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Ataollahi F, Holman B, Casburn GR, Piltz JW. The effect of humate as a feed additive on feed intake, production, and carcass parameters of Angus steers. Aust Vet J 2024; 102:242-248. [PMID: 38342579 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Humate may be a valuable livestock feed additive, with potential effects on nutrient utilisation and animal performance. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of K Humate S 100R supplementation on the feed intake, liveweight gain, and carcass parameters of Angus steers. Within individual pens, 40 weaned steers were allocated to four treatment groups (n = 10/potassium humate K Humate S100R, Omnia Specialities Australia) for 100 days. The treatment groups included Group 1, 35 g K Humate S100R/animal/day; Group 2, 70 g K Humate S100R/animal/day; Group 3, 140 g K Humate S100R/animal/day; and Control Group, which were not supplemented with K Humate S100R (0 g K Humate S100R/animal/day). Chemical and mineral composition of the feed ingredients, dry matter intake (DMI), and average daily weight gains were recorded. The steers were slaughtered as a single group at a commercial Australian abattoir. Standard measures for hot standard carcass weight, eye muscle area, fat depth and coverage, marbling, ossification, meat and fat colour, dressing percentage and loin pH values at 24-hour postmortem were recorded. It was found that the steers allocated to Group 2 had higher DMI (P = 0.003) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P < 0.001) compared with those allocated to Group 1 and the Control Group. The MSA marbling score was lowest for steers allocated to the Control Group (P < 0.05) and comparable for those allocated to Groups 1, 2, and 3. Together, these results demonstrate that increased levels of K Humate S100R supplementation improved the carcass quality, via an increase in MSA. However, further research is warranted on the potential effects of humates supplementation on intramuscular fat associated qualities of beef.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ataollahi
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agriculture Institute, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, 2650, Australia
| | - Bwb Holman
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agriculture Institute, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, 2650, Australia
| | - G R Casburn
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agriculture Institute, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, 2650, Australia
| | - J W Piltz
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agriculture Institute, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, 2650, Australia
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Majewska M, Kędzierska A, Miltko R, Bełżecki G, Kowalik B. Does humate supplementation affect ciliate population
and fermentation parameters in the sheep rumen? JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/153957/2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wang Y, Wang R, Hao X, Hu Y, Guo T, Zhang J, Wang W, Shi X, An X, Qi J. Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, immune responses and antioxidant status of lambs supplemented with humic acids and fermented wheat bran polysaccharides. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Hassan A, Salem A, Elghandour M, Abu Hafsa S, Reddy P, Atia S, Vidu L. Humic substances isolated from clay soil may improve the ruminal fermentation, milk yield, and fatty acid profile: A novel approach in dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Xu L, Wen L, Ge Y, Wan G, Qu M, Xue F. Metagenomic Insights Into the Effects of Rare-Earth Elements Supplementation on Rumen Digestibility and Meat Quality of Beef Cattle. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1933. [PMID: 33117297 PMCID: PMC7550762 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare-earth elements (REE), supplemented as feed additives, effectively improved feed conversion and production performances of monogastrics. However, very little information exists on how REE supplementation affects ruminants. In the present study, twenty-four 18-month-old Jinjiang bull cattle, with initial body weight (BW) of 374.75 ± 14.02 kg, were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments with a 15-day-long preliminary trial: a control treatment (basal diet), a 400 mg/kg REE treatment (basal diet supplemented with 400 mg REE/kg DMI), an 800 mg/kg REE treatment (basal diet supplemented with 800 mg REE/kg DMI), and a 1,200 mg/kg REE treatment (basal diet supplemented with 1,200 mg REE/kg DMI). Based on the results, the optimum supplementation scale was chosen for a 60-day-long follow-up feeding procedure. At the end of the feeding period, all bull cattle were slaughtered. Feed intake, average daily weight gain, carcass performances, meat quality, and rumen microbiota were measured. Results indicate a positive response in