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Sy K, Chevalier C, Maton M, Mokbel I, Mahieux S, Houcke I, Neut C, Grosgogeat B, Deveaux E, Gritsch K, Agossa K. Therapeutic Potential of Chlorhexidine-Loaded Calcium Hydroxide-Based Intracanal Medications in Endo-Periodontal Lesions: An Ex Vivo and In Vitro Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1416. [PMID: 37760713 PMCID: PMC10525524 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endo-periodontal lesions are challenging clinical situations where both the supporting tissues and the root canal of the same tooth are infected. In the present study, chlorhexidine (CHX)-loaded calcium hydroxide (CH) pastes were used as intracanal medications (ICMs). They were prepared and tested on pathogens found in both the root canal and the periodontal pocket. Exposure to 0.5% and 1% CHX-loaded ICMs decreased the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis and was effective in eradicating or inhibiting an Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. CH was injected into the root canal of extracted human teeth immersed in deionized water. CHX-loaded ICMs resulted in the transradicular diffusion of active components outside the tooth through the apex and the lateral dentinal tubules, as shown by the release of CHX (from 3.99 µg/mL to 51.28 µg/mL) and changes in pH (from 6.63 to 8.18) and calcium concentrations (from 2.42 ppm to 14.67 ppm) after 7 days. The 0.5% CHX-loaded ICM was non-toxic and reduced the release of IL-6 by periodontal cells stimulated by P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharides. Results indicate that the root canal may serve as a reservoir for periodontal drug delivery and that CHX-based ICMs can be an adjuvant for the control of infections and inflammation in endo-periodontal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadiatou Sy
- U1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Inserm, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (M.M.); (E.D.); (K.A.)
- Faculté d’Odontologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle d′Odontologie, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France; (B.G.); (K.G.)
| | - Charlène Chevalier
- UMR CNRS 5615 Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Université Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France; (C.C.); (I.M.)
| | - Mickaël Maton
- U1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Inserm, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (M.M.); (E.D.); (K.A.)
| | - Ilham Mokbel
- UMR CNRS 5615 Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Université Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France; (C.C.); (I.M.)
| | - Séverine Mahieux
- U1286 Infinite, Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Inserm, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (S.M.); (I.H.); (C.N.)
| | - Isabelle Houcke
- U1286 Infinite, Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Inserm, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (S.M.); (I.H.); (C.N.)
| | - Christel Neut
- U1286 Infinite, Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Inserm, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (S.M.); (I.H.); (C.N.)
| | - Brigitte Grosgogeat
- Faculté d’Odontologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle d′Odontologie, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France; (B.G.); (K.G.)
| | - Etienne Deveaux
- U1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Inserm, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (M.M.); (E.D.); (K.A.)
| | - Kerstin Gritsch
- Faculté d’Odontologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle d′Odontologie, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France; (B.G.); (K.G.)
| | - Kevimy Agossa
- U1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Inserm, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (M.M.); (E.D.); (K.A.)
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Magdy N, sobaih A, Hussein L, Mahmoud A. Graphene‐based Disposable Electrochemical Sensor for Chlorhexidine Determination. ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202200119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Magdy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University EGYPT
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Analysis of chlorhexidine gluconate in skin using tape stripping and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 183:113111. [PMID: 32062012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topical chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) is used widely to reduce healthcare-associated infection. The optimal therapeutic dose for maximum efficacy and reduced toxicity is unclear, in part because of the lack of analytical methods to monitor CHG levels in skin. A novel method was developed to accurately measure CHG levels in skin after topical application with the goal of determining its pharmacokinetics in skin. METHODS Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was used to develop a validated assay for measuring CHG levels in skin cells collected by a non-invasive adhesive tape-stripping method. CHG levels in the skin stratum corneum of healthy adult volunteers were measured at 0.5, 4, 8, and 24 h after its application. RESULTS Conditions for extraction of CHG were optimized and the assay was linear in the range 0.1-50 μg/mL (corresponding to 0.2-100 μg chlorhexidine/tape), with an intra-assay precision of 1.74-10.50 % and a relative error of ≤10 %. The inter-assay accuracy was in the range of 5.86-10.96 % with a relative error <9 %. CHG was stable on tapes stored at 4 °C and ambient temperature for 14 and 3 days, respectively. The recovery of CHG from the tape was quantitative and the matrix effect was determined as 2.1-14.8 %. CHG levels in healthy adult volunteer skin following topical application decreased rapidly over a 24 h period. CONCLUSIONS A rapid, accurate and specific UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the measurement of CHG in the skin obtained by tape stripping that was linear over a large dynamic range. This assay afforded a simple and convenient non-invasive approach to monitor CHG levels in skin after topical application that can be applied to enable the optimal dose to prevent infection and minimize toxicity.
