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Jakimovska Pokupec V, Janchevska K, Grozdanovska M, Petrovska V. Elucidation of molecular structure of bromazepam opened ring related compound detected in bromazepam tablets in acidic dissolution media using LC/MS. MAKEDONSKO FARMACEVTSKI BILTEN 2022. [DOI: 10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2022.68.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katerina Janchevska
- Research and Development, Alkaloid AD, Blvd. Aleksandar Makedonski 12, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Marija Grozdanovska
- Research and Development, Alkaloid AD, Blvd. Aleksandar Makedonski 12, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Viktorija Petrovska
- Research and Development, Alkaloid AD, Blvd. Aleksandar Makedonski 12, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
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Attia MS. Spectrofluorimetric quantification of bromazepam using a highly selective optical probe based on Eu3+-bromazepam complex in pharmaceutical and serum samples. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2009; 74:972-976. [PMID: 19781983 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, simple and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for determination of trace amount of bromazepam is developed. In phosphate buffer of pH 7.4. The bromazepam enhance the luminescence intensity of the Eu(3+) ion in Eu(3+)-bromazepam complex at lambda(ex)=390nm. The produced luminescence intensity of Eu(3+)-bromazepam complex is in proportion to the concentration of bromazepam. The working range for the determination of bromazepam is 2.3x10(-8) to 6.2x10(-7)M with detection limit (LoD) and quantitative detection limit (LoQ) of 3x10(-9) and 1.2x10(-8)M, respectively. While, the working range, detection limit (LoD) and quantitative detection limit (LoQ) in case of the quantum yield calculations are 3.7x10(-8) to 3.4x10(-7)M with of 3.4x10(-9) and 9.2x10(-8)M, respectively. The enhancement mechanism of the luminescence intensity in the Eu(3+)-bromazepam system has been also explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Attia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 115611, Egypt. Mohamed
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Garay Garcia L, Forfar-Bares I, Pehourcq F, Jarry C. Simultaneous determination of four antipsychotic drugs in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 795:257-64. [PMID: 14522030 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A specific reversed phase-high pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of clozapine (CZP), loxapine (LXP), zuclopenthixol (ZPT) and flupenthixol (FPT) in plasma. These four antipsychotic drugs are frequently used for the treatment of schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric diseases. Carpipramine, a dihydrodibenzazepine, was used as an internal standard (I.S.). A liquid-liquid procedure was used to extract the drugs from human plasma. The analysis was performed on a XTerra MS C18 column with UV detection. Calibration curves were linear in the range 50-1000 microg/l. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 15 microg/l for clozapine and loxapine and 20 microg/l for zuclopenthixol and flupenthixol. The coefficient of variation (CV) for intra- and inter-day precision was 7.2% or less with accuracies within 10% for the three concentrations.This isocratic and rapid method (run time<10 min) is useful for the management of acute intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Garay Garcia
- EA2962-Pharmacochimie, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex 33076, France
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Abstract
A review with 282 references is presented that deals with the reported methods of analysis of phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, and benzodiazepine derivatives of pharmaceutical interest. The review includes the methods adapted in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Hefnawy
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt
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Van Bocxlaer JF, Clauwaert KM, Lambert WE, Deforce DL, Van den Eeckhout EG, De Leenheer AP. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in forensic toxicology. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2000; 19:165-214. [PMID: 10986692 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2787(200007)19:4<165::aid-mas1>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry has evolved from a topic of mainly research interest into a routinely usable tool in various application fields. With the advent of new ionization approaches, especially atmospheric pressure, the technique has established itself firmly in many areas of research. Although many applications prove that LC-MS is a valuable complementary analytical tool to GC-MS and has the potential to largely extend the application field of mass spectrometry to hitherto "MS-phobic" molecules, we must recognize that the use of LC-MS in forensic toxicology remains relatively rare. This rarity is all the more surprising because forensic toxicologists find themselves often confronted with the daunting task of actually searching for evidence materials on a scientific basis without any indication of the direction in which to search. Through the years, mass spectrometry, mainly in the GC-MS form, has gained a leading role in the way such quandaries are tackled. The advent of robust, bioanalytically compatible combinations of liquid chromatographic separation with mass spectrometric detection really opens new perspectives in terms of mass spectrometric identification of difficult molecules (e.g., polar metabolites) or biopolymers with toxicological relevance, high throughput, and versatility. Of course, analytical toxicologists are generally mass spectrometry users rather than mass spectrometrists, and this difference certainly explains the slow start of LC-MS in this field. Nevertheless, some valuable applications have been published, and it seems that the introduction of the more universal atmospheric pressure ionization interfaces really has boosted interests. This review presents an overview of what has been realized in forensic toxicological LC-MS. After a short introduction into LC-MS interfacing operational characteristics (or limitations), it covers applications that range from illicit drugs to often abused prescription medicines and some natural poisons. As such, we hope it can act as an appetizer to those involved in forensic toxicology but still hesitating to invest in LC-MS.