terms of growth performance and gastrointestinal digestibility to REE supplementation, and 400 mg/kg DMI treatment presented the most average daily feed intake (ADFI), the best average daily weight gain (ADG), and the least F/G. REE also significantly decreased the ruminal propionate content compared with control treatment. As to microbiota, despite no increases in bacterial community abundance, there was a proliferation of Bacteroidetes and Tenericutes and suppression of Actinobacteria under REE treatment. Furthermore, REE treatment significantly increased the meat protein content and decreased meat fat content. There was also an increase in the activities of the enzymes related to lipid syntheses. Fatty acid synthetase (FAS) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were significantly suppressed, while the activity of the lipolysis-related enzyme, lipoproteinesterase (LPL), was enhanced. In summary, REE supplementation provided an effective regulation on ruminal microbiota, facilitation of ruminal fiber digestibility, promotion of feed conversion, suppression of lipid deposition, and finally, improved the production and meat quality of beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanjiao Xu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Luhua Wen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu Ge
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Gen Wan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Mingren Qu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fuguang Xue
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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Rumen metaproteomics: Closer to linking rumen microbial function to animal productivity traits. Methods 2020; 186:42-51. [PMID: 32758682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The rumen microbiome constitutes a dense and complex mixture of anaerobic bacteria, archaea, protozoa, virus and fungi. Collectively, rumen microbial populations interact closely in order to degrade and ferment complex plant material into nutrients for host metabolism, a process which also produces other by-products, such as methane gas. Our understanding of the rumen microbiome and its functions are of both scientific and industrial interest, as the metabolic functions are connected to animal health and nutrition, but at the same time contribute significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions. While many of the major microbial members of the rumen microbiome are acknowledged, advances in modern culture-independent meta-omic techniques, such as metaproteomics, enable deep exploration into active microbial populations involved in essential rumen metabolic functions. Meaningful and accurate metaproteomic analyses are highly dependent on representative samples, precise protein extraction and fractionation, as well as a comprehensive and high-quality protein sequence database that enables precise protein identification and quantification. This review focuses on the application of rumen metaproteomics, and its potential towards understanding the complex rumen microbiome and its metabolic functions. We present and discuss current methods in sample handling, protein extraction and data analysis for rumen metaproteomics, and finally emphasize the potential of (meta)genome-integrated metaproteomics for accurate reconstruction of active microbial populations in the rumen.
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Terry SA, Redman AAP, Ribeiro GO, Chaves AV, Beauchemin KA, Okine E, McAllister TA. Effect of a pine enhanced biochar on growth performance, carcass quality, and feeding behavior of feedlot steers. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:831-838. [PMID: 32734143 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of enhanced biochar (EB) on growth performance, carcass quality, and feeding behavior of feedlot steers fed high-forage and high-grain diets. A total of 160 crossbred steers (initial 286 ± 26 kg body weight [BW]) were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 16 pens (10 steers per pen), 8 of which were equipped with the GrowSafe system for monitoring feeding behavior. Treatments were EB included in the diet at 0% (control), 0.5%, 1.0%, or 2.0% (dry matter [DM] basis) with four pens per treatment. The backgrounding phase (84 d) was divided into four 21-d periods, and the finishing phase (112 d) was divided into four 28-d periods, with a 28-d transition period for dietary adaptation. Pen was the experimental unit for all parameters except for feeding behavior, where steer was considered the experimental unit. Treatment was included as a fixed effect, and period was considered a repeated measure. Total weight gain and overall average daily gain (ADG) tended to decrease (P = 0.06) with 2.0% EB. There was no effect (P ≥ 0.13) of EB on dry matter intake (DMI), gain-to-feed ratio (G:F), net energy for gain, ADG, or final BW for the backgrounding or finishing phases. There was a treatment × period effect (P < 0.05) of EB on DMI, ADG, and G:F for both backgrounding and finishing phases. Hot carcass weight, dressing %, back fat, rib-eye area, and meat yield were not affected (P ≥ 0.26) by EB. Lean meat yield was increased (P = 0.03) by 2.0% EB compared to all other treatments. Compared to the control, 2.0% EB increased (P = 0.02) the number of carcasses that achieved Canada 1 grade. More (P = 0.05) carcasses from control steers were graded as Canada 3 as compared to those fed 0.5% or 2.0% EB. Quality grade and incidences of liver abscesses were not affected (P ≥ 0.44) by EB. Enhanced biochar had no effect (P ≥ 0.11) on feeding behavior during backgrounding or finishing phases. In conclusion, EB did not result in changes in growth rate, feed efficiency, or feeding behavior in feedlot cattle, but 2.0% EB increased lean carcass yield grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Terry
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Abby-Ann P Redman
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gabriel O Ribeiro
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Alex V Chaves
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karen A Beauchemin
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Erasmus Okine
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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Xue F, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Nan X, Hua D, Sun F, Yang L, Jiang L, Xiong B. Ruminal Methanogenic Responses to the Thiamine Supplementation in High-Concentrate Diets. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E935. [PMID: 32481707 PMCID: PMC7341502 DOI: 10.3390/ani10060935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiamine supplementation in high-concentrate diets (HC) was confirmed to attenuate ruminal subacute acidosis through promoting carbohydrate metabolism, however, whether thiamine supplementation in HC impacts methane metabolism is still unclear. Therefore, in the present study, thiamine was supplemented in the high-concentrate diets to investigate its effects on ruminal methanogens and methanogenesis process. METHODS an in vitro fermentation experiment which included three treatments: control diet (CON, concentrate/forage = 4:6; DM basis), high-concentrate diet (HC, concentrate/forage = 6:4; DM basis) and high-concentrate diet supplemented with thiamine (HCT, concentrate/forage = 6:4, DM basis; thiamine supplementation content = 180 mg/kg DM) was conducted. Each treatment concluded with four repeats, with three bottles in each repeat. The in vitro fermentation was sustained for 48h each time and repeated three times. At the end of fermentation, fermentable parameters, ruminal bacteria and methanogens community were measured. RESULTS HC significantly decreased ruminal pH, thiamine and acetate content, while significantly increasing propionate content compared with CON (p < 0.05). Conversely, thiamine supplementation significantly increased ruminal pH, acetate while significantly decreasing propionate content compared with HC treatment (p < 0.05). No significant difference of ruminal methanogens abundances among three treatments was observed. Thiamine supplementation significantly decreased methane production compared with CON, while no significant change was found in HCT compared with HC. CONCLUSION thiamine supplementation in the high-concentrate diet (HC) could efficiently reduce CH4 emissions compared with high-forage diets while without causing ruminal metabolic disorders compared with HC treatment. This study demonstrated that supplementation of proper thiamine in concentrate diets could be an effective nutritional strategy to decrease CH4 production in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuguang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (F.X.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.N.); (D.H.); (F.S.); (L.Y.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (F.X.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.N.); (D.H.); (F.S.); (L.Y.)
| | - Yiguang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (F.X.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.N.); (D.H.); (F.S.); (L.Y.)
| | - Xuemei Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (F.X.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.N.); (D.H.); (F.S.); (L.Y.)
| | - Dengke Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (F.X.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.N.); (D.H.); (F.S.); (L.Y.)
| | - Fuyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (F.X.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.N.); (D.H.); (F.S.); (L.Y.)
| | - Liang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (F.X.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.N.); (D.H.); (F.S.); (L.Y.)
| | - Linshu Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Benhai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (F.X.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.N.); (D.H.); (F.S.); (L.Y.)
