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Halim ME, Omar MA, Nagy DM. Condensation of heptaminol hydrochloride for its spectrofluorimetric determination in pure form and tablets: application in human plasma. LUMINESCENCE 2020; 35:821-826. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.3787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica E. Halim
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of PharmacyMinia University Minia Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A. Omar
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of PharmacyTaibah University Medinah Saudi Arabia
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of PharmacyMinia University Minia Egypt
| | - Dalia M. Nagy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of PharmacyMinia University Minia Egypt
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Faiss R, Saugy J, Saugy M. Fighting Doping in Elite Sports: Blood for All Tests! Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1:30. [PMID: 33344954 PMCID: PMC7739585 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the fight against doping, detection of doping substances in biological matrices is paramount. Analytical possibilities have evolved and sanctioning a doping scenario by detecting forbidden bioactive compounds circulating unmodified in blood is nowadays very attractive. In addition, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) introduced the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) a decade ago as a new paradigm inferring the use of prohibited substances or methods through longitudinal profiling, or serial analyses of indirect biomarkers of doping, to be both scientifically and legally robust. After the introduction in 2008 of an hematological module (i.e., based on variations of blood variables) aiming to identify enhancement of oxygen transport and any form of blood transfusion or manipulation, a urinary steroidal module was additionally introduced in 2014 composed of concentrations and ratios of various endogenously produced steroidal hormones. Some evidence tends to discredit steroid profiles obtained from urine analyses to detect the use of endogenous androgenic anabolic steroids (EAAS), when administered exogenously, due to high rates of false negatives with short half-life and topical formulations rendering profile alteration only minimal or equivocal. On the other hand, steroid hormones quantification in blood showed a promising ability to detect testosterone doping and interesting complementarities to the ABP thanks to the most recent analytical techniques (UHPLC-HRMS or/and MS/MS). This perspective article explores the opportunities of blood samples to monitor not only hematological but also steroid profiles in elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Faiss
- REDs, Research and Expertise in Antidoping Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Saugy
- REDs, Research and Expertise in Antidoping Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martial Saugy
- REDs, Research and Expertise in Antidoping Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Darko E, Thurbide KB. Dynamic Control of Gas Chromatographic Selectivity during the Analysis of Organic Bases. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6682-6688. [PMID: 31042370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for controlling selectivity during the gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of organic bases is presented. The technique employs tandem stainless steel capillary columns, each coated with a pH adjusted water stationary phase. The first is a 0.5 m trap column coated with a pH 2.2 phase, while the second is an 11 m analytical column coated with a pH 11.4 phase. The first column traps basic analytes from injected samples, while the remaining components continue to elute and separate. Then, upon injection of a volatile aqueous ammonia solution, the basic analytes are released as desired to the analytical column where they are separated and analyzed. Separations are quite reproducible and demonstrate an average RSD of 1.2% for analyte retention times in consecutive trials. Using this approach, the retention of such analytes can be readily controlled and they can be held in the system for periods of up to 1 h without significant erosion of peak shape. As such, it can provide considerable control over analyte selectivity and resolution compared to conventional separations. Further, by employing a third conventional GC column to the series, both traditional hydrocarbon and enhanced organic base separations can be performed. The method is applied to the analysis of complex mixtures, such as gasoline, and much less matrix interference is observed as a result. The findings indicate that this approach could be a useful alternative for analyzing such samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Darko
- Department of Chemistry , University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive, NW , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Kevin B Thurbide
- Department of Chemistry , University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive, NW , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
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Omar MA, Nagy DM, Halim ME. Utility of ninhydrin reagent for spectrofluorimetric determination of heptaminol in human plasma. LUMINESCENCE 2018; 33:1107-1112. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.3516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A. Omar
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy; Minia University; Minia Egypt
| | - Dalia M. Nagy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy; Minia University; Minia Egypt
| | - Monica E. Halim
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy; Minia University; Minia Egypt
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Octodrine: New Questions and Challenges in Sport Supplements. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8020034. [PMID: 29461475 PMCID: PMC5836053 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Octodrine is the trade name for Dimethylhexylamine (DMHA), a central nervous stimulant that increases the uptake of dopamine and noradrenaline. Originally developed as a nasal decongestant in the 1950’s, it has recently been re-introduced on the market as a pre-workout and ‘fat-burner’ product but its use remains unregulated. Our work provides the first observational cross-sectional analytic study on Octodrine as a new drug trend and its associated harms after a gap spanning seven decades. Methods: A comprehensive multilingual assessment of literature, websites, drug fora and other online resources was carried out with no time restriction in English, German, Russian and Arabic. Keywords included Octodrine’s synonyms and chemical isomers. Results: Only five relevant publications emerged from the literature search, with most of the available data on body building websites and fora. Since 2015, Octodrine has been advertised online as “the next big thing” and “the god of stimulants,” with captivating marketing strategies directed at athletes and a wider cohort of users. Reported side-effects include hypertension, dyspnoea and hyperthermia. Conclusions: The uncontrolled use of Octodrine, its physiological and psychoactive effects raise serious health implications with possible impact on athletes and doping practices. This new phenomenon needs to be thoroughly studied and monitored.