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Abou Al Alamein AM, Saad AS, Salah El-Din SH. A green stability indicating ISE-potentiometric method for the monitoring of chlorhexidine in the presence of its rapidly absorbed toxic degradation product; a kinetic study. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.103969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Aubert-Viard F, Mogrovejo-Valdivia A, Tabary N, Maton M, Chai F, Neut C, Martel B, Blanchemain N. Evaluation of antibacterial textile covered by layer-by-layer coating and loaded with chlorhexidine for wound dressing application. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 100:554-563. [PMID: 30948092 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to design a wound dressing able to release chlorhexidine (CHX) as antiseptic agent, ensuring long-lasting antibacterial efficacy during the healing. The textile nonwoven (polyethylene terephthalate) (PET) of the dressing was first modified by chitosan (CHT) crosslinked with genipin (Gpn). Parameters such as the concentration of reagents (Gpn and CHT) but also the crosslinking time and the working temperature were optimized to reach the maximal positive charges surface density. This support was then treated by the layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition of a multilayer system composed of methyl-beta-cyclodextrin polymer (PCD) (anionic) and CHT (cationic). After a thermal treatment to stabilize the LbL film, the textiles were loaded with CHX as antiseptic agent. The influence of the thermal treatment i) on the cytocompatibility, ii) on the degradation of the multilayer system, iii) on CHX sorption and release profiles and iv) on the antibacterial activity of the loaded textiles was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Aubert-Viard
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1008 - Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, F-59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, CNRS UMR8207, UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, F-59655 Villeneuve D'Ascq, France
| | - Alejandra Mogrovejo-Valdivia
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1008 - Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Tabary
- Univ. Lille, CNRS UMR8207, UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, F-59655 Villeneuve D'Ascq, France
| | - Mickael Maton
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1008 - Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Feng Chai
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1008 - Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Christel Neut
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U995- LIRIC - Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bernard Martel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS UMR8207, UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, F-59655 Villeneuve D'Ascq, France
| | - Nicolas Blanchemain
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1008 - Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, F-59000 Lille, France.
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Salvador MA, Sousa CP, Morais S, Lima-Neto PD, Correia AN, Homem-de-Mello P. Evaluation of degradation mechanism of chlorhexidine by means of Density Functional Theory calculations. Comput Biol Chem 2017; 71:82-88. [PMID: 28987295 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chlorhexidine (CHD), a germicidal drug, has degradation products that can be hemotoxic and carcinogenic. However, there is no consensus in literature about the degradation pathway. In order to shed light on that mechanism, we have employed Density Functional Theory to study reactants, in different protonation states, products and intermediates involved in the different pathways. Based on free energy values comparison and frontier molecular orbital analysis, we have obtained the most stable structures in each protonation state. CHD in saturated form has HOMO localized in one p-chloroaniline, and, due to molecule's symmetry, HOMO-1 has contributions from the other side of the molecule, but mainly from the biguanide portion of the molecule, instead of from the p-chloroaniline. For the saturated form, we have studied two possible degradation pathways, starting from the monoprotonated structure, and three pathways starting from the neutral structure. We found out that the mechanisms proposed in literature, whose pathways lead to p-chloroaniline (PCA) formation in a smaller number of steps, are more likely than the mechanisms with more intermediate steps or pathways that do not predict PCA formation. Also, based on free energy results, we have found that the formation of another sub-product (PBG-AU) is favorable as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Aparecida Salvador
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Bloco B, sala 1017, 09210-580, Santo André - SP, Brazil.
| | - Camila Pinheiro Sousa
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Bloco 940, Campus do Pici, 60440-900, Fortaleza - CE, Brazil
| | - Simone Morais
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro de Lima-Neto
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Bloco 940, Campus do Pici, 60440-900, Fortaleza - CE, Brazil
| | - Adriana Nunes Correia
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Bloco 940, Campus do Pici, 60440-900, Fortaleza - CE, Brazil
| | - Paula Homem-de-Mello
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Bloco B, sala 1017, 09210-580, Santo André - SP, Brazil.