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Ran T, Saleem AM, Shen Y, Ribeiro GO, Beauchemin KA, Tsang A, Yang W, McAllister TA. Effects of a recombinant fibrolytic enzyme on fiber digestion, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen balance, and total tract digestibility of heifers fed a high forage diet1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:3578-3587. [PMID: 31251799 PMCID: PMC6667264 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A metabolism study was conducted using 8 ruminal cannulated beef heifers to investigate the effects of a recombinant fibrolytic enzyme (RFE; xylanase XYL10C) selected specifically for forage-fed ruminants on ruminal pH, fermentation, nitrogen balance, and total tract digestibility of heifers. The experiment was a cross-over design with 2 treatments and 2 periods. The 2 treatments were a basal diet containing 60% barley silage, 30% barley straw, and 10% supplement (DM basis) without (control) or with RFE. The enzyme was sprayed onto the barley straw at a rate of 6.6 × 104 IU·kg-1 DM 24 h before feeding. Each period comprised 2 wk of diet adaptation and 1 wk of sampling and data collection. Feed intake and total tract digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, and ADF were unaffected by RFE. Ruminal pH including mean, minimum, maximum, and duration pH <5.8, did not differ between treatments. Total VFA concentration, molar proportion of individual VFA, and acetate-to-propionate ratio were also not affected by RFE. However, ruminal NH3-N concentration (P < 0.06) and endoglucanase activity (P < 0.08) in ruminal fluid tended to be higher with RFE. Nitrogen utilization and microbial protein synthesis were not affected by treatment. These results indicate that XYL10C did not improve fiber digestion in heifers fed a high forage diet, despite the fact that it was specifically selected for this trait in laboratory assays. However, the increased ruminal NH3-N concentration suggests it potentially increased ruminal proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ran
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Atef M Saleem
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Yizhao Shen
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Gabriel O Ribeiro
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Adrian Tsang
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomic, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Wenzhu Yang
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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Visscher C, Hankel J, Nies A, Keller B, Galvez E, Strowig T, Keller C, Breves G. Performance, Fermentation Characteristics and Composition of the Microbiome in the Digest of Piglets Kept on a Feed With Humic Acid-Rich Peat. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:29. [PMID: 30809530 PMCID: PMC6380164 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from breast milk to solid feed is a dramatic change in the nutrition of piglets, frequently necessitating antibiotic treatment. In efforts to reduce the use of antibiotics, dietetic concepts based on natural feed additives are becoming more and more important. In the present study, experiments were carried out with 15 rearing piglets (days 28–56) divided into three groups that were offered different diets (Ctr [0% peat]; H1.5 [1.5% peat]; and H3.0 [3.0% peat] based on a commercial weaner recipe; all ~178 g CP, 13.7 MJ ME, 13.3 g Lys, as-fed). The contents of cecal and colon digesta were removed at necropsy. The gas formation (4 h) in colon digesta was measured using in vitro batch fermenters. For microbiome studies, 16S rRNA amplification was performed within the hypervariable region V 4 and sequenced with Illumina MiSeq platform. DNA read mapping and statistical analysis were performed using QIIME (version 1.8.0), MicrobiomeAnalyst, RStudio, and SAS Enterprise Guide. The mean body weight of the animals at the end of the trial did not show statistical differences (in kg: Ctr: 26.1 ± 4.85, H1.5: 28.5 ± 3.41, H3.0: 26.2 ± 4.92). The daily weight gains were high for this age (in g/day; Ctr: 607 ± 157; H1.5: 692 ± 101; H3.0: 615 ± 113) and the feed to gain ratio low (in kg/kg; Ctr: 1.538; H1.5: 1.462; H3.0: 1.462). Concentrations of short-chain fatty acids in the cecal content were significantly lower when peat was used (mmol/kg wet weight; Ctr: 173 ± 30.0; H1.5:134 ± 15.0; H3.0:133 ± 17.3). Numerical differences were found in the gas formation (in mL gas per 10 mL batch in 4 h; Ctr: 7.9 ± 2.2; H1.5: 7.4 ± 2.4; H3.0: 6.6 ± 1.1). The microbiome analyses in the cecal content showed significantly higher values for alpha diversity Chao 1 index for samples from the control group. Significant differences were found for bacterial relative abundance for Tenericutes at phylum level and Mollicutes at class level (p < 0.05) in cecal microbiota. Therefore, there was initial evidence that peat influences intestinal microflora causing a shift in the overall concentration of fermentation products in both, the cecal and the colon content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Hankel
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Nies
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Birgit Keller
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eric Galvez
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christoph Keller
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center GmbH & Co. KG, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerhard Breves
- Institute for Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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