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Huang Y, Furuno M, Arakawa T, Takizawa S, de Hoon M, Suzuki H, Arner E. A framework for identification of on- and off-target transcriptional responses to drug treatment. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17603. [PMID: 31772269 PMCID: PMC6879629 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to safety concerns or insufficient efficacy, few drug candidates are approved for marketing. Drugs already on the market may be withdrawn due to adverse effects (AEs) discovered after market introduction. Comprehensively investigating the on-/off-target effects of drugs can help expose AEs during the drug development process. We have developed an integrative framework for systematic identification of on-/off-target pathways and elucidation of the underlying regulatory mechanisms, by combining promoter expression profiling after drug treatment with gene perturbation of the primary drug target. Expression profiles from statin-treated cells and HMG-CoA reductase knockdowns were analyzed using the framework, allowing for identification of not only reported adverse effects but also novel candidates of off-target effects from statin treatment, including key regulatory elements of on- and off-targets. Our findings may provide new insights for finding new usages or potential side effects of drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masaaki Furuno
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takahiro Arakawa
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takizawa
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Michiel de Hoon
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Harukazu Suzuki
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Erik Arner
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
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Krasowski MD, McMillin GA, Melanson SEF, Dizon A, Magnani B, Snozek CLH. Interpretation and Utility of Drug of Abuse Screening Immunoassays: Insights From Laboratory Drug Testing Proficiency Surveys. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2019; 144:177-184. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2018-0562-cp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Context.—
Urine drug testing is frequently ordered by health care providers. Immunoassays are widely used for drug testing, yet have potential limitations, including variable cross-reactivity. The last decade has seen worsening of a prescription drug abuse epidemic.
Objective.—
To use data from a College of American Pathologists proficiency testing survey, Urine Drug Testing, Screening, to determine and summarize the characteristics, performance, and limitations of immunoassays.
Design.—
Seven years of proficiency surveys were reviewed (2011–2017).
Results.—
Rapid growth was seen in participant volumes for specific immunoassays for synthetic opioids (eg, buprenorphine, fentanyl, oxycodone) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“ecstasy”). Participant volumes remained high for immunoassays targeting less commonly abused drugs such as barbiturates and phencyclidine. For opiate immunoassays, the number of laboratories using a 2000 ng/mL positive cutoff remained stable, and an increasing number adopted a 100 ng/mL cutoff. Opiate and amphetamine immunoassays showed high variability in cross-reactivity for drugs other than the assay calibrator. Assays targeting a single drug or metabolite generally performed well on drug challenges.
Conclusions.—
Survey results indicate strong clinical interest in urine drug testing and some adoption of new assays. However, urine drug testing availability does not parallel prevailing patterns of drug prescribing and abuse patterns. In particular, specific immunoassays for synthetic opioids and a lower positive cutoff for opiate immunoassays may be underused, whereas immunoassays for barbiturates, methadone, propoxyphene, and phencyclidine may be overused. Laboratories are encouraged to review their test menu, cutoffs, and assay performance and adjust their test offerings based on clinical needs and technical capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Krasowski
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (Dr Krasowski); the Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City (Dr McMillin); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Melanson); the Proficiency Testing Division, College of American Pathol
| | - Gwendolyn A. McMillin
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (Dr Krasowski); the Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City (Dr McMillin); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Melanson); the Proficiency Testing Division, College of American Pathol
| | - Stacy E. F. Melanson
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (Dr Krasowski); the Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City (Dr McMillin); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Melanson); the Proficiency Testing Division, College of American Pathol
| | - Annabel Dizon
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (Dr Krasowski); the Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City (Dr McMillin); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Melanson); the Proficiency Testing Division, College of American Pathol
| | - Barbarajean Magnani
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (Dr Krasowski); the Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City (Dr McMillin); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Melanson); the Proficiency Testing Division, College of American Pathol
