Upregulation of circ_0000142 promotes multiple myeloma progression by adsorbing miR-610 and upregulating AKT3 expression

Exploring the molecular biomarker utility of circCCT3 in multiple myeloma: A favorable prognostic indicator, particularly for R-ISS II patients

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are associated with the pathobiology of multiple myeloma (MM). Recent findings regarding circCCT3 support its involvement in the development and progression of MM, through microRNA sponging. Thus, we aimed to examine the expression of circCCT3 in smoldering and symptomatic MM and to assess its clinical importance. Three cell lines from plasma cell neoplasms were cultured and bone marrow aspirate (BMA) samples were collected from 145 patients with MM or smoldering MM. Next, CD138+ enrichment was performed in BMA samples, followed by total RNA extraction and reverse transcription. Preamplification of circCCT3 and GAPDH cDNA was performed. Finally, a sensitive assay for the relative quantification of circCCT3 using nested real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was developed, optimized, and implemented in the patients' samples and cell lines. MM patients exhibited significantly higher intracellular circCCT3 expression in their CD138+ plasma cells, compared to those from SMM patients. In addition, MM patients overexpressing circCCT3 had longer progression-free and overall survival intervals. The favorable prognostic significance of high circCCT3 expression in MM was independent of disease stage (either International Staging System [ISS] or revised ISS [R-ISS]) and age of MM patients. Interestingly, circCCT3 expression could serve as a surrogate molecular biomarker of prognosis in MM patients, especially those of R-ISS stage II. In conclusion, our study sheds new light on the significance of circCCT3 as a promising molecular marker for predicting MM patients' prognosis.

Novel_circ_003686 regulates the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs in patients with myeloma bone disease through miR-142-5p/IGF1 axis

Objectives

Circ_003686 is a novel_circRNA with abnormally low expression found in the samples of multiple myeloma bone disease (MBD) patients. The current research intended to investigate the effects of novel_circ_003686 in osteogenesis-induced differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in MBD.

Methods

BMSCs were extracted from MBD patients and normal participants, the pcDNA3.1 encoding the circ_003686 (ov-circ_003686), miR-142-5p-mimic/inhibitor and siRNA oligonucleotides targeting insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF1, si-IGF1) were applied to intervene circ_003686, miR-142-5p and IGF1 levels, respectively. Results: Results showed that ov-circ_003686 could mediate the osteogenesis-induced differentiation of MBD-BMSC, and luciferase assay and RIP experiments confirmed that circ_003686 could bind to miR-142-5p. MiR-142-5p-inhibitor helped osteogenesis-induced differentiation, while miR-142-5p-mimic inhibited osteogenesis-induced differentiation and reversed the promoting effect of ov-circ_003686, suggesting that circ_003686/miR-142-5p axis participated in osteogenesis-induced differentiation of MBD-BMSC. In addition, miR-142-5p binds to the target gene IGF1 and negatively adjust its expression. Si-IGF1 significantly inhibited the osteogenesis-induced differentiation and reversed the promotion effects of miR-142-5p-inhibitor and ov-circ_003686. Moreover, circ_003686/miR-142-5p/IGF1 axis meaningfully regulates protein expressions in the PI3K/AKT pathway.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this research confirmed that circ_003686 regulated the osteogenesis-induced differentiation of MBD-BMSC by sponging miR-142-5p and mediating IGF1, and the PI3K/AKT pathway may also be involved.

The Multifunctional Nature of the MicroRNA/AKT3 Regulatory Axis in Human Cancers

Serine/threonine kinase (AKT) signaling regulates diverse cellular processes and is one of the most important aberrant cell survival mechanisms associated with tumorigenesis, metastasis, and chemoresistance. Targeting AKT has become an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of many cancers. AKT3 (PKBγ), the least studied isoform of the AKT family, has emerged as a major contributor to malignancy. AKT3 is frequently overexpressed in human cancers, and many regulatory oncogenic or tumor suppressor small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), have recently been identified to be involved in regulating AKT3 expression. Therefore, a better understanding of regulatory miRNA/AKT3 networks may reveal novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of patients with cancer and may provide invaluable information for developing more effective therapeutic strategies. The aim of this review was to summarize current research progress in the isoform-specific functions of AKT3 in human cancers and the roles of dysregulated miRNA/AKT3 in specific types of human cancers.

