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Box–Behnken Design Used to Optimize the Simultaneous Quantification of Amitriptyline and Propranolol in Tablet Dosages by RP-HPLC-DAD Method and Their Stability Tests. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9120421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study’s goal is to use a Box–Behnken design [BBD] methodology to create a new reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography diode-array detection [RP-HPLC-DAD] method for the simultaneous quantification of Amitriptyline and Propranolol in tablet dosages. The amitriptyline and propranolol standard drug peaks were obtained using a C-18 column with a dimension of 4.6 × 100 mm and a particle size packing of 2.5 µm at the retention time of 5.328 and 7.48 min, respectively. The mobile phase composition was a 75:25 mixture of methanol and 0.1 percent orthophosphoric acid, flowing at 1.0 mL/min at 26 °C. The peaks were identified at 257 nm after injecting 20 µL of the sample. An assay of the marketed tablets was performed, and the result was 101.33 and 99.4% for amitriptyline and propranolol, respectively, when compared to the standard calibration curve. Forced degradation investigations, such as acid, base, H2O2, and neutral condition, were performed. The results for both medications in term of % degradation were as follows: amitriptyline (16.07, 91.92, 26.98, and 0.64) and propranolol (15.84, 11.52, 9.09, and 3.62). According to the ICH criteria, the findings of the validation parameters were within an acceptable range. The new RP-HPLC-DAD method with BBD application is easy, accurate, and time-saving.
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El Zaher AA, El Kady EF, El Messiry HM, El Ghwas HE, El Houssini OM. Synchronous LC-MS/MS determination of pantoprazole and amitriptyline in rabbit plasma: application to comparative in vivo pharmacokinetic study of novel formulated effervescent granules with its marketed tablet dosage form. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07752. [PMID: 34435144 PMCID: PMC8375633 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics properties of pantoprazole (proton pump inhibitor)/amitriptyline (tricyclic antidepressant) in novel formulated effervescent granules was estimated in rabbit plasma using a validated, selective and rapid LC-MS/MS method. Separation and detection of pantoprazole, amitriptyline and internal standards namely omeprazole and dothiepin, respectively, were achieved at ambient column temperature on C18. Acetonitrile: 4mM ammonium acetate solution (comprising 0.05 % formic acid) (40:60, v/v) was used as mobile phase and the flow rate of 0.6 mLmin-1 was applied. Liquid-liquid extraction technique with diethyl ether: dichloromethane (70:30, v/v) was used to extract the cited drugs from rabbit plasma. Multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) in the positive ionization mode was carried out for quantification. The method was validated over linear concentration range of 0.01-4μgmL-1 and 0.001-0.1 μgmL-1 for Pan and Ami respectively, with regression coefficient (r2) ≥ 0.9961. The intra- and inter-run precisions (%CV) were ≤4.03. The extraction recoveries were in the range of 95.92%-100.24 %. Pan and Ami were stable during three freeze-thaw cycle and post-preparative stability. The work also aimed to formulate immediate release novel effervescent granules by melt granulation technique. Nine formulae were assessed by validated dissolution test for their micrometric properties and dissolution profile. Experimental design was applied to select formula that fulfilled the desired criteria of optimum release of pantoprazole and amitriptyline with optimum micrometric properties for the study. A single period randomized open-label parallel design was applied on Chancellor's rabbit. The selected formula showed superior pharmacokinetic parameters for pantoprazole and amitriptyline than that of marketed products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa A El Zaher
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Ehab F El Kady
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Hussein M El Messiry
- Pharmaceutics Department, National Organizations for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), 51 Wezerat El- Zeraa Street, Agouza, P.O. Box 12553 Giza, 35521, Egypt
| | - Hind E El Ghwas
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, National Organizations for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), 51 Wezerat El- Zeraa Street, Agouza, P.O. Box 12553 Giza, 35521, Egypt
| | - Ola M El Houssini
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, National Organizations for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), 51 Wezerat El- Zeraa Street, Agouza, P.O. Box 12553 Giza, 35521, Egypt
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Naguib IA, Ali NA, Elroby FA, Elghobashy MR. Green HPLC-DAD and HPTLC Methods for Quantitative Determination of Binary Mixture of Pregabalin and Amitriptyline Used for Neuropathic Pain Management. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 59:536-547. [PMID: 33778855 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