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Song J, Remmers SJA, Shao J, Kolwijck E, Walboomers XF, Jansen JA, Leeuwenburgh SCG, Yang F. Antibacterial effects of electrospun chitosan/poly(ethylene oxide) nanofibrous membranes loaded with chlorhexidine and silver. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:1357-64. [PMID: 26970025 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To prevent percutaneous device associated infections (PDAIs), we prepared electrospun chitosan/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) nanofibrous membrane containing silver nanoparticles as an implantable delivery vehicle for the dual release of chlorhexidine and silver ions. We observed that the silver nanoparticles were distributed homogeneously throughout the fibers, and a fast release of chlorhexidine in 2days and a sustained release of silver ions for up to 28days. The antibacterial efficacy of the membranes against Staphylococcus aureus showed that the membranes exhibited an obvious inhibition zone upon loading with either chlorhexidine (20μg or more per membrane) or AgNO3 (1 and 5wt% to polymer). Furthermore, long-term antibacterial effect up to 4days was verified using membranes containing 5wt% AgNO3. The results suggest that the membranes have strong potential to act as an active antibacterial dressing for local delivery of antibacterial agents to prevent PDAIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankang Song
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan J A Remmers
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jinlong Shao
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Kolwijck
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - X Frank Walboomers
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - John A Jansen
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Fang Yang
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Ali I, Hussain I, Sanagi MM, Ibrahim WAW, Aboul-Enein HY. Analyses of Biguanides and Related Compounds in Biological and Environmental Samples by HPLC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2014.940803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- a Department of Chemistry , Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Iqbal Hussain
- b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia
- c Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies, Nanotechnology Reseach Alliance , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia
| | - Mohd Marsin Sanagi
- b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia
- c Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies, Nanotechnology Reseach Alliance , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia
| | - Wan Aini Wan Ibrahim
- b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia
- c Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies, Nanotechnology Reseach Alliance , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia
| | - Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
- d Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry , Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre , Dokki , Cairo , Egypt
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Scheithauer S, Möller M, Höllig A, Marx G, Thoröe S, Lopez-Gonzalez L, Reinges MHT, Lemmen SW. Are chlorhexidine-containing dressings safe for use with ventricular drainages? Infection 2014; 42:545-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s15010-014-0596-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Song B, Ding X, Li J, Wang Z. [Simultaneous determination of chlorhexidine acetate and benzalkonium chloride in compound chemical disinfectants by capillary electrophoresis]. Se Pu 2012; 30:943-50. [PMID: 23285978 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2012.05022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is a mixture of alkyl substituted benzyl dimethylammonium chloride homologs (C12-BAC, C14-BAC and C16-BAC). Chlorhexidine acetate is a widely used effective component in compound chemical disinfectants. A method for the simultaneous determination of chlorhexidine acetate and benzalkonium chloride in compound chemical disinfectants by capillary electrophoresis (CE) was established. The CE analysis was carried out using an uncoated capillary with 50 microm i. d. and 37 cm total length. The running buffer was 150 mmol/L NaH2PO4-62.5 mmol/L H3PO4 (pH 2.5) containing 40% (v/v) acetonitrile. The sample medium was 50 mmol/L acetic acid-acetonitrile (1:1, v/v). The detection wavelength was 214 nm. The factors such as the buffer concentration and pH, the content of acetonitrile, which influenced the separation and accurate assay of compound chemical disinfectants were investigated in detail. The intra-day and inter-day precisions of the method were below 3. 0% and 3.7%, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD, signal to noise ratio (S/N) = 3) for chlorhexidine acetate, C12-BAC, Cl4-BAC and C16-BAC were 0. 3, 0.5, 0.5 and 0.5 mg/L, respectively. The limits of quantification (LOQ, S/N = 10) were 1.0, 1.5, 1.5, and 1.5 mg/L, respectively. The corrected peak area and the mass concentration of the four components mentioned above showed good linear relationships within the ranges of 1.0 - 400 mg/L, 1. 5 - 200 mg/L, 1.5 - 200 mg/L and 1.5 - 200 mg/L, with linear correlation coefficients (r) of 0.9995, 0.9998, 0.999 7 and 0.9998, respectively. The established method was used for the determination of the four disinfectants in the compound chemical disinfectants. The results were in good agreement with those obtained by the high performance liquid chromatographic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Song
- Beijing Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China
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Quantitative analysis of skeletal symmetric chlorhexidine in rat plasma using doubly charged molecular ions in LC–MS/MS detection. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:1357-68. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The skeletal symmetric structure of chlorhexidine predicts that each doubly charged molecular ion may generate two para-chlorbenzenguanidines daughter ions through bond cleavage at two protonation sites, thus generating better sensitivity in MRM transition than that involving singly charged molecular ions. This unique nature can be used to improve sensitivity of a LC–MS/MS method. Results: High-throughput LC–MS/MS was developed and validated to quantify chlorhexidine in rat plasma as low as 0.500 ng/ml. In the method, a unique chromatographic method on a narrow bore column reduced run time to 2.5 min and successfully minimized high background from accumulation of endogenous compounds in matrix on the column. Conclusion: This method was proved to be robust and suitable to support rat dermal toxicology studies.
