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Ishikawa H, Furugen A, Nishimura A, Umazume T, Ishikawa S, Aoyagi R, Narumi K, Okamoto K, Takekuma Y, Sugawara M, Kobayashi M. Validated UPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of melatonin receptor agonists and dual orexin receptor antagonists in human plasma and breast milk: Application to quantify suvorexant and lemborexant in clinical samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 251:116432. [PMID: 39180895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical care is important for mental health during the perinatal period, which is often characterized by insomnia. In recent years, prescriptions of melatonin receptor agonists (MRAs) and dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) for insomnia have increased; however, their use during the perinatal period has scarcely been reported. In the present study, we developed a UPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of ramelteon, its metabolite M-II, suvorexant, and lemborexant in human plasma and breast milk to accumulate information on the safety and transfer of MRAs and DORAs into breast milk. Samples of MRAs (ramelteon and M-II) in plasma and breast milk were prepared using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with ethyl acetate. For DORAs (suvorexant and lemborexant), LLE with ethyl acetate was applied to plasma samples. For breast milk samples, significant ion suppression was observed for LLE with ethyl acetate. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges capable of removing phospholipids improved the matrix effects. Finally, protein precipitation with methanol and an SPE cartridge, InertSep® Phospholipid Remover, were selected for breast milk sample preparation. An ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column was used for analyte separation. MRAs and DORAs were eluted using isocratic and gradient elution, respectively, and analyzed using electrospray ionization in the positive mode with multiple reaction monitoring. The range of calibration curve for MRAs and DORAs was 0.1-25 and 0.5-50 ng/ml, respectively. Both the plasma and breast milk samples exhibited good linearity over this range. The method was validated by evaluating its accuracy and precision, matrix effect, recovery, carry-over, stability, and dilution integrity. The validated method was successfully applied to clinical samples donated by breastfeeding women and the milk/plasma (M/P) ratio and relative infant dose (RID) of lemborexant (one case) and suvorexant (two cases) were estimated. The M/P ratio of lemborexant was <1, and the RID was 1.05 %. The M/P ratio of suvorexant was <0.1, and RID was 0.11-0.20 %. This method will be useful for future studies evaluating the safety of these drugs during breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Ayako Furugen
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Ayako Nishimura
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita-14-jo, Nishi-5-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan
| | - Takeshi Umazume
- Department of Obstetrics, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita-14-jo, Nishi-5-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan
| | - Shuhei Ishikawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita-14-jo, Nishi-5-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Aoyagi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Katsuya Narumi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okamoto
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yoh Takekuma
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita-14-jo, Nishi-5-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Sugawara
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita-14-jo, Nishi-5-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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Iqbal M, Haq N, Kalam MA, Imam F, Shakeel F. A Simple, Sensitive, and Greener HPLC-DAD Method for the Simultaneous Analysis of Two Novel Orexin Receptor Antagonists. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:23101-23110. [PMID: 38826547 PMCID: PMC11137858 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c03976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The orexin receptor antagonist (ORA) is one of the new psychopharmacological agents used in the treatment of insomnia. There are currently no documented greener high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) methods for the analysis of ORA antagonists, lemborexant (LMB) and suvorexant (SUV) simultaneously. Therefore, in this study, a simple, sensitive, and greener HPLC-DAD method has been developed for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of LMB and SUV in bulk and laboratory-prepared mixture. The developed method was validated for numerous validation parameters and evaluated for greenness. The C18 Waters Spherisorb CN (4.6 × 250 mm2; 5 μm) column was used for the chromatographic separation. The mobile phase composition was ethanol: 10 mM KH2PO4 buffer in a ratio of (60:40 v/v). The DAD detection was performed at 253 nm using a Waters DAD detector. The greenness was evaluated using the analytical Eco-Scale (AES), ChlorTox, and analytical GREEnness (AGREE) techniques. The calibration curves showed excellent linearity for LMB and SUV between the concentration range of 125-5000 ng/mL and 250-10,000 ng/mL, respectively. In addition, the proposed HPLC-DAD method was accurate, precise, robust, highly sensitive, and greener. AES, ChlorTox, and AGREE scales were predicted by the HPLC-DAD method to be 91, 1.14 g, and 0.79, respectively, showing an excellent greenness profile. The greener HPLC-DAD method was successfully used to analyze both medicines quantitatively in bulk and laboratory-prepared synthetic mixtures. The findings of this study indicated that the proposed HPLC-DAD method may be consistently applied to evaluate LMB and SUV in bulk and dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzaffar Iqbal
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazrul Haq
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Abul Kalam
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Imam
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiyaz Shakeel