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Darko E, Thurbide KB. Capillary gas chromatographic separation of organic bases using a pH-adjusted basic water stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1465:184-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Strano Rossi S, de la Torre X, Botrè F. A fast gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the determination of stimulants and narcotics in urine. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1475-1480. [PMID: 20411587 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A fast method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of 52 stimulants and narcotics excreted unconjugated in urine by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The procedure involves the liquid/liquid extraction of the analytes from urine at strong alkaline pH and the injection of the extract into a GC/MS instrument with a fast GC column (10 m x 0.18 mm i.d.); the short column allows the complete separation of the 52 analytes in a chromatographic run of 8 min. The method has been fully validated giving lower limits of detection (LLODs) satisfactory for its application to antidoping analysis as well as to forensic toxicology. The repeatability of the concentrations and the retention times are good both for intra- and for inter-day experiments (%CV of concentrations always lower than 15 and %CV of retention times lower than 0.6). In addition, the analytical bias is satisfactory (A% always >15%). The method proposed here would be particularly useful whenever there are time constraints and the analyses have to be completed in the shortest possible time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Strano Rossi
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo G. Onesti 1, 00197 Rome RM, Italy
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Müller RK, Grosse J, Thieme D, Lang R, Teske J, Trauer H. Introduction to the application of capillary gas chromatography of performance-enhancing drugs in doping control. J Chromatogr A 1999; 843:275-85. [PMID: 10399856 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00498-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Performance-enhancing drugs banned by antidoping rules are detected in doping control preferably by hyphenated chromatographic techniques, capillary gas chromatography in particular. Based on the prohibited classes of substances and on the general aspects of sample collection and preparation, a survey is given about the usual procedures of screening, identification and confirmation of the most important doping agents: stimulants, narcotics, anabolics, diuretics, beta-blockers. In addition to gas chromatography itself, the application of various MS techniques doping is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Müller
- Institute of Doping Analysis, Kreischa, Germany
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Espartero AG, Pérez JA, Zapardiel A, Bermejo E, Hernández L. Direct determination of prolintane and its metabolite oxoprolintane in human urine by capillary zone electrophoresis and beta-cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1997; 778:355-61. [PMID: 9299746 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a fast and simple method for the direct determination of the stimulant prolintane and its principal urinary metabolite, oxoprolintane, in human urine by capillary zone electrophoresis and beta-cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography. The determination was performed in phosphate buffer, pH 8.5, with UV detection at 211 nm. The effect of the ionic strength ratio between sample and running electrolyte, pH, sodium dodecyl sulphate and beta-cyclodextrin concentrations, and other factors, on the electrophoretic signals of these drugs was examined. This method can be applied for doping control. The determination limits are 1.0 microgram ml-1 for prolintane and 0.7 microgram ml-1 for oxoprolintane.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Espartero
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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Espartero AG, Pérez-López JA, Zapardiel A, Bermejo E, Hernández L. Electrochemical determination of prolintane in pharmaceutical formulations and in human urine. ELECTROANAL 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140090512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hemmersbach P, de la Torre R. Stimulants, narcotics and beta-blockers: 25 years of development in analytical techniques for doping control. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 687:221-38. [PMID: 9001968 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
More than 25 years of developing doping control methods have led to comprehensive screening and confirmation procedures for stimulants, narcotics and beta-blockers. Much of this work has been initiated and/or improved by the late Prof. Dr. Manfred Donike. The methodological approach covered in this overview was applied to doping control procedures during the XXV Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, in 1992 and the XVII Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway, in 1994. Urine samples are screened through a combination of two analytical methods that are complementary: (a) gas chromatographic analysis of the parent compound and unconjugated metabolites, following single-step sample extraction and detection by a nitrogen-specific detector based on a retention index identification system and (b) gas chromatographic analysis including also conjugated drugs and metabolites after hydrolysis, solid-phase extraction, derivatisation and mass spectrometric detection. Confirmation and identification is always performed by gas chromatographic separation and full scan mass spectrometric detection. These methods facilitate the rapid screening and confirmation of more than 100 stimulants, narcotic analgesics and beta-blockers in urine for at least 24 h after the intake of a pharmaceutical dose. Application of the methods ensures high quality standards for the unequivocal identification of doping agents as well as a rapid turnaround time for sample analyses.
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A simple device of the dry tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester reagent strip for the detection of methamphetamine. Arch Pharm Res 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02974487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Selective gas chromatographic analysis of chlorinated phenolic compounds using the nitrogen—phosphorus detector. J Chromatogr A 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)87034-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bertrand M, Stefanidis S, Sarrasin B. 2-cyanoethyldimethyl(diethyl)aminosilane, a silylating reagent for selective gas chromatographic analysis using a nitrogen—phosphorus detector. J Chromatogr A 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)83471-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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