Circ_0005615 restrains the progression of multiple myeloma through modulating miR-331-3p and IGF1R regulatory cascade

BACKGROUND

Circular RNAs are implicated in modulating the progression of various malignant tumors. However, the function and underlying mechanisms of circ_0005615 in multiple myeloma (MM) remain unclear.

METHODS

The expression levels of circ_0005615, miR-331-3p and IGF1R were tested by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction or western blot assay. Cell counting kit-8 and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay were performed for cell proliferation detection. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle were measured by flow cytometry. The protein expressions of Bax and Bcl-2 were detected by western blot assay. Glucose consumption, lactate production and ATP/ADP ratios were estimated to disclose cell glycolysis. The interaction relationship among miR-331-3p and circ_0005615 or IGF1R was proved by dual-luciferase reporter assay.

RESULTS

The abundance of circ_0005615 and IGF1R was increased in MM patients and cells, while the expression of miR-331-3p was decreased. Circ_0005615 inhibition retarded the proliferation and cell cycle progression, while reinforced the apoptosis of MM cells. Molecularly, circ_0005615 could sponge miR-331-3p, and the repressive trends of circ_0005615 deficiency on MM progression could be alleviated by anti-miR-331-3p introduction. Additionally, IGF1R was validated to be targeted by miR-331-3p, and IGF1R overexpression mitigated the suppressive function of miR-331-3p on MM development. Furthermore, IGF1R was mediated by circ_0005615/miR-331-3p axis in MM cells.

CONCLUSION

Circ_0005615 downregulation blocked MM development by targeting miR-331-3p/IGF1R axis.

Non-coding RNAs and exosomal ncRNAs in multiple myeloma: An emphasis on molecular pathways

One of the most common hematological malignancies is multiple myeloma (MM) that its mortality and morbidity have increased. The incidence rate of MM is suggested to be higher in Europe and various kinds of therapeutic strategies including stem cell transplantation. However, MM treatment is still challenging and gene therapy has been shown to be promising. The non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs are considered as key players in initiation, development and progression of MM. In the present review, the role of ncRNAs in MM progression and drug resistance is highlighted to provide new insights for future experiments for their targeting and treatment of MM. The miRNAs affect proliferation and invasion of MM cells, and targeting tumor-promoting miRNAs can induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and reduces proliferation of MM cells. Furthermore, miRNA regulation is of importance for modulating metastasis and chemotherapy response of tumor cells. The lncRNAs exert the same function and determine proliferation, migration and therapy response of MM cells. Notably, lncRNAs mainly target miRNAs in regulating MM progression. The circRNAs also target different molecular pathways in regulating MM malignancy that miRNAs are the most well-known ones. Furthermore, clinical application of ncRNAs in MM is discussed.

Circular RNAs: typical biomarkers for bone-related diseases

Bone is a connective tissue that has important functions in the human body. Cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) are key components of bone and are closely related to bone-related diseases. However, the outcomes of conventional treatments for bone-related diseases are not promising, and hence it is necessary to elucidate the exact regulatory mechanisms of bone-related diseases and identify novel biomarkers for diagnosis and therapy. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are single-stranded RNAs that form closed circular structures without a 5' cap or 3' tail and polycyclic adenylate tails. Due to their high stability, circRNAs have the potential to be typical biomarkers. Accumulating evidence suggests that circRNAs are involved in bone-related diseases, including osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, osteosarcoma, multiple myeloma, intervertebral disc degeneration, and rheumatoid arthritis. Herein, we summarize the recent research progress on the characteristics and functions of circRNAs, and highlight the regulatory mechanism of circRNAs in bone-related diseases.