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Alqarni M, Iqbal M, Foudah AI, Aljarba TM, Abdel Bar F, Alshehri S, Shakeel F, Alam P. Quantification of Suvorexant in Human Urine Using a Validated HPTLC Bioanalytical Method. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:39928-39935. [PMID: 37901579 PMCID: PMC10601068 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Suvorexant (SUV) is a new sedative/hypnotic medicine that is recommended to treat insomnia. It is an important medicine from a forensic point of view due to its sedative/hypnotic and depressant effects. To the best of our knowledge, high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) bioanalytical methods have not been published to measure SUV in human urine and pharmaceutical samples. Accordingly, this study was designed and validated a sensitive and rapid bioanalytical HPTLC method to determine SUV in human urine samples for the very first time. The densitometric measurement of SUV and the internal standard (IS; sildenafil) was performed on glass-coated silica gel normal-phase-60F254S TLC plates using a mixture of chloroform and methanol (97.5:2.5 v/v) as the eluent system. Both the SUV and IS were detected at a wavelength of 254 nm. Both analytes were extracted using the protein precipitation technique utilizing methanol as the solvent. For the IS and SUV, the Rf values were 0.09 and 0.45, respectively. The proposed bioanalytical method for SUV was linear in the 50-1600 ng/band range. The current bioanalytical technique was linear, precise (% RSD = 3.28-4.20), accurate (% recovery = 97.58-103.80), robust (% recovery = 95.31-102.34 and % RSD = 2.81-3.15), rapid, and sensitive (LOD = 3.73 ng/band and LOQ = 11.20 ng/band). These findings suggested that the current bioanalytical method can be regularly used to determine SUV in wide varieties of urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed
H. Alqarni
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince
Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muzaffar Iqbal
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed I. Foudah
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince
Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq M. Aljarba
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince
Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatma Abdel Bar
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince
Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiyaz Shakeel
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prawez Alam
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince
Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
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Affiliation(s)
- David Love
- United States Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, USA
| | - Nicole S. Jones
- RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA
- 70113 Street, N.W., Suite 750, Washington, DC, 20005-3967, USA
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Tan Z, Wen Y, Yang K, Zhao X, Yang X, He J. Development and validation of the UPLC-MS method for simultaneous determination of six new psychoactive substances. RSC Adv 2022; 12:26704-26711. [PMID: 36320845 PMCID: PMC9490772 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04869h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The combined abuse of benzodiazepines and antipsychotics has become a global problem, and to develop a highly sensitive and selective method for monitoring of benzodiazepine hypnotics and antipsychotics is urgently necessary. In this work, we established a rapid method for the simultaneous determination of benzodiazepines (diazepam, alprazolam, triazolam, and estazolam) and antipsychotic drugs (clozapine, and chlorpromazine) based on ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). The accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), specificity, matrix effect and carry-over effect were verified in detail. The results of the recovery and repeat experiments proved that the proposed UPLC-MS method possessed very satisfactory accuracy and precision. The LOD and LOQ of the six psychoactive substances were as low as 0.001-0.005 and 0.005-0.01 μg L-1, respectively. The proposed method was employed to analyze urine samples which were pretreated with a protein precipitation process. The potential influences of precipitants on the analysis results were evaluated statistically, and 0.1% formic acid/acetonitrile/water was selected as the optimum precipitation agent. The detection of the targets was free from matrix and carryover effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouhong Tan
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University Dali 671000 Yunnan P. R. China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forensic Science Kunming 650223 Yunnan P. R. China
| | - Yunbo Wen
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forensic Science Kunming 650223 Yunnan P. R. China
| | - Kai Yang
- Public Security Bureau Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture Dali 671000 Yunnan P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University Dali 671000 Yunnan P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University Dali 671000 Yunnan P. R. China
| | - Jieli He
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University Dali 671000 Yunnan P. R. China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forensic Science Kunming 650223 Yunnan P. R. China
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Sofalvi S, Schueler HE, Abonamah JV. Expansion of the EZSTATSG1 Microsoft Excel Tool for ANSI/ASB Standard 036 Method Validation by the Addition of Weighted Quadratic External Calibration Models Utilizing Five-, Six- or Seven-Point Curves. J Anal Toxicol 2022; 46:925-931. [PMID: 35735182 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The first generation of this Microsoft (MS) Excel (Redmond, WA, USA) tool for method validation, EZSTATSG1, was designed for methods utilizing only linear calibration curves requiring seven calibration levels, and quadratic calibration models were not supported. This significantly improved version, EZSTATSG2, includes all of the features of the original template such as weighted linear calibration models, bias and precision data, dilution integrity and ion suppression. New features in this version include flexible five-, six- or seven-point calibration curves, six weighted quadratic calibration models, standardized residuals by use of frequency plots overlaid with the normal distribution function along with five-number summary data and processed sample stability. The implementation of Visual Basic for Applications in Excel UserForms prevents accidental alteration of existing formulas and also ensures that pertinent cells are relocked every time a file is reopened. The quadratic models feature the 95% confidence intervals for checking the significance of the second order term and are fully-characterized by providing the equations for the axis of symmetry, directrix, and coordinates for vertex and focus. Example data of α-hydroxymidazolam demonstrates that the quadratic calibration curves fit the data more adequately than the linear models for this method. This second-generation tool summarizes all of the validation parameters of a method for both linear and quadratic calibration models. Models with the lower average sum of relative errors and higher R2 values are color coded green, indicating the likelihood of a better fitting model. Like the EZSTATSG1, the redesigned EZSTATSG2.xltm MS Excel self-actuating validation tool and a completed PDF example are available to the scientific community for download as Supplementary data. Updates to the template can be found at https://www.EZSTATS4validation.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Sofalvi
