCs). Correlation analysis showed that PC1 and PC3 of BH1, as well as PC1 of MBG were correlated with the mRNA levels of ACACA and FABP3, respectively. Thus, it could be concluded that the breast muscles of MBG and BH1 have better fatty acid composition, which was closely related to the increased expression levels of SCD1, FADS2, ELOVL2, and ELOVL5 genes in MBG but FADS1 and ACACA in BH1. Moreover, these results also showed that crossbreeding could optimize the composition of fatty acid in breast muscle of ducks.
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14-3-3β is essential for milk composition stimulated by Leu/IGF-1 via IGF1R signaling pathway in BMECs. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2022; 58:384-395. [PMID: 35648337 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-022-00682-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The cell proliferation of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) and consequent milk synthesis are regulated by multiple factors. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 14-3-3β on cellular proliferation and milk fat/β-casein synthesis in BMECs and reveal its underlying mechanisms. In this study, we employed gene function analysis to explore the regulatory effect and molecular mechanisms of 14-3-3β on milk synthesis and proliferation in BMECs. We found that leucine and IGF-1 enhance cell proliferation and milk synthesis in a 14-3-3β-dependent manner and only exhibiting such effect in the presence of 14-3-3β. We further determined that 14-3-3β interacts with the IGF1R self-phosphorylation site and it additionally mediated leucine and IGF-1 to stimulate the synthesis of milk through the IGF1R-AKT-mTORC1 signaling pathway. In summary, our data indicated that 14-3-3β mediates the expression of milk fat and protein stimulated by leucine and IGF-1, leading to lactogenesis through IGF1R signaling pathway in BMECs.
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Yao W, Luo J, Tian H, Niu H, An X, Wang X, Zang S. Malonyl/Acetyltransferase (MAT) Knockout Decreases Triacylglycerol and Medium-Chain Fatty Acid Contents in Goat Mammary Epithelial Cells. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091291. [PMID: 35564013 PMCID: PMC9104349 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Malonyl/acetyltransferase (MAT) is a crucial functional domain of fatty acid synthase (FASN), which plays a vital role in the de novo synthesis of fatty acids in vivo. Milk fatty acids are secreted by mammary epithelial cells. Mammary epithelial cells are the units of mammary gland development and function, and it is a common model for the study of mammary gland tissue development and lactation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of MAT deletion on the synthesis of triacylglycerol and medium-chain fatty acids. The MAT domain was knocked out by CRISPR/Cas9 in the goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs), and in MAT knockout GMECs, the mRNA level of FASN was decreased by approximately 91.19% and the protein level decreased by 51.83%. The results showed that MAT deletion downregulated the contents of triacylglycerol and medium-chain fatty acids (p < 0.05) and increased the content of acetyl-Coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) (p < 0.001). Explicit deletion of MAT resulted in significant drop of FASN, which resulted in downregulation of LPL, GPAM, DGAT2, PLIN2, XDH, ATGL, LXRα, and PPARγ genes in GMECs (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, mRNA expression levels of ACC, FASN, DGAT2, SREBP1, and LXRα decreased following treatment with acetyl-CoA (p < 0.05). Our data reveals that FASN plays critical roles in the synthesis of medium-chain fatty acids and triacylglycerol in GMECs.