Circ_0005615 contributes to the progression and Bortezomib resistance of multiple myeloma by sponging miR-185-5p and upregulating IRF4

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been shown to play critical regulatory roles in multiple myeloma progression. Here, we aimed to explore the biologic role of circ_0005615 in multiple myeloma progression and its associated mechanism. Cell counting kit-8 assay was conducted to analyze the bortezomib resistance and proliferation of multiple myeloma cells. Cell proliferation was also analyzed by 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation and flow cytometry assays. Cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. The interaction between microRNA-185-5p (miR-185-5p) and circ_0005615 or interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) was verified by the dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. A xenograft tumor model was established in non-obese diabetic/server combined immune-deficiency mice to analyze the roles of circ_0005615 in tumor growth and bortezomib resistance. Circ_0005615 was upregulated in multiple myeloma tissues and cell lines. Circ_0005615 knockdown restrained the bortezomib resistance and proliferation and induced the apoptosis of multiple myeloma cells. Circ_0005615 acted as a molecular sponge for miR-185-5p, and the antitumor effects mediated by circ_0005615 knockdown were reversed by silencing miR-185-5p. IRF4 was confirmed as a direct target of miR-185-5p, and miR-185-5p overexpression-induced antitumor influences could be counteracted by IRF4 overexpression. Circ_0005615 could positively regulate IRF4 expression by sponging miR-185-5p in multiple myeloma cells. Circ_0005615 knockdown suppressed the growth and bortezomib resistance of xenograft tumors in vivo. Circ_0005615 contributed to the malignant progression and bortezomib resistance of multiple myeloma through mediating miR-185-5p/IRF4 signaling.

Comprehensive elaboration of circular RNA in multiple myeloma

Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a novel category of endogenous non-coding RNAs, are usually well conserved across different species with a covalent closed-loop structure. Existing and emerging evidence confirms that circRNAs can function as regulators of alternative splicing, microRNA and RNA-binding protein sponges and translation, as well as gene transcription. In consideration of their multi-faceted functions, circRNAs are critically involved in hematological malignancies including multiple myeloma (MM). In particular, circRNAs have been found to play vital roles in tumor microenvironment and drug resistance, which may grant them potential roles as biomarkers for MM diagnosis and targeted therapy. In this review, we comprehensively elaborate the current state-of-the-art knowledge of circRNAs in MM, and then focus on their potential as biomarkers in diagnosis and therapy of MM.

Roles of circRNAs in hematological malignancies

As one of the leading causes of death, hematologic malignancies are associated with an ever-increasing incidence, and drug resistance and relapse of patients after treatment represent clinical challenges. Therefore, there are pressing demands to uncover biomarkers to indicate the development, progression, and therapeutic targets for hematologic malignancies. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are covalently closed circular-single-stranded RNAs whose biosynthesis is regulated by various factors and is widely-expressed and evolutionarily conserved in many organisms and expressed in a tissue−/cell-specific manner. Recent reports have indicated that circRNAs plays an essential role in the progression of hematological malignancies. However, circRNAs are difficult to detect with low abundance using conventional techniques. We need to learn more information about their features to develop new detection methods. Herein, we sought to retrospect the current knowledge about the characteristics of circRNAs and summarized research on circRNAs in hematological malignancies to explore a potential direction.

CircRNAs: novel therapeutic targets in multiple myeloma

BACKGROUND

Circular RNA (circRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA that has recently attracted the attention of researchers. Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy with a dismal prognosis that indicates a pressing need for better treatment alternatives, particularly in terms of biological indicators. According to recent research findings, the presence of circRNA is also closely related to the incidence and progression of malignant hemopathy. There have been, however, only a few investigations of circRNA in MM.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This review will be on the biological properties and functions of circRNA in MM and a discussion of the clinical utility of circRNA in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of MM.

CONCLUSIONS

CircRNA is involved in gene transcription, translation, and epigenetic modification as well as the regulation of cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, and hence, promotes or inhibits the occurrence and progression of MM. Therefore, circRNA holds promise as a potential future MM biomarker.

Advances in the Study of circRNAs in Hematological Malignancies

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are non–protein-coding RNAs that have a circular structure and do not possess a 5` cap or 3` poly-A tail. Their structure is more stable than that of linear RNAs, and they are difficult to deform via hydrolysis. Advancements in measurement technology such as RNA sequencing have enabled the detection of circRNAs in various eukaryotes in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The main function of circRNAs involves sponging of microRNAs (MiRNAs) and interaction with proteins associated with physiological and pathological processes, while some circRNAs are involved in translation. circRNAs act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes during the development of many tumors and are emerging as new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. They also affect resistance to certain chemotherapy drugs such as imatinib. The objective of this review is to investigate the expression and clinical significance of circRNAs in hematological malignancies. We will also explore the effect of circRNAs on proliferation and apoptosis in hematological malignancy cells and their possible use as biomarkers or targets to determine prognoses. The current literature indicates that circRNAs may provide new therapeutic strategies for patients with hematologic malignancies.