First analytical methods were herein developed for determination of pregabalin (PGB) and amitriptyline (AMT) as an active binary mixture used for management of neuropathic pain whether in pure forms or in human biological fluids (plasma/urine). First method is green high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) after derivatization of PGB with ninhydrin (NIN) on a reversed-phase C18 column using a mobile phase consisting of ethanol:water (97:3%, v/v) pumped isocratically at 0.8 mL/min; AMT were scanned at 215 nm, whereas PGB-NIN was scanned at 580 nm. Second method is High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), where PGB and AMT were separated on silica gel HPTLC F254 plates, using ethanol:ethyl acetate:acetone:ammonia solution (8:2:1:0.05, by volume) as a developing system. AMT peaks were scanned at 220 nm, whereas PGB peaks were visualized by spraying 3% (w/v) ethanolic NIN solution and scanning at 550 nm. Linear calibration curves were obtained for human plasma and urine spiked with PGB and AMT over the ranges of 5-100 μg/mL and 0.2-2.5 μg/band for PGB, and 1-100 μg/mL and 0.1-2.0 μg/band for AMT for HPLC-DAD and HPTLC methods, respectively. The suggested methods were validated according to Food and Drug Administration guidelines for bioanalytical methods validation and they can be applied for routine therapeutic drug monitoring for the concerned drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Naguib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, PO Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nesma A Ali
- Analytical Toxicology Laboratory, Forensic Medicine Authority, Ministry of Justice, Cairo 11647, Egypt
| | - Fadwa A Elroby
- Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine Department, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Mohamed R Elghobashy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Analytical Chemistry Department, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt.,Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, October 6 city, Giza 12585, Egypt
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Khasanov U, Iskhakova SS, Usmanov DT. Examination of the effect of air atmosphere on heterogeneous reactions under surface ionization of psychotropic drug molecules. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2020; 26:409-418. [PMID: 33295819 DOI: 10.1177/1469066720976016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The results of mass spectrometric studies of surface ionization of molecules of psychotropic drugs such as chlorpromazine, amitriptyline and medazepam in an air atmosphere have been presented. The channels of heterogeneous reactions occurring during the molecule adsorption on the hot surface of the thermoemitter from refractory metal oxides have been revealed, as well as the influence of air atmosphere on these reactions. A strong influence of the air atmosphere on the heterogeneous association reactions with the emission of [M + H]+ ions has been found. This ion line is the main in the mass spectra of all the substances under study instead of the characteristic main line in the surface ionization mass spectra obtained in vacuum. The effect of air on the reactions of dehydrogenation and dissociation of adsorbed molecules of organic compounds has been insignificant. In the surface ionization mass spectra of all the substances studied under atmospheric conditions the adduct cluster ions М⋅[М-R]+, М⋅[М-Н]+ and М⋅[М+Н]+ (where М is the molecule, R is the radical, H is the hydrogen atom) up to М⋅[М+Н]+⋅HCl. They are probably formed by adhesion of analyte molecules to the primary ions [М-R]+, [М-Н]+ and [М+Н]+. A comparative analysis has been also performed with the data obtained by chromato-mass spectrometry with electron ionization, as well as with the surface ionization data for these preparations obtained under high vacuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Khasanov
- Laboratory of Adsorption and Emission Phenomenon, Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - S S Iskhakova
- Laboratory of Adsorption and Emission Phenomenon, Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - D T Usmanov
- Laboratory of Adsorption and Emission Phenomenon, Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
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US FDA-validated green GC-MS method for analysis of gabapentin, tramadol and/or amitriptyline mixtures in biological fluids. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:1521-1533. [PMID: 33118848 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mixtures of gabapentin, tramadol and/or amitriptyline are usually recommended for treatment of neuropathic pain. Materials & methods/results: A novel GC-MS/MS method was developed to assess the studied mixture whether in pure forms or human biological fluids (plasma/urine). The chromatographic detection was performed using MS detector applying the selected ion-monitoring mode. An (Agilent, CA, USA) GC-MS with triple axis single quadrupole detector unit was used for the analysis equipped with HP-5MS (5% phenyl methyl siloxane) column. Helium was the carrier gas and positive electron impact ionization mode was applied. Conclusion: The developed method was able to assess the mixture components simultaneously within six minutes. Validation of the method was assured according to US FDA guidelines and Eco-Scale assessment.