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11
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Mu T, Hu H, Ma Y, Feng X, Zhang J, Gu Y. Regulation of Key Genes for Milk Fat Synthesis in Ruminants. Front Nutr 2021; 8:765147. [PMID: 34901115 PMCID: PMC8659261 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.765147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk fat is the most important and energy-rich substance in milk and plays an important role in the metabolism of nutrients during human growth and development. It is mainly used in the production of butter and yogurt. Milk fat not only affects the flavor and nutritional value of milk, but also is the main target trait of ruminant breeding. There are many key genes involve in ruminant milk fat synthesis, including ACSS2, FASN, ACACA, CD36, ACSL, SLC27A, FABP3, SCD, GPAM, AGPAT, LPIN, DGAT1, PLIN2, XDH, and BTN1A1. Taking the de novo synthesis of fatty acids (FA) and intaking of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) in blood to the end of lipid droplet secretion as the mainline, this manuscript elucidates the complex regulation model of key genes in mammary epithelial cells (MECs) in ruminant milk fat synthesis, and constructs the whole regulatory network of milk fat synthesis, to provide valuable theoretical basis and research ideas for the study of milk fat regulation mechanism of ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Mu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Honghong Hu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yanfen Ma
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaofang Feng
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yaling Gu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
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12
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Wang L, Qi H, Li D, Liu L, Chen D, Gao X. METTL3 is a key regulator of milk synthesis in mammary epithelial cells. Cell Biol Int 2021; 46:359-369. [PMID: 34865263 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme m6 A methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) catalyzes N6 -methyladenosine (m6 A) modification in eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs). However, the physiological function and molecular mechanism of METTL3 in mammalian cells have not been fully understood. Here we showed that METTL3 was highly expressed in mouse mammary gland of the lactation period. METTL3 was located in the nucleus of bovine mammary epithelial cells (MECs), and methionine (Met) and β-estrodial (E2) upregulated METTL3 protein level. METTL3 knockdown decreased milk protein and fat synthesis, whereas its overexpression had the opposite effects. METTL3 overexpression stimulated mRNA expression and protein phosphorylation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and mRNA and protein expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), whereas METTL3 knockdown blocked the stimulatory effects of Met and E2 on these processes. Furthermore, METTL3 overexpression led to increased mRNA m6 A methylation of mTOR and SREBP1, whereas METTL3 knockdown suppressed the stimulatory effects of Met and E2 on these processes. The interaction between METTL3 and glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GlyRS) was confirmed by Co-immunoprecipitation and fluorescence resonance energy transfer approaches, and colocalization observation further showed that Met and E2 treatment increased this interaction. GlyRS knockdown abolished METTL3 protein levels upregulated by Met and E2, and METTL3 knockdown markedly decreased the effects of GlyRS overexpression on mTOR expression and phosphorylation and SREBP1 expression. In summary, we demonstrate that METTL3 is a key positive regulator of Met and E2-stimulated and GlyRS-mediated mTOR and SREBP1 signaling pathways and milk protein and fat synthesis in mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Qi
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Dong Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lijie Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Dongying Chen
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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13
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Zhao W, Adjei M, Wang H, Yangliu Y, Zhu J, Wu H. ADIPOR1 regulates genes involved in milk fat metabolism in goat mammary epithelial cells. Res Vet Sci 2021; 137:194-200. [PMID: 34020334 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fat metabolism is a complex process regulated by a number of factors. Adiponectin receptor 1 (ADIPOR1) gene takes active part in lipid metabolism. Although, there have been some researches indicating that ADIPOR1 could influence the milk fat metabolism through targeting some factors, little is known about the effect of ADIPOR1 on goat milk fat metabolism. To investigate the regulatory role of ADIPOR1 on milk fat metabolism in GMECs, we analysed overexpression in the presence and absence of AdipoRon (50 μM) and examined knockdown using siRNA. Using RT-qPCR, we assessed ADIPOR1 mRNA expressions among different lactation stages in goat mammary gland and the expression of six genes that regulate milk fat metabolism in GMECs. RESULTS ADIPOR1 mRNA expression level was higher during the various lactation stages, except dry-off period. Knockdown and overexpression results revealed a significant decrease and increase in mRNA expression of ADIPOR1 and genes considered: SREBF1, ACACA, FASN, SCD, ATGL, and HSL, respectively. Treatment of GMECs with AdipoRon 50 μM resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the mRNA expression of all measured genes, except SREBF1. CONCLUSION Overall, ADIPOR1 plays a central role in regulating the transcription of several genes involved in milk fat metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangsheng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, China.
| | - Michael Adjei
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Yueling Yangliu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiangjiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization (Southwest Minzu University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Huijuan Wu
- Beijing Laboratory Animal Research Center, Beijing, 102600 Beijing, China.
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Improving dairy performance through molecular characterization of SREBP-1 gene in Sarda sheep breed. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06489. [PMID: 33786396 PMCID: PMC7988322 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This research has two aims: (i) to characterize the coding sequence of the SREBP-1 gene in dairy sheep in order to investigate possible relationships between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and milk traits; and (ii) to investigate possible relationship between SREBP-1 gene expression and nucleotide variation. Four hundred adult and multiparous lactating Sarda breed ewes were selected from two farms. Milk samples were collected from Day 30 to Day 150 of lactation to determine the mean yield, somatic cell count, lactose, fat, and protein content of the milk. RNA was extracted from the milk samples, after which the SREBP-1 gene coding regions were amplified and sequenced to scan mutations. Whilst eight SNPs were identified, none had statistically significant association with the analysed milk traits. Moreover, the identified expression patterns were not affected by the SNP or combined genotypes. High SREBP-1 gene expression levels were found to be correlated with high milk fat content (P < 0.01), indicating the crucial role of this gene in the milk fat synthesis. In conclusion, the polymorphisms found within SREBP-1 gene exhibited no significant associations with milk traits or with individual SREBP-1 mRNA expression patterns. The findings thus suggest that this small genetic variability may derive from the selection carried out in Sarda breed to improve milk yield.