CircATIC Contributes to Multiple Myeloma Progression via miR-324-5p-Dependent Regulation of HGF

Circular RNA (circRNA) 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase/IMP cyclohydrolase (circATIC; hsa_circ_0058058) was observed to be upregulated in multiple myeloma (MM) by former article. However, the function and exact mechanism of circATIC in MM development remain barely known. CircRNA-microRNA (miRNA)-messenger RNA (mRNA) axis was established through using bioinformatic databases (starbase, Circinteractome, and microT-CDS). Dual-luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation assay, and RNA-pull down assay were utilized to verify the target relationship between microRNA-324-5p (miR-324-5p) and circATIC or hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). CircATIC expression was upregulated in MM patients and cell lines. CircATIC interference notably hampered cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and glycolysis and induced cell apoptosis of MM cells. MiR-324-5p was a target of circATIC. CircATIC silencing-mediated effects in MM cells were largely overturned by the knockdown of miR-324-5p. HGF was a target of miR-324-5p, and circATIC upregulated the expression of HGF partly through sponging miR-324-5p in MM cells. MiR-324-5p suppressed the malignant behaviors of MM cells, which were largely counteracted by the overexpression of HGF in MM cells. CircATIC accelerated the proliferation, migration, invasion, and glycolysis and suppressed the apoptosis of MM cells through mediating miR-324-5p/HGF signaling.

Circular RNA as a Novel Biomarker for Diagnosis and Prognosis and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Multiple Myeloma

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel type of covalently closed RNAs involved in several physiological and pathological processes. They display tissue-specific expression and are constant, abundant, and highly conserved, making them perfect markers for diagnosis and prognosis. Several studies have proposed that circRNAs are also differentially produced in malignancies where they have oncogenic effects. Furthermore, circRNAs affecting microRNAs modify the expression profile of several transcription factors which play essential roles in tumors. CircRNAs within the hematopoietic compartment were identified as modulators of mechanisms able to enhance or suppress tumor progression in blood malignancies. Moreover, several circRNAs were suggested to confer resistance to the conventional drugs employed in hematopoietic cancers. In this review, we highlight the growing role and the controlling mechanisms by which circRNAs modify multiple myeloma genesis. We propose that circRNAs can be considered as potential diagnostic and prognostic markers, can induce chemoresistance, and might represent novel therapeutic targets for multiple myeloma.

Circular RNA circ-CCT3 promotes bortezomib resistance in multiple myeloma via modulating miR-223-3p/BRD4 axis

Multiple myeloma is a frequent hematologic malignancy. Bortezomib is the first-line drug for multiple myeloma chemotherapy. The present study aimed to investigate the potential role and mechanism of circular RNA chaperonin containing TCP1 subunit 3 (circ-CCT3) in bortezomib resistance of multiple myeloma. The levels of circ-CCT3, microRNA-223-3p (miR-223-3p), and bromodomain-containing 4 (BRD4) were detected by quantitative real-time PCR or western blot. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) method was used to measure the half-inhibitory concentration of bortezomib and cell viability. Cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, proliferation and migration were determined by flow cytometry, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine, and wound healing assay. The levels of relevant proteins were checked via western blot. The binding association between miR-223-3p and circ-CCT3/BRD4 was validated via a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Circ-CCT3 and BRD4 were upregulated, while miR-223-3p was downregulated in bortezomib-resistant multiple myeloma patients and cells. Silencing of circ-CCT3 enhanced the sensitivity of bortezomib-resistant multiple myeloma cells to bortezomib. Circ-CCT3 knockdown weakened bortezomib resistance via modulating miR-223-3p. Moreover, miR-223-3p increased bortezomib sensitivity by inhibiting BRD4. Downregulation of circ-CCT3 attenuated bortezomib resistance of multiple myeloma via regulating miR-223-3p/BRD4 pathway, which provided a new potential target for multiple myeloma chemoresistance.

