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A review on the current methods of methamphetamine remediation, their limitations, and chemical degradation techniques which have been investigated. Forensic Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2022.100399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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2
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Ferus M, Cassone G, Táborský V, Heays A, Petera L, Knížek A, Kalvoda T, Bouša M, Šponer J, Šponer JE, Kubelík P, Drápal J, Stehlík J, Civiš S. Thermal Decomposition of Cocaine and Methamphetamine Investigated by Infrared Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemical Simulations. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:14447-14457. [PMID: 34124467 PMCID: PMC8190921 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Examination of thermal decomposition of street samples of cocaine and methamphetamine shows that typical products detected in previous studies are accompanied by a wide palette of simple volatile compounds easily detectable by spectral techniques. These molecules increase smoke toxicity and their spectral detection can be potentially used for identification of drug samples by well-controlled laboratory thermolysis in temperature progression. In our study, street samples of cocaine and methamphetamine have been thermolyzed under vacuum over the temperature range of 350-650 °C. The volatile products (CO, HCN, CH4, C2H4, etc.) have been monitored by high-resolution Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry in this temperature range. The decomposition mechanism has been additionally examined theoretically by quantum-chemical calculations for the highest temperature achieved experimentally in our study and beyond. Prior to analysis, the street samples have also been characterized by FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and melting point determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ferus
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- . Phone: +420 26605 3685
| | - Giuseppe Cassone
- Institute
for Chemical-Physical Processes, National
Research Council of Italy (IPCF-CNR), Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
- . Phone: +39 090 39 76 2220
| | - Vladimír Táborský
- Police
Presidium of the Czech Republic, Strojnická 935/27, 170 89 Prague 7, Czech Republic
- , . Phone: +420
974 834 596
| | - Alan Heays
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Petera
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Faculty
of Science, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, CZ12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Knížek
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Charles
University in Prague, Faculty of Science,
Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Hlavova 8, CZ12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tadeáš Kalvoda
- Charles
University in Prague, Faculty of Science,
Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Hlavova 8, CZ12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Bouša
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šponer
- Institute
of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech
Republic
| | - Judit E. Šponer
- Institute
of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech
Republic
| | - Petr Kubelík
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Drápal
- INTERPOL
General Secretariat, 200 Quai Charles de Gaulle 69006 Lyon, France
| | - Jan Stehlík
- Police
Presidium of the Czech Republic, Strojnická 935/27, 170 89 Prague 7, Czech Republic
| | - Svatopluk Civiš
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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3
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Rindelaub JD, Miskelly GM. Potential for the Remediation of Methamphetamine Contamination Using Ozone
,. J Forensic Sci 2019; 64:1844-1850. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel D. Rindelaub
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Gordon M. Miskelly
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
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Chiang CH, Lee HH, Chen BH, Lin YC, Chao YY, Huang YL. Using ambient mass spectrometry and LC–MS/MS for the rapid detection and identification of multiple illicit street drugs. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 27:439-450. [PMID: 30987715 PMCID: PMC9296207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study the recently developed technique of thermal desorption electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (TD–ESI/MS) was applied to the rapid analysis of multiple controlled substances. With the reallocation of mass spectral resources [from a standard ESI source coupled with liquid chromatography (LC) to an ambient TD–ESI source], this direct-analysis technique allows the identification of a wider range of illicit drugs through a dual-working mode (pretreatment-free qualitative screening/conventional quantitative confirmation). Through 60-MRM (multiple reaction monitoring) analysis—in which the MS/MS process was programmed to sequentially scan 60 precursor ion/product ion transitions and, thereby, identify 30 compounds (two precursor/product ion transitions per compound)—of a four-component (drug) standard, the signal intensity ratios of each drug transition were comparable with those obtained through 8-MRM analysis, demonstrating the selectivity of TD–ESI/MS for the detection of multiple drugs. The consecutive analyses of tablets containing different active components occurred with no cross-contamination or interference from sample to sample, demonstrating the reliability of the TD–ESI/MS technique for rapid sampling (two samples min−1). The active ingredients in seized drug materials could be detected even when they represented less than 2 mg g−1 of the total sample weight, demonstrating the sensitivity of TD–ESI/MS. Combining the ability to rapidly identify multiple drugs with the “plug-and-play” design of the interchangeable ion source, TD–ESI/MS has great potential for use as a pretreatment-free qualitative screening tool for laboratories currently using LC–MS/MS techniques to analyze illicit drugs.