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Yao D, Yang C, Ma J, Chen L, Luo J, Ma Y, Loor JJ. cAMP Response Element Binding Protein 1 (CREB1) Promotes Monounsaturated Fatty Acid Synthesis and Triacylglycerol Accumulation in Goat Mammary Epithelial Cells. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101871. [PMID: 33066354 PMCID: PMC7602241 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In non-ruminant liver and adipose tissue, cAMP response element binding protein 1(CREB1) is essential for lipid synthesis and triacylglycerol accumulation. The present study aimed to ascertain the role of CREB1 in regulating milk fatty acid composition synthesized by goat mammary gland. Our data found that overexpression of CREB1 in vitro alters the abundance of lipogenic genes, triacylglycerol accumulation and concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids in goat mammary epithelial cells. Thus, manipulation of CREB1 in vivo might be one approach to improve the quality of goat milk. Abstract cAMP response element binding protein 1 (CREB1) is a member of the leucine zipper transcription factor family of DNA binding proteins. Although studies in non-ruminants have demonstrated a crucial role of CREB1 in lipid synthesis in liver and adipose tissue, it is unknown if this transcription regulator exerts control of fatty acid synthesis in ruminant mammary cells. To address this question, we first defined the expression dynamics of CREB1 in mammary tissue during lactation. Analysis of CREB1 in mammary tissue revealed higher mRNA abundance in mammary tissue harvested at peak lactation. Overexpression of CREB1 markedly upregulated sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (SREBP1), fatty acid synthase (FASN), acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase α (ACACA), elongase of very long chain fatty acids 6 (ELOVL6), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3), lipin 1 (LPIN1) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), but had no effect on glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, mitochondrial (GPAM) or 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 6 (AGPAT6). In addition, overexpressing CREB1 led to a significant increase in the concentration and desaturation index of C16:1 (palmitoleic acid) and C18:1 (oleic acid), along with increased concentration of triacylglycerol. Taken together, these results highlight an important role of CREB1 in regulating lipid synthesis in goat mammary epithelial cells. Thus, manipulation of CREB1 in vivo might be one approach to improve the quality of goat milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Yao
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China; (D.Y.); (C.Y.); (J.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Chunlei Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China; (D.Y.); (C.Y.); (J.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Jing Ma
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China; (D.Y.); (C.Y.); (J.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Lili Chen
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China; (D.Y.); (C.Y.); (J.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Jun Luo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, China;
| | - Yi Ma
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China; (D.Y.); (C.Y.); (J.M.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (J.J.L.)
| | - Juan. J. Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (J.J.L.)
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Effects of exogenous C18 unsaturated fatty acids on milk lipid synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. J DAIRY RES 2020; 87:344-348. [PMID: 32893769 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029920000722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We determined the effects of a combination of C18 unsaturated fatty acids (C18-UFAs) consisting of oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids on milk lipogenesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). By orthogonal experiments to determine cellular triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation, a combination of 200 μmol/l C18 : 1, 50 μmol/l C18 : 2, and 2 μmol/l C18 : 3 was selected as C18-UFAs combination treatment, and culture in medium containing fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin was used as the control. The expression of genes related to milk lipid synthesis and intracellular FA composition was measured. The results showed that cytosolic TAG formation was higher under C18-UFAs treatment than under control treatment. The mRNA expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase-α (ACACA), fatty acid synthase (FASN), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) did not differ between treatments. The abundance of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) and acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1 (ACSL1) was higher, whereas that of sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF-1) was lower after C18-UFAs treatment compared to control treatment. The C16 : 0 and SFA content was decreased following C18-UFAs treatment compared to control treatment, while the cis-9 C18 : 1 and UFA content was increased. In conclusion, C18-UFAs could stimulate triglyceride accumulation, increase the cellular UFA concentration, and regulate lipogenic genes in BMECs.
