An Investigation of Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectral Attributes and Analytical Performance Characteristics of Tenofovir, Emtricitabine and Efavirenz in Human Plasma

Analytical approaches for determination of COVID-19 candidate drugs in human biological matrices

Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of antiviral and other available drugs has been considered to combat or reduce the clinical symptoms of patients. In this regard, it would be necessary to choose sensitive and selective analytical techniques for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies, monitoring of drug concentration in biological fluids, and determination of the most appropriate dose to achieve the desired effect on the disease. In the present study, the analytical techniques based on spectroscopy and chromatography with different detectors for diagnosis and determination of candidate drugs in the treatment of COVID-19 in human biological fluids are reviewed during the period 2015-2022. Moreover, various sample preparation and extraction techniques, are being used for this purpose, such as protein precipitation (PP), solid-phase extraction (SPE), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), and QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) are investigated.

Analytical Methods for Determination of Antiviral Drugs in Different Matrices: Recent Advances and Trends

Viruses are the main pathogenic substances that cause severe diseases in humans and other living things. They are among the most common microorganisms, and consequently, antiviral drugs have emerged to prevent and treat viral infections. Antiviral drugs are an essential drug group considering their prescription and consumption rates for different diseases and indications. Therefore, it is crucial to develop accurate and precise analytical methods to detect antiviral drugs in various matrices. Chromatographic techniques are used frequently for the quantification purpose since they allow simultaneous determination of antivirals. Electrochemical methods have also gained importance since the analysis can be performed quickly without the need for pretreatment. Spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods are used because they are simple, inexpensive, and less time-consuming methods. The purpose of this review is to present an overview of the analysis of currently used antiviral drugs from 2010 to 2021. Since studies on antiviral drugs are numerous, selected publications were reviewed in this article. The analysis of antiviral drugs was divided into three main groups: chromatographic, spectrometric, and electrochemical methods which were applied to different matrices, including pharmaceutical, biological, and environmental samples.

Quantitative Analysis of Emtricitabine in Dosage Forms Using Green RP-HPTLC and Routine NP-HPTLC Methods-A Contrast of Validation Parameters

In this research, an antiviral drug emtricitabine (ECT) was quantified using the validated green reversed-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography (RP-HPTLC) and routine normal-phase HPTLC (NP-HPTLC) methods in the marketed oral solutions and capsules. Green RP-HPTLC-densitometry quantification was performed using the acetone/water (70:30, v/v) solvent system as the mobile phase. Routine NP-HPTLC-densitometry quantification was performed using the chloroform/methanol (85:15, v/v) solvent system as the mobile phase. The detection was performed at λmax-285 nm for both of the methods. Both densitometry methods were validated for different parameters. Most of the validation parameters including linearity, precision, accuracy, detection, and quantification limits for the green densitometry method were found to be superior compared to the routine densitometry technique. The ECT contents of commercial oral solution and commercial capsules were found to be 100.85 and 98.27%, respectively, using the green densitometry technique. The ECT contents of oral solutions and capsules were 97.16 and 95.54%, respectively, using the routine densitometry technique. Accordingly, the green densitometry technique was found to be better than the routine densitometry technique for ECT assays. Thus, the green densitometry technique can be successfully applied for the quantitation of ECT in the marketed formulations.