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5
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Hippocampal nicotinic receptors have a modulatory role for ethanol and MDMA interaction in memory retrieval. Brain Res 2017; 1669:11-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Bell S, Nida C. Pyrolysis of drugs of abuse: a comprehensive review. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:445-56. [PMID: 25865019 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the literature to date relating to pyrolysis and heated vapour ingestion of drugs of abuse. In this context, heating is referred to as smoking or pyrolysis, but these are generic descriptors that encompass numerous methods of vapour generation and inhalation. Depending on the amount of drug used, diluents and contaminants present, heating conditions, and the oxidative/reductive environment, many thermal decomposition products can be formed. In addition to the recognized hazard of rapid onset of pharmacological effects of the parent drug, thermal decomposition products may be pharmacologically active as well as acutely/chronically toxic. For example, several published reports have linked heroin smoking to a form of brain encephalopathy and to the development of movement disorders. Early qualitative studies focusing on the thermal decomposition of drugs have evolved into more complex investigations employing mass spectral identification, confirmation, and elucidation of formation mechanism. In most cases, thermal decomposition begins with cleavage of the weakest bond (often C-N) to generate free radicals that then form the most stable sterically favoured products. Several reports of rearrangements at higher temperatures have been identified and hint at an underlying complexity that arises from the variety of smoking methods and conditions. Given that many designer drugs such as synthetic cannabinoids are ingested primarily through smoking, this issue has taken on new importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Bell
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry/Department of Forensic and Investigative Sciences, West Virginia University, 1600 University Ave, 208 Oglebay Hall, Morgantown, WV, 26508-6121, USA
| | - Corey Nida
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 1600 University Ave, 208 Oglebay Hall, Morgantown, WV, 26508-6121, USA
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7
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Bouso ED, Gardner EA, O'Brien JE, Talbot B, Kavanagh PV. Characterization of the pyrolysis products of methiopropamine. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:676-83. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily D. Bouso
- Department of Justice Sciences; University of Alabama at Birmingham; 1201 University Blvd Birmingham AL USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Gardner
- Department of Justice Sciences; University of Alabama at Birmingham; 1201 University Blvd Birmingham AL USA
| | | | - Brian Talbot
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Trinity College; Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Pierce V. Kavanagh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences; St James's Hospital; Dublin 8 Ireland
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8
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Mohamed WM, Hamida SB, Cassel JC, de Vasconcelos AP, Jones BC. MDMA: Interactions with other psychoactive drugs. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 99:759-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Truong H, Lomnicki S, Dellinger B. Mechanisms of molecular product and persistent radical formation from the pyrolysis of hydroquinone. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 71:107-113. [PMID: 18023845 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hydroquinone is considered to be one of the major, potential molecular precursors for semiquinone-type radicals in the combustion of complex polymeric and oligomeric structures contained in biomass materials. Comprehensive product yield determinations from the high-temperature, gas-phase pyrolysis of hydroquinone in two operational modes (rich and lean hydrogen conditions) are reported at a reaction time of 2.0s over a temperature range of 250-1000 degrees C. Below 500 degrees C, p-benzoquinone is the dominant product, while at temperatures above 650 degrees C other products including phenol, benzene, styrene, indene, naphthalene, biphenylene, phenylethyne, dibenzofuran and dibenzo-p-dioxin are formed. Hydrogen-rich conditions initially inhibit hydroquinone decomposition (below 500 degrees C) but promote product formation at higher temperatures. The decomposition process apparently proceeds via formation of a resonance stabilized p-semiquinone radical. Detailed mechanisms of formation of stable molecular species as well as stable radicals are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieu Truong
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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10
