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Oflu S, Erarpat S, Zaman BT, Günkara ÖT, Bakırdere S, Turak F. Combination of quadrupole isotope dilution mass spectrometry with simultaneous derivatization and spray assisted droplet formation-liquid phase microextraction for the determination of methamphetamine in human urine and serum samples by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2023; 119:107207. [PMID: 35933004 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2022.107207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an analytical method with high accuracy and precision was developed for the determination of methamphetamine in human urine and serum samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A simultaneous derivatization and spray assisted droplet formation-liquid phase microextraction (SADF-LPME) method was proposed to derivatize and preconcentrate target analyte. Quadruple isotope dilution (ID4) was used to provide high accuracy and precision for methamphetamine determination in the samples. After the optimization studies for the derivatization and microextraction parameters, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) for the developed SADF-LPME method were found to be 48.0 and 159.9 μg/kg, respectively. Recovery studies were implemented to verify the applicability and accuracy of the developed method for human urine and serum samples. The SADF-LPME method gave low percent recovery results (30.5-61.0%) for the spiked urine and serum samples showing that it failed to minimize or eliminate matrix effects for the analyte. Hence, methamphetamine acetamide-d3 was synthesized and purified in our research laboratory to be used as methamphetamine isotopic analogue in the ID4 method. When the SADF-LPME method was combined with ID4, the percent recovery values for urine and serum samples were calculated as 99.7-100.0% and 99.4-100.2%, respectively. These results demonstrated the applicability and accuracy of the proposed method for urine and serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sude Oflu
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34,210, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sezin Erarpat
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34,210, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Buse Tuğba Zaman
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34,210, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ömer Tahir Günkara
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34,210, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34,210, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, Türkiye; Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Vedat Dalokay Street, No: 112, 06670, Çankaya, 06690, Ankara, Türkiye.
| | - Fatma Turak
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34,210, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, Türkiye.
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Kerry GL, Ross KE, Wright JL, Walker GS. A Review of Methods Used to Detect Methamphetamine from Indoor Air and Textiles in Confined Spaces. TOXICS 2022; 10:710. [PMID: 36422918 PMCID: PMC9695000 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine manufacture, use, and the resulting contamination is a significant issue that affects public health, the environment, and the economy. Third-hand exposure to methamphetamine can result in adverse health risks for individuals and first responders. Such exposures can result from the inhalation of airborne residues or from contact with contaminated objects. This review was conducted to determine the current methods used for methamphetamine extraction from indoor air and porous fabric materials. Dynamic solid phase microextraction (SPME) and sorbent sampling tubes have been applied to extract airborne methamphetamine residues from contaminated properties. SPME and solvent extraction have been applied to sample clothing and textiles for methamphetamine detection. This review demonstrates that there is limited literature on the detection of methamphetamine from indoor air and clothing. Supplementary and consistent methods to detect methamphetamine from air and porous surfaces should be developed and published to allow better assessment of the environmental risk to public health caused by third-hand exposure to methamphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma L. Kerry
- Physical and Molecular Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Kirstin E. Ross
- Environmental Health, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Jackie L. Wright
- Environmental Health, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
- Environmental Risk Sciences Pty Ltd., Carlingford Court, P.O. Box 2537, Sydney 2118, Australia
| | - G. Stewart Walker
- Physical and Molecular Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
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Kranenburg RF, Verduin J, Stuyver LI, de Ridder R, van Beek A, Colmsee E, van Asten AC. Benefits of derivatization in GC–MS-based identification of new psychoactive substances. Forensic Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2020.100273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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High‐throughput doping control analysis of 28 amphetamine‐type stimulants in equine plasma using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2018; 11:441-454. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Silva ATMD, Bessa CDPB, Borges WDS, Borges KB. Bioanalytical methods for determining ecstasy components in biological matrices: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Shahvandi SK, Banitaba MH, Ahmar H. Development of a new pH assisted homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction by a solvent with switchable hydrophilicity: Application for GC-MS determination of methamphetamine. Talanta 2018; 184:103-108. [PMID: 29674019 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a new method based on homogeneous liquid-phase microextraction was developed for the determination of methamphetamine (MA) in urine samples. Dipropylamine (DPA), as a solvent with switchable hydrophilicity, was used as the extraction solvent and can be miscible/immiscible based on variable pH values of the aqueous sample solution. The effects of operational extraction parameters such as DPA volume, temperature, the amount of added acid and base solutions, and NaCl content of the sample were investigated. Under optimal conditions the preconcentration factor, limit of detection and linearity of the method were achieved in the ranges of 98.8, 1.5 µgL-1 and 5-1500 µgL-1, respectively. Also, within-run precision, between-run precision and robustness of the method were investigated. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of MA in urine sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Kiani Shahvandi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, P.O. Box 98615-538, Zabol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Banitaba
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Hamid Ahmar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, P.O. Box 98615-538, Zabol, Iran.