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Nezhadali A, Mehrdadian Z, Mojarrab M. Nanogram/mL detection of nortriptyline: Preparation of a molecularly imprinted polymer for spectrophotometric determination of nortriptyline based on multivariate optimization methods. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:3479-3486. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Pharmacokinetic determination and analysis of nortriptyline based on GC–MS coupled with hollow-fiber drop-to-drop solvent microextraction technique. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:143-152. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: A simple, sensitive and robust technique of hollow-fiber drop-to-drop solvent microextraction coupled with GC–MS has been successfully developed for the detection of antidepressant drug nortriptyline in human blood and urine samples. The recoveries of the drug from the spiked samples are found to be well within the range and appropriate to support the method. Results: The LOD for the drug was obtained to be 0.007, 0.009 and 0.021 μg ml-1 in deionized water, urine and blood samples of human subjects, respectively. Linearity was obtained over the concentration range of 0.5–5.0 mg l-1 in deionized water with correlation coefficient 0.99672.
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Maksimova TV, Pleteneva TV, Salomatin EM, Kozina EA, Barsegjan SS. [The determination of amitriptyline and its metabolite, nortriptyline, in the biological objects of the corpse by the high-performance liquid chromatography technique]. Sud Med Ekspert 2015; 58:31-34. [PMID: 25874316 DOI: 10.17116/sudmed201558131-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tricyclic antidepressants are among the preparations that most frequently cause intoxication in adults and children; moreover, poisoning with these substances not infrequently has a fatal outcome. Medications belonging to this group, such as amitriptyline, are extensively used to manage manifestations of depression, anxiety, migraine, neuropathic pain, and hyperactivity syndrome. Amitriptyline overdosage causes non-specific symptoms of intoxication, and its clinical picture does not allow to identify the nature of a psychotropic xenobiotic. Of primary importance in connection with this is to establish the cause of intoxication or death by the clinical toxicological and forensic medical methods based on the results of the fast identification and quantitation of amitriptyline in biological materials including blood, urine, hepatic tissues, etc. The authors describe the method for the determination of amitriptyline and its principal physiological metabolite nortriptyline in biological objects with the help of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Maksimova
- Kafedra farmatsevticheskoj i toksikologicheskoj himii Rossijskogo universiteta druzhby narodov, Moskva, Rossija, 117198
| | - T V Pleteneva
- Kafedra farmatsevticheskoj i toksikologicheskoj himii Rossijskogo universiteta druzhby narodov, Moskva, Rossija, 117198
| | - E M Salomatin
- FGBU 'Rossijskij tsentr sudebno-meditsinskoj ekspertizy' Minzdrava Rossii, Moskva, Rossija, 125284
| | - E A Kozina
- Kafedra farmatsevticheskoj i toksikologicheskoj himii Rossijskogo universiteta druzhby narodov, Moskva, Rossija, 117198
| | - S S Barsegjan
- Bjuro sudebno-meditsinskoj ekspertizy Departamenta zdravoohranenija Moskvy, Moskva, Rossija, 107023
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Khanahmadzadeh S, Tarigh A. Ultrasound-assisted combined with nano-sized molecularly imprinted polymer for selective extraction and pre-concentration of amitriptyline in human plasma with gas chromatography-flame detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 972:6-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Hosseiny Davarani SS, Nojavan S, Asadi R, Banitaba MH. Electro-assisted solid-phase microextraction based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophen) combined with GC for the quantification of tricyclic antidepressants. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2315-22. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeed Nojavan
- Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; Tehran Iran
| | - Roghayeh Asadi
- Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; Tehran Iran