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Chou SL, Ling YC, Yang MH, Pai CY. Determination of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in indoor air as an indicator of marijuana cigarette smoking using adsorbent sampling and in-injector thermal desorption gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 598:103-9. [PMID: 17693313 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Revised: 06/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The marijuana leaves are usually mixed with tobaccos and smoked at amusement places in Taiwan. Recently, for investigation-legal purposes, the police asked if we can identify the marijuana smoke in a KTV stateroom (a private room at the entertainment spot for singing, smoking, alcohol drinking, etc.) without marijuana residues. A personal air-sampler pump fitted with the GC liner-tube packed with Tenax-TA adsorbent was used for air sampling. The GC-adsorbent tube was placed in the GC injector port and desorbed directly, followed by GC-MS analysis for the determination of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) in indoor air. The average desorption efficiency and limit of detection for delta9-THC were 89% and 0.1 microg m(-3), respectively, approximately needing 1.09 mg of marijuana leaves smoked in an unventilated closed room (3.0 m x 2.4 m x 2.7 m) to reach this level. The mean delta9-THC contained in the 15 marijuana plants seized from diverse locations was measured to be 0.32%. The delta9-THC in room air can be successfully identified from mock marijuana cigarettes, mixtures of marijuana and tobacco, and an actual case. The characteristic delta9-THC peak in chromatogram can serve as the indicator of marijuana. Positive result suggests marijuana smoking at the specific scene in the recent past, facilitating the formulation of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Lien Chou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC
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11
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Gayton-Ely M, Shakleya DM, Bell SC. Application of a Pyroprobe to Simulate Smoking and Metabolic Degradation of Abused Drugs Through Analytical Pyrolysis. J Forensic Sci 2007; 52:473-8. [PMID: 17316254 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Smoking of illicit drugs can produce unique metabolic biomarkers. Smoking conditions can be partially modeled via pyrolysis, a process that decomposes a chemical compound by extreme heat. Pyrolytic decomposition was found to be useful as a limited metabolic mimic in that analytical pyrolysis can be used to generate some of the same compounds produced by metabolic degradation. This project focused on the pyrolysis of cocaine and methamphetamine using a pyroprobe coupled with a GC/MS and more generally, potential applications of pyrolysis to forensic toxicology. Common diluents including lidocaine, caffeine, and benzocaine were pyrolyzed in mixtures with cocaine and methamphetamine. Correlations between pyrolytic and metabolic degradations revealed that this method has the capability to produce some of the reported metabolites such as norcocaine and cocaethylene for cocaine, and amphetamine for methamphetamine. The results demonstrate that analytical pyrolysis has the potential to identify some metabolic products and to supplement in vivo and enzymatic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Gayton-Ely
- Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 217 Clark Hall, Morgantown, WV 26506-6045, USA.
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12
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Rabinowitz JD, Lloyd PM, Munzar P, Myers DJ, Cross S, Damani R, Quintana R, Spyker DA, Soni P, Cassella JV. Ultra-fast absorption of amorphous pure drug aerosols via deep lung inhalation. J Pharm Sci 2007; 95:2438-51. [PMID: 16886198 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A deficiency of most current drug products for treatment of acute conditions is slow onset of action. A promising means of accelerating drug action is through rapid systemic drug administration via deep lung inhalation. The speed of pulmonary drug absorption depends on the site of aerosol deposition within the lung and the dissolution rate and drug content of the deposited particles. Alveolar delivery of fast-dissolving, pure drug particles should in theory enable very rapid absorption. We have previously shown that heating of thin drug films generates vapor-phase drug that subsequently cools and condenses into pure drug particles of optimal size for alveolar delivery. Here we present a hand held, disposable, breath-actuated device incorporating this thermal aerosol technology, and its application to the delivery of alprazolam, an anti-panic agent, and prochlorperazine, an anti-emetic with recently discovered anti-migraine properties. Thermal aerosol particles of these drugs exist in an amorphous state, which results in remarkably rapid drug absorption from the lung into the systemic circulation, with peak left ventricular concentrations achieved within 20 s, even quicker than following rapid (5 s) intravenous infusion. Absorption of the thermal aerosol is nearly complete, with >80% absolute bioavailability found in both dogs and human normal volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Department of Chemistry and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
