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Harps LC, Jendretzki AL, Wolf CA, Girreser U, Wolber G, Parr MK. Development of an HPLC-MS/MS Method for Chiral Separation and Quantitation of ( R)- and ( S)-Salbutamol and Their Sulfoconjugated Metabolites in Urine to Investigate Stereoselective Sulfonation. Molecules 2023; 28:7206. [PMID: 37894685 PMCID: PMC10609612 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and optimize a chiral HPLC-MS/MS method for quantitative analysis of (R)-/(S)-salbutamol and (R)-/(S)-salbutamol-4'-O-sulfate in human urine to allow for bioanalytical quantitation of the targeted analytes and investigations of stereoselectivity in the sulfonation pathway of human phase Ⅱ metabolism. For analytical method development, a systematic screening of columns and mobile phases to develop a separation via enantiomerically selective high performance liquid chromatography was performed. Electrospray ionization settings were optimized via multiple-step screening and a full factorial design-of-experiment. Both approaches were performed matrix-assisted and the predicted values were compared. The full factorial design was superior in terms of prediction power and knowledge generation. Performing a longitudinal excretion study in one healthy volunteer allowed for the calculation of excretion rates for all four targeted analytes. For this proof-of-concept, either racemic salbutamol or enantiopure levosalbutamol was administered perorally or via inhalation, respectively. A strong preference for sulfonation of (R)-salbutamol for inhalation and peroral application was found in in vivo experiments. In previous studies phenol sulfotransferase 1A3 was described to be mainly responsible for salbutamol sulfonation in humans. Thus, in vitro and in silico investigations of the stereoselectivity of sulfotransferase 1A3 complemented the study and confirmed these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Corbinian Harps
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (L.C.H.); (A.L.J.)
| | - Annika Lisa Jendretzki
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (L.C.H.); (A.L.J.)
| | - Clemens Alexander Wolf
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Computer-Aided Drug Design), Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (C.A.W.); (G.W.)
| | - Ulrich Girreser
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Computer-Aided Drug Design), Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (C.A.W.); (G.W.)
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (L.C.H.); (A.L.J.)
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Sun Y, Harps LC, Bureik M, Parr MK. Human Sulfotransferase Assays With PAPS Production in situ. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:827638. [PMID: 35281274 PMCID: PMC8914157 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.827638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
For in vitro investigations on human sulfotransferase (SULT) catalyzed phase II metabolism, the costly cofactor 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) is generally needed. In the present study, we developed and optimized a new approach that combines SULT-dependent biotransformation using recombinant and permeabilized fission yeast cells (enzyme bags) with PAPS production in situ applying quality by design principles. In the initial application of the procedure, yeast cells expressing human SULT1A3 were used for the production of 4′-hydroxypropranolol-4-O-sulfate from 4-hydroxypropranolol. The optimized protocol was then successfully transferred to other sulfonation reactions catalyzed by SULT2A1, SULT1E1, or SULT1B1. The concomitant degradation of some sulfoconjugates was investigated, and further optimization of the reaction conditions was performed in order to reduce product loss. Also, the production of stable isotope labelled sulfoconjugates was demonstrated utilizing isotopically labelled substrates or 34S-sulfate. Overall, this new approach results in higher space-time yields while at the same time reducing experimental cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Sun
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Pharmaceutical Analyses), Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Health Sciences Platform, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lukas Corbinian Harps
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Pharmaceutical Analyses), Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Bureik
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Health Sciences Platform, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Pharmaceutical Analyses), Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Almost 50% of prescription drugs lack age-appropriate dosing guidelines and therefore are used "off-label." Only ~10% drugs prescribed to neonates and infants have been studied for safety or efficacy. Immaturity of drug metabolism in children is often associated with drug toxicity. This chapter summarizes data on the ontogeny of major human metabolizing enzymes involved in oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and conjugation of drugs. The ontogeny data of individual drug-metabolizing enzymes are important for accurate prediction of drug pharmacokinetics and toxicity in children. This information is critical for designing clinical studies to appropriately test pharmacological hypotheses and develop safer pediatric drugs, and to replace the long-standing practice of body weight- or surface area-normalized drug dosing. The application of ontogeny data in physiologically based pharmacokinetic model and regulatory submission are discussed.