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Farag RS, Darwish MZ, Fathy WM, Hammad HA. New HPLC method to detect amitriptyline in the blood of rats on combination treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcas.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Chae JW, Baek IH, An JH, Kim EJ, Kwon KI. Quantitative Determination of Amitriptyline and Its Metabolite in Rat Plasma by Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.7.2163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ashour S, Kattan N. Simultaneous determination of nortriptyline hydrochloride and fluphenazine hydrochloride in microgram quantities from low dosage forms by liquid chromatography-UV detection. J Pharm Anal 2012; 2:437-442. [PMID: 29403779 PMCID: PMC5760916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel method for the simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of nortriptyline hydrochloride and fluphenazine hydrochloride was developed and validated. Fluvastatin sodium was used as internal standard. The determination was performed on a Hypersil Gold C8 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm particle size) at 25 °C; the mobile phase, consisting of a mixture of formic acid (0.1 M, pH 2.16)-methanol (33:67, v/v), was delivered at a flow rate of 1.1 mL/min and detector wavelength at 251 nm. The retention time of nortriptyline, fluphenazine and fluvastatin was found to be 5.11, 8.05 and 11.38 min, respectively. Linearity ranges were 5.0–1350.0 and 10.0–1350.0 μg/mL with limit of detection values of 0.72 and 0.31 μg/mL, for nortriptyline and fluphenazine, respectively. Results of assay and recovery studies were statistically evaluated for its accuracy and precision. Correlation coefficients (r2) of the regression equations were greater than 0.999 in all cases. According to the validation results, the proposed method was found to be specific, accurate, precise and could be applied to the simultaneous quantitative analysis of nortriptyline and fluphenazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safwan Ashour
- Analytical Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria
| | - Nuha Kattan
- Analytical Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria
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Shen Y, Zhu RH, Li HD, Liu YW, Xu P. Validated LC–MS (ESI) assay for the simultaneous determination of amitriptyline and its metabolite nortriptyline in rat plasma: Application to a pharmacokinetic comparison. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:735-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Breaud AR, Harlan R, Di Bussolo JM, McMillin GA, Clarke W. A rapid and fully-automated method for the quantitation of tricyclic antidepressants in serum using turbulent-flow liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:825-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Breaud AR, Harlan R, Kozak M, Clarke W. A rapid and reliable method for the quantitation of tricyclic antidepressants in serum using HPLC-MS/MS. Clin Biochem 2009; 42:1300-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Manjunatha DH, Seetharamappa J, Kandagal PB, Kalanur SS. New extractive spectrophotometric methods for the determination of nortriptyline hydrochloride in pure form and pharmaceutical dosages. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934809050062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wille SMR, Cooreman SG, Neels HM, Lambert WEE. Relevant Issues in the Monitoring and the Toxicology of Antidepressants. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2008; 45:25-89. [DOI: 10.1080/10408360701713112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Karpińska J, Szostak J. Determination of chlorprothixene and amitryptyline hydrochlorides by UV-derivative spectrophotometry and UV-solid-phase spectrophotometry. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2005; 61:975-981. [PMID: 15683805 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2004.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2004] [Accepted: 05/13/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Two methods for spectrophotometric determination of chlorprothixene and amitryptyline hydrochlorides were proposed. One of them is based on spectral analysis of their derivative spectra. The measurement of the value at 316.0 nm of first derivative was used for construction of calibration graph for chlorprothixene. The Beer law was obeyed in the concentration range 0.5-50.0 microg ml(-1). The amplitude of the second derivative at 261.4 nm was used for determination of amitryptyline in the range 0.5-75.0 microg ml(-1). The second proposed method is utilized the use of solid sorbent for simultaneous preconcentration and assay of studied compounds. For this purpose the filtration gel Sephadex G100 was applied. The elaborated solid-phase spectrophotometric method was used for determination of chlorprothixene at 268.0 nm in the range 2.5-75.0 microg ml(-1) and amitryptyline at 238.0 nm in the concentration range 10.0-75.0 microg ml(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Karpińska
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, 15-399 Bialystok, ul. Hurtowa 1, Poland.