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Sentürk Z, Ozkan SA, Ozkan Y, Aboul-Enein HY. Voltammetric investigation of oxidation of zuclopenthixol and application to its determination in dosage forms and in drug dissolution studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2000; 22:315-23. [PMID: 10719915 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00291-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative voltammetric behaviour of zuclopenthixol (ZPT) at a glassy carbon has been studied using cyclic, linear sweep and differential pulse voltammetry. Oxidation of the drug produced three pH dependent anodic steps (representing an irreversible oxidation). Using differential pulse voltammetry, the drug yielded a well-defined voltammetric response in phosphate buffer, pH 5.2 at + 0.82 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). This process could be used to determine ZPT concentrations in the range 8 x 10(-7)-2 x 10(-4) M. The method was applied, without any interferences from the excipients, to the determination of the drug in tablets and oral drops, and in drug dissolution studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Sentürk
- Gazi University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey
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Sequential injection spectrophotometric assay of bromazepam complexed with iron(II) in hydrochloric acid with chemometric optimization. Talanta 1999; 50:841-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s0039-9140(99)00163-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/1999] [Revised: 05/03/1999] [Accepted: 05/04/1999] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Marquet P, Lachâtre G. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: potential in forensic and clinical toxicology. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 733:93-118. [PMID: 10572976 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00147-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A relatively limited number of papers concerning applications of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to forensic or clinical toxicology, or analytical methods directly applicable to these topics have been published so far, but their number have greatly increased in the past two years, probably due to technical improvements and to a decrease in the price of such instruments. After a brief presentation and exemplary applications of the interfaces and/or sources proposed in the past for coupling HPLC to mass spectrometry (direct liquid inlet, moving belt, fast atom bombardment and thermospray interfaces), this paper describes electrospray-type and atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation interfaces and their most recent applications in forensic or clinical toxicology. In a third section, the different LC-MS solutions proposed for typical applications in human toxicology, such as the determination of morphine metabolites, LSD and its metabolites and corticosteroids in blood or urine, are reviewed in detail in order to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each ionisation device and/or analytical method. The last section envisages the new analytical fields opened up by LC-MS in toxicology, regarding mainly peptides, proteins and large molecules, as well as the possible use of LC-MS as a complement to GC-MS for "general unknown" screenings; it also deals with the perspectives concerning technical improvements in ionisation interfaces/sources or mass spectrometers, as well as in sample preparation and liquid chromatography techniques applied to this type of coupling. Though LC-MS is still a relatively new technique in toxicology, on taking into consideration its success so far and owing to the simplification of instruments and concept handling thanks to user-friendly software, it is the authors' opinion that it will become a major success in analytical toxicology in the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Marquet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, Limoges, France.
