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Li S, Saharawat A, Ye A, Dave A, Singh H. Characteristics of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) Milk: Lactational Changes in Composition and Processing Impacts on Structural and Gelation Properties. Foods 2023; 12:foods12071517. [PMID: 37048339 PMCID: PMC10094629 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In an increasingly diversified global market, milk of minor dairy species has gained interest as a novel and premium source of nutrition. Relative to the major dairy species, much is lacking in our understanding of red deer (Cervus elaphus) milk. In this study, we characterized the compositions (macronutrients, minerals, fatty acids, and proteins) of red deer milk and their variations throughout lactation. We also investigated the structures, physical properties, and gelation (acid- and rennet-induced) properties of deer milk and how they are impacted by typical processing treatments (e.g., homogenization and pasteurization). We identified unique features in the composition of deer milk, including being richer in protein, fat, calcium, zinc, iodine, branched-chain fatty acids, and α-linolenic acid than other ruminant milks. Different deer milk components displayed diverse variation patterns over the lactation cycle, many of which were different from those demonstrated in other ruminant species. Other physicochemical features of deer milk were identified, such as its markedly larger fat globules. Processing treatments were demonstrated to alter the structural and gelation properties of deer milk. Most of the gelation properties of deer milk resembled that of bovine milk more than ovine and caprine milks. This study furthers our understanding of red deer milk and will aid in its processing and applications in novel products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Li
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Ashish Saharawat
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Aiqian Ye
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Anant Dave
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Harjinder Singh
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Studer JM, Schweer WP, Gabler NK, Ross JW. Functions of manganese in reproduction. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 238:106924. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.106924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Berruga MI, de la Vara JÁ, Licón CC, Garzón AI, García AJ, Carmona M, Chonco L, Molina A. Physicochemical, Microbiological and Technological Properties of Red Deer ( Cervus elaphus) Milk during Lactation. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030906. [PMID: 33810016 PMCID: PMC8004988 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Milk from red deer is richer in fat and proteins than that of cow or other ruminants. The semi-captive breeding of this species has traditionally focused on meat, velvet or hunting purposes, but recent studies suggested that the high level of nutrients, the promising content of bioactive peptides and the better digestibility than that of milk from other species could open innovative alternatives for the dairy industry. As for other non-commercial mammalian species that are gaining technological interest for the elaboration of dairy products, it is necessary to understand the aptitude and performance of milk from red deer to be used for the production of cheese, fermented milks or other products. Our study aims to assess some chemical, physical, microbiological and technological properties of red deer milk during a lactation period of 18 weeks. The results show that milk from this species is similar to that of other ruminant species whose milk is commercialized. In addition, our results indicate the best period to industrialize the milk during lactation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the benefits of using red deer milk with a technological approach. Abstract This study describes chemical, physical, microbiological and technological characteristics of red deer milk and the effect of lactation on these parameters in order to know their potential aptitude to elaborate dairy products. During 18 weeks, milk from five hinds was monitored for composition, bacteriology, somatic cell count (SCC), physical properties and rennet coagulation. Mean values (g/100 g) for fat, protein, lactose and dry matter were 10.4, 7.1, 4.3 and 24.2, respectively, and for urea, 265 mg/100 mL. Except for lactose, a significant increase in these components was observed (p < 0.01) as lactation progressed. The average values for bacteriology and SCC were 5.3 log cfu/mL and 4.7 log cells/mL, respectively. Regarding physical properties, conductivity (mean: 2.8 ms/cm), viscosity (3.1 Cp), coordinates L* (89.9) and a* (−3.1) and milk fat globule diameter (D4,3: 6.1 µm) increased along with lactation while density (1.038 g/mL) decreased (p < 0.01). The pH (6.7), acidity (22.9° Dornic), coordinate b* (8.4) and ethanol stability (66.6% v/v) were stable during the study period. The stage of lactation also has a significant impact on milk coagulation properties and mean curd yield was 3.29 g/10 mL. These results suggest that red deer milk could be a potential innovative source of milk for the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Berruga
- Food Quality Research Group, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (J.Á.d.l.V.); (M.C.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-599200 (ext. 2615)
| | - Juan Ángel de la Vara
- Food Quality Research Group, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (J.Á.d.l.V.); (M.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Carmen C. Licón
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California State University, Fresno, 5300 N Campus Drive M/S FF17, Fresno, CA 93740, USA;
| | - Ana Isabel Garzón
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Andrés José García
- Animal Science Techniques Applied to Wildlife Management Research Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Albacete Section of CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (A.J.G.); (L.C.)
- Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Manuel Carmona
- Food Quality Research Group, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (J.Á.d.l.V.); (M.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Louis Chonco
- Animal Science Techniques Applied to Wildlife Management Research Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Albacete Section of CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (A.J.G.); (L.C.)
- Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Ana Molina
- Food Quality Research Group, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (J.Á.d.l.V.); (M.C.); (A.M.)