| | - Christine L. H. Snozek
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (Dr Krasowski); the Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City (Dr McMillin); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Melanson); the Proficiency Testing Division, College of American Pathol
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Delcher C, Chen G, Wang Y, Slavova S, Goldberger BA. Fatal poisonings involving propoxyphene before and after voluntary withdrawal from the United States' market: An analysis from the state of Florida. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 280:228-232. [PMID: 29080523 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic opioid propoxyphene was a schedule IV controlled substance with multiple reported health risks before the US Food and Drug Administration issued a request for voluntary market withdrawal in November 2010. The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics and occurrences of propoxyphene-related deaths in Florida before and after voluntary market removal. Decedent-level toxicology data from Florida's Medical Examiners Commission was used to compare the temporal, polysubstance use, sociodemographic, and geographic profiles associated with propoxyphene-involved deaths for a pre-withdrawal (November 2008-November 2010) and post-withdrawal (December 2010-December 2012) period. Sensitivity analyses using multiple data sources, including Florida's Prescription Drug Monitoring Program and other states' data, were conducted to examine potential reporting bias. Results showed that the number of propoxyphene-involved deaths declined by 84% from 580 deaths to 92 deaths after market withdrawal. The co-occurrence of other prevalent drugs, such as oxycodone (17.2% to 26.1%, p=0.0422) increased significantly in the post-withdrawal study period. A larger proportion of the propoxyphene-related deaths were reported from South Florida after the withdrawal (28.4% to 56.5%, p<0.0001). No significant changes in age and race/ethnicity were observed. Sensitivity analyses revealed that several deaths occurred in other states after market withdrawal, as recently as 2016. Our findings are consistent with previous studies that propoxyphene was still available after removal from the US market. Continued surveillance is recommended after highly abused opioids are withdrawn from the market due to on-going safety risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Delcher
- Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Medicine, University of Florida, United States.
| | - Guanming Chen
- Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Medicine, University of Florida, United States
| | - Yanning Wang
- Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Medicine, University of Florida, United States
| | - Svetla Slavova
- Department of Biostatistics and Kentucky Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Kentucky, United States
| | - Bruce A Goldberger
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, United States
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Lee CT, Vo TT, Cohen AS, Ahmed S, Zhang Y, Mao J, Chen L. Profiles of Urine Drug Test in Clinical Pain Patients vs Pain Research Study Subjects. PAIN MEDICINE 2016; 17:636-43. [PMID: 26398237 DOI: 10.1111/pme.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine similarities and differences in urine drug test (UDT) results in clinical pain patients and pain subjects participating in pain research studies. DESIGN An observational study with retrospective chart review and data analysis. METHODS We analyzed 1,874 UDT results obtained from 1) clinical pain patients (Clinical Group; n = 1,529) and 2) pain subjects consented to participate in pain research studies (Research Group; n = 345). Since several medications such as opioids used in pain management are drugs of abuse (DOA) and can result in a positive UDT, we specifically identified those cases of positive UDT due to nonprescribed DOA and designated these cases as positive UDT with DOA (PUD). RESULTS We found that 1) there was a higher rate of PUD in clinical pain patients (41.3%) than in pain research study subjects (14.8%); 2) although subjects in the Research Group were informed ahead of time that UDT will be conducted as a screening test, a substantial number (14.8%) of pain research study subjects still showed PUD; 3) there were different types of DOA between clinical pain patients (cannabinoids as the top DOA) and research study subjects (cocaine as the top DOA); and 4) a common factor associated with PUD was opioid therapy in both Clinical Group and Research Group. CONCLUSION These results support previous findings that PUD is a common finding in clinical pain patients, particularly in those prescribed opioid therapy, and we suggest that UDT be used as routine screening testing in pain research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-ting Lee
- *University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Trang T Vo
- MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Abigail S Cohen
- MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shihab Ahmed
- MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jianren Mao
- MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lucy Chen
- MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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