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Gaillard Y, Pepin G. Poisoning by plant material: review of human cases and analytical determination of main toxins by high-performance liquid chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 733:181-229. [PMID: 10572982 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00181-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The authors have reviewed the main toxic plants responsible for human deaths throughout the world. Forty plants (genera or species) were listed in order to establish an inventory of the active molecules that could be identified, the already published analytical methods and the reported human fatal cases. In a second step, the authors have developed a general method for the detection of various toxins in whole blood by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry or tandem mass spectrometry. Sample preparation was realized by liquid-liquid extraction at pH 9.5 for oleandrine, taxol and the alkaloids. These latter compounds were divided into two groups following their chemical properties and could be subsequently purified by acid/base clean up. Cyanogenic compounds and atractyloside were isolated by precipitation of the protein content with acetone and purified for atractyloside by washing with chloroform. Separation of the drugs occurred under reversed-phase conditions on a C18 analytical column 150x2 mm I.D. (5 microm particle size) using two different mobile phases. The first one, formiate buffer 2 mM acidified at pH 3.0, was used for the separation of atractyloside, oleandrine, taxol, the cyanogenic molecules and some alkaloids. The second mobile phase, formiate buffer 10 mM made basic at pH 8.2 was used for the majority of other alkaloids. A gradient elution mode was chosen using acetonitrile or acetonitrile-methanol (50:50, v/v) as the eluting solvent. Detection under positive ionization mode was the mode of choice for all compounds except for atractyloside (negative ions) and for taxol (mixed mode available). Application to real forensic cases has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gaillard
- Laboratoire d'Expertises TOXLAB, Paris, France
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Zhang XX, Kudo K, Imamura T, Jitsufuchi N, Nagata T. Sensitive determination of bromazepam in human tissues using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 677:111-6. [PMID: 8925082 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A reliable and sensitive gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method was devised to determine the levels of bromazepam in human tissues. Bromazepam was extracted from body tissues using a three-step solvent extraction procedure. N-Desmethyldiazepam served as the internal standard. Selected ion monitoring with m/z 317 for bromazepam and m/z 270 for internal standard was used for quantitation. Calibration curves in all body tissues were linear over the concentration range from 50-500 ng/g. The lower detection limit in body tissues was 2-5 ng/g and the absolute recovery in body tissues was 27.8-68.0%. This method was used to determine the levels of bromazepam in tissues of an autopsied individual who had been prescribed psychotropic drugs and who was found dead in a car.
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Affiliation(s)
- X X Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Hansen BB, Hansen SH. Determination of zuclopenthixol and its main N-dealkylated metabolite in biological fluids using high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column photochemical derivatization and fluorescence detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1994; 658:319-25. [PMID: 7820260 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the assay of cis-(Z)-clopenthixol (zuclopenthixol) in urine and plasma has been developed. Following solid-phase extraction, the samples are chromatographed using reversed-phase ion-pairing HPLC. After separation, the solutes, having a thioxanthene structure, are transformed on-line into thioxanthones in a photochemical reactor. The thioxanthones are highly fluorescent compounds, and therefore, low detection limits are obtained when using fluorescence detection. Detection limits for zuclopenthixol and its N-dealkylated metabolite, in plasma as well as in urine, using fluorescence detection with excitation at 260 nm and emission at 435 nm, were found to be 0.05 ng/ml and 0.2 ng/ml, respectively. The chromatographic system separates the cis-(Z)- and trans-(E)-isomers of clopenthixol from its main dealkylated metabolite. Furthermore, the chromatographic system is very suitable for study of the photochemical reaction, since the chloro-thioxanthone and thioxanthone are well separated from the isomers of clopenthixol.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Hansen
- Department of Analytical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen
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Annan RS, Kresbach GM, Giese RW, Vouros P. Trace detection of modified DNA bases via moving-belt liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using electrophoric derivatization and negative chemical ionization. J Chromatogr A 1989; 465:285-96. [PMID: 2745598 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)92666-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Electrophoric derivatives of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethyluracil nucleobases are determined using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled via a moving-belt interface. Standards as well as samples derived from DNA are analysed. As little as 9.9 pg (signal-to-noise ratio 5) and 180 fg (signal-to-noise ratio 10) of the respective nucleobases are detected in the electron-capture negative chemical ionization mode, and linear responses are observed over a moderate dynamic range. In a comparison study, liquid chromatography-electron-capture negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry is found to have a sensitivity comparable to gas chromatography-electron-capture negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry for 5-hydroxymethyluracil. A detection limit of 60 fg (signal-to-noise ratio 5) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is only three-fold better than the amount detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using the same mass spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Annan
- Department of Chemistry and Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
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Niessen W, Van Der Hoeven R, De Kraa M, Heeremans C, Tjaden U, Van Der Greef J. Repeller effects in discharge ionization in liquid and supercritical-fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry using a thermospray interface. J Chromatogr A 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(89)90035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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van der Greef J, Tas A, Nijssen L, Jetten J, Höhn M. Identification and quantitation of diketopiperazines by liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry, using a moving belt interface. J Chromatogr A 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)94161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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