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Qi Y, Evans ID, McCluskey A. Australian Federal Police seizures of illicit crystalline methamphetamine (‘ice’) 1998–2002: Impurity analysis. Forensic Sci Int 2006; 164:201-10. [PMID: 16549287 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Revised: 01/21/2006] [Accepted: 01/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nineteen crystalline methamphetamine ('ice') seizures captured by the Australian Federal Police (AFP) at the Australian border between 1998 and 2002 were analysed. Using a modified gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) impurity profiling approach of these samples we have identified >30 compounds associated with methamphetamine and/or its synthetic route. Major impurities detected include 1,2-dimethyl-3-phenylaziridine 8, dimethylamphetamine 14, N-formylmethamphetamine 24, N-acetylmethamphetamine 25, 1,3-dimethyl-2-phenylnaphthalene 32, 1-benzyl-3-methylnaphthalene 33 and methamphetamine dimer 34. These data are suggestive of ephedrine/pseudoephedrine as the main precursor of the 'ice' samples seized during 1998-2002. Additionally the two naphthalenes 32 and 33 further identified that 15 items in 9 seizures were produced via the more specific ephedrine/hydriodic acid/red phosphorus method. One sample comprised 75% dimethylamphetamine and 9.7% methamphetamine, representing the first Australian seizure of imported dimethylamphetamine reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qi
- Chemistry Building, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Rabinowitz JD, Wensley M, Lloyd P, Myers D, Shen W, Lu A, Hodges C, Hale R, Mufson D, Zaffaroni A. Fast onset medications through thermally generated aerosols. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 309:769-75. [PMID: 14752061 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.062893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking involves heating a drug to form a mixture of drug vapor and gaseous degradation products. These gases subsequently cool and condense into aerosol particles that are inhaled. Here, we demonstrate rapid and reliable systemic delivery of pure pharmaceutical compounds without degradation products through a related process that also involves inhalation of thermally generated aerosol. Drug is coated as a thin film on a metallic substrate and vaporized by heating the metal. The thin nature of the drug coating minimizes the length of time during which the drug is exposed to elevated temperatures, thereby preventing its thermal decomposition. The vaporized, gas-phase drug rapidly condenses and coagulates into micrometer-sized aerosol particles. For the commonly prescribed antimigraine drug rizatriptan, inhalation of these particles results in nearly instantaneous systemic drug action.
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Kasumov T, Brunengraber LL, Comte B, Puchowicz MA, Jobbins K, Thomas K, David F, Kinman R, Wehrli S, Dahms W, Kerr D, Nissim I, Brunengraber H. NEW SECONDARY METABOLITES OF PHENYLBUTYRATE IN HUMANS AND RATS. Drug Metab Dispos 2004; 32:10-9. [PMID: 14709615 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.32.1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylbutyrate is used to treat inborn errors of ureagenesis, malignancies, cystic fibrosis, and thalassemia. High-dose phenylbutyrate therapy results in toxicity, the mechanism of which is unexplained. The known metabolites of phenylbutyrate are phenylacetate, phenylacetylglutamine, and phenylbutyrylglutamine. These are excreted in urine, accounting for a variable fraction of the dose. We identified new metabolites of phenylbutyrate in urine of normal humans and in perfused rat livers. These metabolites result from interference between the metabolism of phenylbutyrate and that of carbohydrates and lipids. The new metabolites fall into two categories, glucuronides and phenylbutyrate beta-oxidation side products. Two questions are raised by these data. First, is the nitrogen-excreting potential of phenylbutyrate diminished by ingestion of carbohydrates or lipids? Second, does competition between the metabolism of phenylbutyrate, carbohydrates, and lipids alter the profile of phenylbutyrate metabolites? Finally, we synthesized glycerol esters of phenylbutyrate. These are partially bioavailable in rats and could be used to administer large doses of phenylbutyrate in a sodium-free, noncaustic form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takhar Kasumov
- Department of Nutrition, Room 280, Case Western Reserve University, 11000 Cedar Rd., Cleveland, OH 44106-7139, USA
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Sato M, Ito K, Nagase H. Predictable Increase of Central Nervous System Stimulation by a Pyrolysis Product in Smoking Dimethylamphetamine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.50.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Motoyasu Sato
- Scientific Investigation Research Laboratory, Aichi Pref. Police H.Q
| | - Kenjiro Ito
- Scientific Investigation Research Laboratory, Aichi Pref. Police H.Q
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17
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Miki A, Katagi M, Tsuchihashi H. Recent Improvements in Forensic Hair Analysis for Illicit Drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.49.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Miki
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters
| | - Munehiro Katagi
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters
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