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de la Vara JA, Berruga MI, Serrano MP, Cano EL, García A, Landete-Castillejos T, Gallego L, Argüello A, Carmona M, Molina A. Short communication: Red deer (Cervus elaphus) colostrum during its transition to milk. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:5662-5667. [PMID: 32307161 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We studied changes in chemical composition, somatic cell count, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) and M (IgM) content in red deer (Cervus elaphus) colostrum during the transition to milk at different times after parturition (<5 h, 24 h, 48 h, 2 wk, and 4 wk). The production level was higher at 2 and 4 wk of lactation than during the first day after parturition, with intermediate values at 48 h postpartum. Fat content did not vary during the study period. However, total protein and casein contents were particularly high in the initial 5 h after parturition, decreasing to approximately 50% after 24 h postpartum. Conversely, lactose concentration was low in the beginning (<5 h), increasing gradually throughout the study. Similarly, dry matter dropped during the first 24 h and then remained constant throughout the study. Urea content decreased during the study, showing a slight recovery at 4 wk. Somatic cell count was higher during the first hours after parturition and gradually decreased throughout the study period. The IgG content was higher before 5 h postpartum than at 24 h postpartum. After 5 h, the level of IgG decreased progressively until it reached 0.18 mg/mL at 4 wk of lactation. We observed a similar pattern for IgM content, but it decreased more quickly than IgG and was not detected after 2 wk. In the case of deer, milk should be considered transitional from 24 to 48 h after parturition, and samples collected after 2 wk can be considered mature milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A de la Vara
- Food Quality Research Group, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain
| | - M I Berruga
- Food Quality Research Group, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain
| | - M P Serrano
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Animal Science Techniques Applied to Wildlife Management Research Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Albacete Section of CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain.
| | - E L Cano
- Quantitative Methods and Socio-Economic Development Group, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain
| | - A García
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Animal Science Techniques Applied to Wildlife Management Research Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Albacete Section of CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain
| | - T Landete-Castillejos
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Animal Science Techniques Applied to Wildlife Management Research Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Albacete Section of CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain
| | - L Gallego
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Animal Science Techniques Applied to Wildlife Management Research Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Albacete Section of CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain
| | - A Argüello
- Department of Animal Science, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas 35413, Spain
| | - M Carmona
- School of Architecture, Engineering and Design, Food Technology Laboratory, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid 28670, Spain
| | - A Molina
- Food Quality Research Group, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain
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Pérez Serrano M, García AJ, Landete-Castillejos T, Cappelli J, Gómez JÁ, Hidalgo F, Gallego L. Parenteral Cu Supplementation of Late-Gestating and Lactating Iberian Red Deer Hinds Fed a Balanced Diet Reduces Somatic Cell Count and Modifies Mineral Profile of Milk. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10010083. [PMID: 31947856 PMCID: PMC7022862 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The benefits of Cu supplementation have been reported for male deer and cows. In deer, supplementation with this mineral is frequent in males even in animals receiving balanced diets. The benefits of Cu supplementation for antler cortical thickness in adult deer and for deer meat characteristics have also been demonstrated. Since Cu supplementation of cows has positive effects to achieve optimal offspring growth, it could be interesting to assess such effects for hinds since this mineral is transported across the placenta and has an important role in animal growth. Our results in lactating hinds showed that Cu supplementation decreased the number of somatic cells, improving the health quality of the milk and indicating a lower risk of mastitis. It also increased Ca and K content of milk, although not that of Cu. This is the first study demonstrating that Cu supplementation during late-gestation and lactation in hinds fed a balanced diet could be a good strategy to reduce somatic cell count (improving the health quality of milk) and modify the mineral profile of milk increasing its Ca content. Abstract This study describes the effects that Cu supplementation of late-gestating and lactating females (hinds) of Iberian red deer fed a balanced diet have on milk production, composition, and somatic cell count (SCC). Experimental hinds (n = 9) were subcutaneously injected every 42 days with Cu (0.83 mg Cu/kg body weight) from day 202 of gestation until the end of lactation (week 18). Control hinds (n = 8) were injected with a physiological saline solution with the same volume and at the same frequency as the experimental group. Copper supplementation decreased the SCC from 1.64 to 1.36 log 10/mL (p = 0.003) and modified the milk mineral profile. In particular, milk from hinds supplemented with Cu had more Ca (p = 0.02), Mg (p = 0.06), and K (p = 0.03) than milk from control hinds. However, Cu supplementation did not influence the Cu content of milk. Therefore, it can be concluded that Cu supplementation of hinds fed a balanced diet from late-gestation to the end of lactation could be a good strategy to reduce SCC and modify the mineral profile of milk increasing its Ca content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pérez Serrano
- Animal Science Techniques Applied to Wildlife Management Research Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario sn, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (A.J.G.); (T.L.-C.); (J.C.); (L.G.)
- Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Instituto de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario sn, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (J.Á.G.); (F.H.)
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario sn, 02071 Albacete, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-902-204-100; Fax: +34-967-59-92-33
| | - Andrés José García
- Animal Science Techniques Applied to Wildlife Management Research Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario sn, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (A.J.G.); (T.L.-C.); (J.C.); (L.G.)
- Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Instituto de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario sn, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (J.Á.G.); (F.H.)
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario sn, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Tomás Landete-Castillejos
- Animal Science Techniques Applied to Wildlife Management Research Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario sn, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (A.J.G.); (T.L.-C.); (J.C.); (L.G.)
- Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Instituto de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario sn, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (J.Á.G.); (F.H.)
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario sn, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Jamil Cappelli
- Animal Science Techniques Applied to Wildlife Management Research Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario sn, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (A.J.G.); (T.L.-C.); (J.C.); (L.G.)
- Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Instituto de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario sn, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (J.Á.G.); (F.H.)
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario sn, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - José Ángel Gómez
- Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Instituto de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario sn, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (J.Á.G.); (F.H.)
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario sn, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Francisco Hidalgo
- Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Instituto de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario sn, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (J.Á.G.); (F.H.)
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario sn, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Laureano Gallego
- Animal Science Techniques Applied to Wildlife Management Research Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario sn, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (A.J.G.); (T.L.-C.); (J.C.); (L.G.)
- Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Instituto de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario sn, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (J.Á.G.); (F.H.)
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario sn, 02071 Albacete, Spain
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