Circ_SEC61A1 contributes to the progression of multiple myeloma cells via regulating miR-660-5p/CDK6 axis

BACKGROUND

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been reported to play critical roles in the malignant progression of diverse human cancers, including multiple myeloma (MM). This study aimed to explore the functional role and underlying mechanism of circ_SEC61A1 in MM progression.

METHODS

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay was performed to detect the expression levels of circ_SEC61A1, microRNA (miR)-660-5p and cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) mRNA. The localization of circ_SEC61A1 in MM cells was tested by the subcellular fractionation location assay. Actinomycin D assay was conducted to determine the characteristics of circ_SEC61A1. Cell proliferation was evaluated by colony formation assay, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay and 3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Western blot assay was exploited to examine the expression of proteins. Cell migration and invasion were tested via transwell assay, and cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry analysis. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was utilized to confirm the interaction between miR-660-5p and circ_SEC61A1 or CDK6.

RESULTS

Circ_SEC61A1 level was increased in MM tissues and cells. Circ_SEC61A1 was a stable circRNA and mainly located in cytoplasm. Circ_SEC61A1 silence restrained the proliferation, metastasis and expedited the apoptosis in MM cells. CDK6 was identified as the target of miR-660-5p, and circ_SEC61A1 sponged miR-660-5p to positively regulate CDK6 expression. The inhibitory impacts of circ_SEC61A1 knockdown on the progression of MM cells were mitigated by miR-660-5p inhibition. MiR-660-5p overexpression blocked the malignant phenotypes of MM cells by targeting CDK6.

CONCLUSION

Our study manifested that circ_SEC61A1 could accelerate MM progression at least partially through modulating miR-660-5p/CDK6 axis.

Serum hsa_circ_0087776 as a new oncologic marker for the joint diagnosis of multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy caused by abnormal proliferation of bone marrow plasma cells, which lacks diagnostic markers and has a general prognosis. At present, the understanding of its pathogenesis provides the basis for the combined diagnosis and new targeted therapy of the disease. In this study, quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect 136 MM patients and 74 healthy controls, and the clinical application value of hsa_circ_0087776 as a new tumor marker and combined diagnosis was evaluated. The results showed that the expression of hsa_circ_0087776 was significantly lower in serum of MM patients (P-value < 0.0001), and the expression was consistent in MM cells. In the analysis of clinicopathological parameters, it was found that there were significant statistical differences with MM stage and renal injury. In addition, it significantly increased the sensitivity with ALB, β₂-MG joint diagnosis, to provide a basis for diagnosis, improve the prognosis of the disease, improve the survival of patients and quality of life. These studies suggest that hsa_circ_0087776 can be used as a new oncology marker for the combined diagnosis of MM.

Impact statement: Various evidences have shown that the role of circRNA in the occurrence and development of diseases is potentially unknown and untapped. Therefore, it has a broad prospect to find circRNA specifically expressed in MM patients for combined diagnosis and targeted therapy of MM. However, MM lacks such specific tumor markers. Therefore, the discovery of new specific tumor markers for combined diagnosis is an important milestone in the development of medical history. In the research, we founded hsa_circ_0087776 can be used as a new oncology marker for combined diagnosis of MM.

The functions and clinical significance of circRNAs in hematological malignancies

With covalently closed circular structures, circular RNAs (circRNAs) were once misinterpreted as by-products of mRNA splicing. Being abundant, stable, highly conserved, and tissue-specific, circRNAs are recently identified as a type of regulatory RNAs. CircRNAs bind to certain miRNAs or proteins to participate in gene transcription and translation. Emerging evidence has indicated that the dysregulation of circRNAs is closely linked to the tumorigenesis and treatment response of hematological malignancies. CircRNAs play critical roles in various biological processes, including tumorigenesis, drug resistance, tumor metabolism, autophagy, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis. The N6-methyladenosine modification of circRNAs and discovery of fusion-circRNAs provide novel insights into the functions of circRNAs. Targeting circRNAs in hematological malignancies will be an attractive treatment strategy. In this review, we systematically summarize recent advances toward the novel functions and molecular mechanisms of circRNAs in hematological malignancies, and highlight the potential clinical applications of circRNAs as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for future exploration.