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17
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Lipidomic profiling analysis of the phospholipid molecules in SCAP-induced lipid droplet formation in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 149:106420. [PMID: 31953015 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs) in the cytoplasm plays an important role in energy balance, membrane synthesis and cell signal transduction. The aim of this study was to investigate the profile of phospholipids after SCAP-induced LD formation in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). A shRNA-SCAP vector and a SCAP/SREBP vector were used to knock down and overexpress the SCAP gene in BMECs prior to evaluating the effects on LDs using Western blotting, real-time PCR, LD staining and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The average LD diameter was determined following oil red O staining. The overexpression of SCAP increased the abundance of SCD, ACACA and FASN genes and nuclear SREBP1a. In contrast, knocking down SCAP decreased the abundance of the nuclear SREBP1a protein and downregulated the abundance of target genes. Lipid droplet staining revealed that knocking down SCAP reduced LD formation and average LD diameter. In contrast, overexpression of SCAP increased the formation and size of the LDs. The results from an analysis of cellular lipids revealed that phospholipids are the predominant species in the profile of cell lipids. phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) are important for determining the size of LDs. The LD formation induced by SCAP gene overexpression and knockdown underscored the role of phospholipids involved in lipid droplet formation and fusion.
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18
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Li P, Zhou C, Li X, Yu M, Li M, Gao X. CRTC2 Is a Key Mediator of Amino Acid-Induced Milk Fat Synthesis in Mammary Epithelial Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:10513-10520. [PMID: 31475823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids can stimulate milk fat synthesis, but the underlying molecular mechanism is still largely unknown. In this study, we studied the regulatory role and corresponding molecular mechanism of cAMP response element-binding protein-regulated transcription coactivator 2 (CRTC2) in amino acid-induced milk fat synthesis in mammary epithelial cells. We showed that leucine and methionine stimulated CRTC2 but not p-CRTC2(Ser171) expression and nuclear localization in cow mammary epithelial cells. Knockdown of CRTC2 decreased milk fat synthesis and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) expression and activation, whereas its overexpression had the opposite effects. Neither knockdown nor overexpression of CRTC2 affected β-casein synthesis and phosphorylation of the machanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), suggesting that CRTC2 only regulates milk fat synthesis. CRTC2 knockdown abolished the stimulation of leucine and methionine on SREBP-1c expression and activation. Knockdown or overexpression of CRTC2 did not affect the protein level of cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) and its phosphorylation but decreased or increased the binding of p-CREB to the promoter of SREBP-1c gene and its mRNA expression, respectively. Mutation of Ser171 of CRTC2 did not alter the stimulation of CRTC2 on SREBP-1c expression and activation, further suggesting that CRTC2 functions in the nucleus. mTOR inhibition by rapamycin totally blocked the stimulation of leucine and methionine on CRTC2 expression. The expression of CRTC2 was dramatically higher in the mouse mammary gland of lactation period, compared with that of the dry and puberty periods, whereas p-CRTC2(Ser171) was not changed, further supporting that CRTC2 is a key transcription coactivator for milk fat synthesis. These results uncover that CRTC2 is a key transcription coactivator of amino acid-stimulated mTOR-mediated milk fat synthesis in mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- School of Animal Science , Yangtze University , Jingzhou 434020 , China
| | - Chengjian Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030 , China
| | - Xueying Li
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030 , China
| | - Mengmeng Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030 , China
| | - Meng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030 , China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- School of Animal Science , Yangtze University , Jingzhou 434020 , China
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Li X, Li P, Wang L, Zhang M, Gao X. Lysine Enhances the Stimulation of Fatty Acids on Milk Fat Synthesis via the GPRC6A-PI3K-FABP5 Signaling in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:7005-7015. [PMID: 31174423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids can enhance milk fat synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs), but the molecular mechanism is not well-known. In this study, we explored the regulatory role and molecular mechanism of lysine (Lys) on milk fat synthesis induced by fatty acids (FAs). We show that Lys dose-dependently affects number of cells and milk fat synthesis, and has more stimulatory effects in the presence of FAs. Lys enhances FA-induced sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) expression and maturation in a fatty-acid-binding protein 5 (FABP5)-dependent manner. We further show that the Lys stimulates FABP5 expression via the GPRC6A (GPCR, class C, group 6, subtype A)-PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) signaling. Lys dose-dependently affects GPRC6A expression and localization at the plasma membrane. In summary, our data reveals that Lys enhances FAs-stimulated SREBP-1c expression and maturation leading to milk fat synthesis via the GPRC6A-PI3K-FABP5 signaling in BMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Li
- School of Animal Science , Yangtze University , Jingzhou 434020 , China
| | - Ping Li
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030 , China
| | - Lulu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030 , China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030 , China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- School of Animal Science , Yangtze University , Jingzhou 434020 , China
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