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Mohamed KM, Bakdash A. Comparison of 3 Derivatization Methods for the Analysis of Amphetamine-Related Drugs in Oral Fluid by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2017; 12:1177390117727533. [PMID: 28890655 PMCID: PMC5574487 DOI: 10.1177/1177390117727533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The heptafluorobutyric anhydride (HFBA), pentafluoropropionic anhydride (PFPA), and trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA) are compared as derivatizing reagents to use as the optimal method for the analysis of 10 amphetamines and cathinones in oral fluid. The target compounds were amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (MA), 4-methylamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDEA), cathinone (CAT), methcathinone, mephedrone, and ephedrine. Amphetamine-D5, MA-D5, MDA-D5, MDMA-D5, and MDEA-D5 use as internal standards (IS). The analytes and IS were extracted from 0.5 mL of oral fluid by ethyl acetate in the presence of NaOH (0.1 N) as the base and then the dried extracts were derivatized with HFBA, PFPA, or TFAA at 70°C for 30 minutes. The limits of quantification based on signal-to-noise ratios ≥10 were ranged between 2.5 and 10 ng/mL. The calibration graphs were linear in the range of 5 or 10 to 1000 ng/mL for all analytes. Based on sensitivity, the PFPA is proved to be the best for derivatization of the target compounds prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled M Mohamed
- The Department of Forensic Chemistry, The College of Forensic Sciences, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulsallam Bakdash
- The Department of Forensic Chemistry, The College of Forensic Sciences, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Mohamed K. One-Step Derivatization-Extraction Method for Rapid Analysis of Eleven Amphetamines and Cathinones in Oral Fluid by GC–MS. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:639-645. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- NW Brown
- Toxicology, Clinical Chemistry, Wansbeck General Hospital, Ashington, UK
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Zhu H, Janusson E, Luo J, Piers J, Islam F, McGarvey GB, Oliver AG, Granot O, McIndoe JS. Phenol-selective mass spectrometric analysis of jet fuel. Analyst 2017; 142:3278-3284. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00908a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A bromobenzyl charged tag selectively reacts with key contaminants in jet fuel to provide charged ethers that are readily detectable by ESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxuan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Victoria
- Canada
| | | | - Jingwei Luo
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Victoria
- Canada
| | - James Piers
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Victoria
- Canada
| | | | | | - Allen G. Oliver
- Molecular Structure Facility
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame
- USA
| | - Ori Granot
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Victoria
- Canada
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Guo L, Lin Z, Huang Z, Liang H, Jiang Y, Ye Y, Wu Z, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Rao Y. Simple and rapid analysis of four amphetamines in human whole blood and urine using liquid–liquid extraction without evaporation/derivatization and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-014-0257-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Dalgleish JK, Wleklinski M, Shelley JT, Mulligan CC, Ouyang Z, Graham Cooks R. Arrays of low-temperature plasma probes for ambient ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:135-142. [PMID: 23239326 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE This paper reports the development of arrays of capillary-based low-temperature plasma (LTP) probes for direct sample analysis. These probe arrays allow a higher surface area to be analyzed, increasing the throughput in large sample analysis. Validation of these arrays was performed on illicit, cathinone-based drugs marketed as 'bath salts'. METHODS LTP arrays consisting of 1, 7, and 19 probes were constructed with quartz capillaries and held together with silver epoxy resin adhesive. Three drugs, mephedrone, methylone and methylenedioxypyrovalerone, were analyzed with each plasma ion source and an ion trap mass spectrometer in full MS and in MS/MS positive ion mode. Chemical and thermal footprints were determined for each source. A reactive probe design was used to inject trifluoroacetic anhydride directly into the plasma stream for on-line derivatization. RESULTS Small LTP probes and bundled arrays provide low picogram level limits of detection for mephedrone, methylone and methylenedioxypyrovalerone. Bundling the probes together in larger arrays increases the surface area analyzed by a factor of ten, while maintaining surface temperatures below 40 °C. Selectivity towards mephedrone and methylone was increased using trifluoracetylation under ambient ionization conditions. CONCLUSIONS Low-temperature plasma ionization sources allow rapid detection of illicit 'bath salt' drugs in low amounts. The sources have a larger sampling area that allows faster detection of each analyte, and selectivity towards the selected drug is enhanced by adding reagents directly into the plasma stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon K Dalgleish
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, USA
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Kee CL, Lai CS, Ge X, Low MY, Ciolino LA. Partial conversion of methanol to formaldehyde in the gas chromatography injection port and reactivity with amines. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1257:158-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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