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Kou HS, Chen CC, Huang YH, Ko WK, Wu HL, Wu SM. Method for simultaneous determination of eight cyclic antidepressants by cyclodextrin-modified capillary zone electrophoresis: applications in pharmaceuticals. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Meeting challenges in forensic toxicology in Japan by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00340-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kollroser M, Schober C. Simultaneous determination of seven tricyclic antidepressant drugs in human plasma by direct-injection HPLC-APCI-MS-MS with an ion trap detector. Ther Drug Monit 2002; 24:537-44. [PMID: 12142640 DOI: 10.1097/00007691-200208000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and specific direct-injection high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass-spectrometry (HPLC-APCI-MS-MS) method has been developed for the rapid identification and quantitation of seven tricyclic antidepressants-amitriptyline, nortriptyline, doxepin, dosulepin, dibenzepin, opipramol, and melitracen-in human plasma. After the addition of the internal standard lofepramine and dilution with 0.1% formic acid, plasma samples were injected into the LC-MS-MS system. Proteins and other large biomolecules were removed during an on-line sample cleanup using an Oasis extraction column (1 x 50 mm, ID, 30 microm) with a 100% aqueous mobile phase at a flow rate of 4 mL/min. The extraction column was subsequently brought in-line with the analytical column by automatic valve switching. Analytes were separated on a 5-microm Symmetry C18 (Waters) analytical column (3.0 x 150 mm, ID) using a step gradient of acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min. The total analysis time was only 12 minutes per sample. The interday and intraday coefficients of variation for all compounds were </=11%. The assay was sufficiently sensitive to monitor all seven compounds within their therapeutic ranges. The proposed method has been in routine use for more than 1 year and permits direct analysis of plasma samples without time-consuming sample preparation, which may be especially advantageous for clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Kollroser
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Caubet MS, Millaret A, Elbast W, Brazier JL. SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION WITH HPLC-DAD SELECTIVE DETECTION OF AMITRIPTYLINE AND NORTRIPTYLINE IN HUMAN BREAST MILK. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2001. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100103440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Caubet
- a Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal , Chaire Pharmaceutique Famille Louis Boivin, Médicaments, Grossesse et Allaitement, Faculté de Pharmacie, C. P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal (Quebec), H3C 1J7, Canada
| | - A. Millaret
- a Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal , Chaire Pharmaceutique Famille Louis Boivin, Médicaments, Grossesse et Allaitement, Faculté de Pharmacie, C. P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal (Quebec), H3C 1J7, Canada
| | - W. Elbast
- a Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal , Chaire Pharmaceutique Famille Louis Boivin, Médicaments, Grossesse et Allaitement, Faculté de Pharmacie, C. P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal (Quebec), H3C 1J7, Canada
| | - J. L. Brazier
- a Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal , Chaire Pharmaceutique Famille Louis Boivin, Médicaments, Grossesse et Allaitement, Faculté de Pharmacie, C. P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal (Quebec), H3C 1J7, Canada
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El Ragehy NA, Abbas SS, El-Khateeb SZ. Stability indicating method for determination of nortriptyline hydrochloride using 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone (MBTH). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 25:143-51. [PMID: 11274868 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00484-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A spectrophotometric procedure is described for determination of nortriptyline hydrochloride in pure and dosage form as well as in the presence of its degradate. 3-Methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone (MBTH) has been used as the chromogenic reagent, where aqueous solutions of the drug and reagent are treated with cerium(IV) ammonium sulphate in an acidic medium. Nortriptyline hydrochloride reacts to give a blue coloured product having two absorption maxima at 619 and 655 nm. Various parameters affecting the reaction have been studied. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range of 24-216 microg ml(-1) of nortriptyline hydrochloride, with mean percentage recoveries of 100.22+/-0.870 and 100.66+/-0.642% for both maxima, 619 and 655 nm, respectively. Results were statistically analyzed and compared with those obtained by applying the British Pharmacopoeia (1993) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A El Ragehy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini, St. 11562 Cairo, Egypt.
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Fujitani N, Koda Y, Okamura T, Hattori H, Kimura H. A fatal case of hyperthermia due to tricyclic antidepressant intoxication. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2000; 2:152-5. [PMID: 12935717 DOI: 10.1016/s1344-6223(00)80015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We report here an autopsy case of a 49-year-old woman with depression who died of hyperthermia, probably due to amitriptyline intoxication. She was found dead in bed with several empty amitriptyline pill containers. Her rectal temperature was 41.5 degrees C approximately 3 hours after death. Plasma levels of amitriptyline and nortriptyline were 0.51 and 0.74 mg/l, respectively. Possible mechanisms of fatal hyperthermia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fujitani
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
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El-Ragehy N, El-Kosasy A, Abbas S, El-Khateeb S. Polymeric membrane electrodes for selective determination of the central nervous system acting drugs fluphenazine hydrochloride and nortriptyline hydrochloride. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)00941-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Van Bocxlaer JF, Clauwaert KM, Lambert WE, Deforce DL, Van den Eeckhout EG, De Leenheer AP. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in forensic toxicology. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2000; 19:165-214. [PMID: 10986692 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2787(200007)19:4<165::aid-mas1>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry has evolved from a topic of mainly research interest into a routinely usable tool in various application fields. With the advent of new ionization approaches, especially atmospheric pressure, the technique has established itself firmly in many areas of research. Although many applications prove that LC-MS is a valuable complementary analytical tool to GC-MS and has the potential to largely extend the application field of mass spectrometry to hitherto "MS-phobic" molecules, we must recognize that the use of LC-MS in forensic toxicology remains relatively rare. This rarity is all the more surprising because forensic toxicologists find themselves often confronted with the daunting task of actually searching for evidence materials on a scientific basis without any indication of the direction in which to search. Through the years, mass spectrometry, mainly in the GC-MS form, has gained a leading role in the way such quandaries are tackled. The advent of robust, bioanalytically compatible combinations of liquid chromatographic separation with mass spectrometric detection really opens new perspectives in terms of mass spectrometric identification of difficult molecules (e.g., polar metabolites) or biopolymers with toxicological relevance, high throughput, and versatility. Of course, analytical toxicologists are generally mass spectrometry users rather than mass spectrometrists, and this difference certainly explains the slow start of LC-MS in this field. Nevertheless, some valuable applications have been published, and it seems that the introduction of the more universal atmospheric pressure ionization interfaces really has boosted interests. This review presents an overview of what has been realized in forensic toxicological LC-MS. After a short introduction into LC-MS interfacing operational characteristics (or limitations), it covers applications that range from illicit drugs to often abused prescription medicines and some natural poisons. As such, we hope it can act as an appetizer to those involved in forensic toxicology but still hesitating to invest in LC-MS.