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Xue Y, Zhang S, Tang M, Zhang T, Wang Y, Hieda Y, Takeshita H. Comparative study on toxic effects induced by oral or intravascular administration of commonly used disinfectants and surfactants in rats. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 32:480-7. [PMID: 21387348 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Accidental ingestion or injection of household products sometimes occurs due to their accessibility, but the toxic manifestations have not been well characterized when they are internally administered. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxic effects induced by ingestion or injection of different ionic surfactants and disinfectants in rats. The test drugs involved benzalkonium and benzethonium (BZK and BZT, both cationic surfactants used as disinfectants), alkyldiaminoethylglycine (AEG, an amphoteric surfactant used as a disinfectant), linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS, an anionic surfactant), polyoxyethylene cetylether (PEC, a nonionic surfactant), chlorhexidine (CHX, not a surfactant but a disinfectant) and saline (control). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered one of the test drugs orally (p.o.), intravenously (i.v.) or intraarterially (i.a.). The fatal effects appeared rapidly (<30 min) in i.v.-administered rats, while taking hours (>5 h) in i.a./p.o.-administered rats after a dose of around LD(50) , although the progress and degree of toxic effects varied among the drugs tested. In intravascular administration, BZK and BZT were fatal at doses of 15-20 mg kg(-1) . Higher concentrations in lung and kidney than in blood were determined. CHX showed a high toxic effect compared with cationic surfactants. The rats administered anionic (LAS) or amphoteric (AEG) surfactant died in less than 24 h at doses over 100 mg kg(-1) . In p.o. administration, the toxic effects were concentration/dose-dependent, and all rats administered high doses of surfactants except for PEC died at 5-20 h. The overall toxic ranks could be: cationic surfactant/CHX> anionic/amphoteric surfactant > nonionic surfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Xue
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, China.
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Xue Y, Zhang S, Yang Y, Lu M, Wang Y, Zhang T, Tang M, Takeshita H. Acute pulmonary toxic effects of chlorhexidine (CHX) following an intratracheal instillation in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011; 30:1795-803. [PMID: 21339254 DOI: 10.1177/0960327111400104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Chlorhexidine (CHX) is a cationic biguanide compound that has been widely used for disinfection of skin, mucous membranes, and medical instruments. Poisoning has been occurred occasionally due to its easy accessibility. Some fatal cases developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from aspiration of CHX directly into the lung. There is no preclinical information about the pulmonary toxicity of CHX available since the products of CHX are usually developed for disinfection by topical use. In this study, the acute pulmonary toxic effects of CHX following an intratracheal instillation in rats were investigated. Rats were exposed either to CHX at concentrations of 0.02% and 0.2% or to distilled water at a volume of 500 μl/kg b.w. CHX at concentration of 0.2% caused changes in hematological and biochemical values including white blood cell count (WBC), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CRE), and induced inflammatory reactions including intra-alveolar edema and hemorrhages, as well as resulted in the target organ concentration in lungs at the level of about 1.0 μg/g and maintained for more than 1 week, when administered intratracheally in rats. The cytotoxic action of CHX might induce those detrimental reactions in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Xue
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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Current Awareness in Drug Testing and Analysis. Drug Test Anal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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