- Toxicology Department, Cuyahoga County Medical Examiner's Office (CCMEO), 11001 Cedar Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Harold E Schueler
- The School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, 525 South Main Street, Ada, Ohio 45810, USA
| | - Jocelyn V Abonamah
- Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, District of Columbia, 401 E St SW, Washington, DC 20024, USA
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Bajaj AO, Ly D, Johnson-Davis KL. Retrospective analysis of metabolite patterns of clobazam and N-desmethylclobazam in human plasma by LC-MS/MS. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2022; 24:100-106. [PMID: 35602307 PMCID: PMC9115114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Clobazam is a benzodiazepine drug, used to treat Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in patients aged 2 years and older. Objective To support patient care, our laboratory developed a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of clobazam (CLB) and its major active metabolite N-desmethylclobazam (N-CLB) in human plasma or serum samples. Methods The chromatographic separation was achieved with an Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C-18 RRHD column with mobile phase consisting of 0.05% formic acid in 5 mM ammonium formate, pH 3.0 and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile at a flow rate of 600 µL/minute and an injection volume of 5 µL. The detection was performed on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring mode to monitor precursor-to-product ion transitions in positive electrospray ionization mode. Results The method was validated over a concentration range of 20-2000 ng/mL for CLB and 200-10,000 ng/mL for N-CLB. The lower limit of quantification was 20 ng/mL for CLB and 200 ng/mL for N-CLB with good accuracy and precision. The method performance was successfully evaluated by comparison with two different external laboratories. Retrospective data analysis was performed to evaluate the positivity rate and metabolic patterns for clobazam from our patient population, as a reference laboratory. Among the positive samples, both parent and metabolite were detected in 96.4% of the samples. Conclusion The method was developed to support therapeutic drug monitoring and the data generated from retrospective analysis could be useful for result interpretation in conjunction with clinical patient information.
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Key Words
- CLB, Clobazam
- CLIA, Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment
- CLRW, Clinical Laboratory Reagent Water
- Clobazam
- DAD, Diode Array Detector
- ESI, Electrospray ionization
- IRB, Institutional Review Board
- LC-MS/MS
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
- LLOQ, lower limit of quantification
- LOD, limit of detection
- MRM, multiple reaction monitoring
- N-CLB, N-desmethylclobazam
- N-Desmethylclobazam
- Plasma
- Retrospective data analysis
- TDM, Therapeutic drug monitoring
- ULOQ, upper limit of quantification
- UV, Ultraviolet
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol O. Bajaj
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Diane Ly
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kamisha L. Johnson-Davis
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Department of Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Mercurio N, Triebold C, Coleman D. Driving under the Influence of Flualprazolam: 11 Case Reports. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 46:bkab105. [PMID: 34529082 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkab105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eleven cases of suspected driving under the influence (DUI) of flualprazolam are presented. Data from police reports and drug recognition examinations (DRE), when available, were evaluated. In all cases, significant driving impairments were observed including weaving, driving slowly, stopping in the roadway, or collisions. Objective signs of impairment in all cases were generally consistent with those expected from central nervous system depressants. Both the mean and median blood flualprazolam concentrations were less than 15 ng/mL. Though comprehensive analysis was not performed on each specimen, the data from this study support the conclusion that flualprazolam at low concentrations may significantly impair the ability to safely drive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig Triebold
- Sacramento County District Attorney, Laboratory of Forensic Services, 4800 Broadway, Suite 200, Sacramento, CA 95820, USA
| | - Dan Coleman
- Solano County District Attorney, Bureau of Forensic Services, 2201 Courage Dr., Suite 2119, Fairfield, CA 94533, USA
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Ntoupa PSA, Papoutsis II, Dona AA, Spiliopoulou CA, Athanaselis SA. A fluorine turns a medicinal benzodiazepine into NPS: the case of flualprazolam. Forensic Toxicol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-020-00565-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this review is to summarize the existing knowledge on flualprazolam, a novel ‘designer’ benzodiazepine that derives from the fluorination of the phenyl moiety in the ortho-position of alprazolam.
Methods
An extensive literature search was carried out in PubMed, Google Scholar and World Wide Web using relevant keywords. All articles found were gathered, and the available information is presented.
Results
This article reviews the existing knowledge on chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, prevalence and current legal status of flualprazolam. Moreover, forensic and clinical cases where flualprazolam was involved worldwide, as well as flualprazolam seizures, along with the methods for its determination in biological samples are presented.
Conclusions
The recent flualprazolam-related cases have raised concerns to regulatory authorities and international stakeholders suggesting that flualprazolam should be under international control. The urgent international control of flualprazolam, despite the limited information on clinical effects and pharmacologic characteristics available, is an important measure for the prevention of its increasing abuse worldwide.
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