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Yoshida H, Hidaka K, Ishida J, Yoshikuni K, Nohta H, Yamaguchi M. Highly selective and sensitive determination of tricyclic antidepressants in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column tris(2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium(III) chemiluminescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)00788-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ballesteros MP, Frutos P, Lastres JL, Castro D. Comparison of UV spectrophotometric and LC methods for the determination of nortriptyline hydrochloride in polysorbate 80 based oil/water (o/w) microemulsions. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2000; 22:287-94. [PMID: 10719911 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A new rapid, reliable and specific UV spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of nortriptyline hydrochloride formulated into o/w microemulsions. The UV spectra of nortriptyline standard solution in methanol and placebo (microemulsion without nortriptyline) were recorded over the wavelength range 200-600 nm and the spectra for placebo and nortriptyline loaded microemulsion were recorded over the range 260-400 nm in order to determine the overlapping that might appears, and hence to set the wavelength that could be used for the quantitative analysis. This method was validated and compared with a liquid chromatography (LC) procedure used for the quantitative analysis of the drug. Both methods showed excellent precision and accuracy with RSD values of 2.37 and 1.41%, respectively, for the LC method, and values of 1.24 and 2.88%, respectively, for the UV spectrophotometric method. The established linearity range was 10-50 microg ml(-1) (r2 = 0.9985) and 20-60 microg ml(-1) (r2 = 0.9979) for the HPLC and UV spectrophotometric methods respectively. The recoveries of nortriptyline from spiked placebos were > 95% for both methods over the linear range. The methods have been successfully used for determining the nortriptyline content of microemulsions and for evaluating the chemical stability of the drug in nortriptyline-loaded microemulsions.
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Marquet P, Lachâtre G. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: potential in forensic and clinical toxicology. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 733:93-118. [PMID: 10572976 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00147-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A relatively limited number of papers concerning applications of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to forensic or clinical toxicology, or analytical methods directly applicable to these topics have been published so far, but their number have greatly increased in the past two years, probably due to technical improvements and to a decrease in the price of such instruments. After a brief presentation and exemplary applications of the interfaces and/or sources proposed in the past for coupling HPLC to mass spectrometry (direct liquid inlet, moving belt, fast atom bombardment and thermospray interfaces), this paper describes electrospray-type and atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation interfaces and their most recent applications in forensic or clinical toxicology. In a third section, the different LC-MS solutions proposed for typical applications in human toxicology, such as the determination of morphine metabolites, LSD and its metabolites and corticosteroids in blood or urine, are reviewed in detail in order to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each ionisation device and/or analytical method. The last section envisages the new analytical fields opened up by LC-MS in toxicology, regarding mainly peptides, proteins and large molecules, as well as the possible use of LC-MS as a complement to GC-MS for "general unknown" screenings; it also deals with the perspectives concerning technical improvements in ionisation interfaces/sources or mass spectrometers, as well as in sample preparation and liquid chromatography techniques applied to this type of coupling. Though LC-MS is still a relatively new technique in toxicology, on taking into consideration its success so far and owing to the simplification of instruments and concept handling thanks to user-friendly software, it is the authors' opinion that it will become a major success in analytical toxicology in the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Marquet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, Limoges, France.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Brettell
- Forensic Science Bureau, New Jersey State Police, West Trenton 08625, USA
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