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Omura K, Motoki K, Kobashi S, Miyata K, Yamano K, Iwanaga T. Identification of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and sulfotransferase as responsible for the metabolism of dotinurad, a novel selective urate reabsorption inhibitor. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:1016-1024. [PMID: 34380635 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dotinurad, a novel selective urate reabsorption inhibitor, is used to treat hyperuricemia. In humans, orally administered dotinurad is excreted mainly as glucuronide and sulfate conjugates in urine. To identify the isoforms of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) and sulfotransferase (SULT) involved in dotinurad glucuronidation and sulfation, microsome and cytosol fractions of liver, intestine, kidney, and lung tissues (cytosol only) were analyzed along with recombinant human UGT and SULT isoforms. Dotinurad was mainly metabolized to its glucuronide conjugate by human liver microsomes (HLMs), and the glucuronidation followed the two-enzyme Michaelis-Menten equation. Among the recombinant human UGT isoforms expressed in the liver, UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 catalyzed dotinurad glucuronidation. Based on inhibition analysis using HLMs, bilirubin, imipramine, and diflunisal decreased glucuronosyltransferase activities by 45.5, 22.3, and 22.2%, respectively. Diflunisal and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, in the presence of 1% BSA, decreased glucuronosyltransferase activities by 21.1 and 13.4%, respectively. Dotinurad was metabolized to its sulfate conjugate by human liver cytosol (HLC) and human intestinal cytosol (HIC) samples, with the sulfation reaction in HLC samples following the two-enzyme Michaelis-Menten equation and that in HIC samples following the Michaelis-Menten equation. All eight recombinant human SULT isoforms used herein catalyzed dotinurad sulfation. Gavestinel decreased sulfotransferase activity by 15.3% in HLC samples, and salbutamol decreased sulfotransferase activity by 68.4% in HIC samples. These results suggest that dotinurad glucuronidation is catalyzed mainly by UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7, whereas its sulfation is catalyzed by many SULT isoforms, including SULT1B1 and SULT1A3. Significance Statement The identification of enzymes involved in drug metabolism is important to predicting drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and interindividual variability for safe drug use. The present study revealed that dotinurad glucuronidation is catalyzed mainly by UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 and that its sulfation is catalyzed by many SULT isoforms, including SULT1B1 and SULT1A3. Therefore, dotinurad, a selective urate reabsorption inhibitor, is considered safe for use with a small risk of DDIs and low interindividual variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Omura
- Research Institute, FUJI YAKUHIN CO., LTD., Japan
| | | | | | - Kengo Miyata
- Research Institute, FUJI YAKUHIN CO., LTD., Japan
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Impact of SULT1A3/SULT1A4 genetic polymorphisms on the sulfation of phenylephrine and salbutamol by human SULT1A3 allozymes. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2020; 29:99-105. [PMID: 31145702 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Phenylephrine and salbutamol are drugs that are used widely to treat diseases/disorders, such as nasal congestion, hypotension, and asthma, in individuals of different age groups. Human cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) SULT1A3 has been shown to be critically involved in the metabolism of these therapeutic agents. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms of human SULT1A3 and SULT1A4 genes on the sulfation of phenylephrine and salbutamol by SULT1A3 allozymes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wild-type and SULT1A3 allozymes, prepared previously by site-directed mutagenesis in conjunction with bacterial expression and affinity purification, were analyzed for sulfating activity using an established assay procedure. RESULTS Purified SULT1A3 allozymes, in comparison with the wild-type enzyme, showed differential sulfating activities toward phenylephrine and salbutamol. Kinetic studies showed further significant variations in their substrate-binding affinity and catalytic activity toward phenylephrine and salbutamol. CONCLUSION The results obtained showed clearly the differential enzymatic characteristics of SULT1A3 allozymes in mediating the sulfation of phenylephrine and salbutamol. This information may contribute toward a better understanding of the pharmacokinetics of these two drugs in individuals with distinct SULT1A3 and/or SULT1A4 genotypes.
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Chang KC, Chang YT, Tsai CE. Determination of ractopamine and salbutamol in pig hair by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 26:725-730. [PMID: 29567243 PMCID: PMC9322239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method was developed for the determination of two β-agonists (ractopamine and salbutamol) in pig hair samples. An isotope of ractopamine-d5 or salbutamol-d6 as an internal standard was used to carry out quantitative analysis. Concentrated sodium hydroxide was used to pretreat hair samples and then purified by the solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure. The extracted solution was evaporated and reconstituted for injection in the instrument with electrospray ionization (ESI) operating in a positive multiple-reaction-monitoring (MRM) mode. Ractopamine and salbutamol separation were performed on C18 analytical column under gradient condition. The internal standard calibration curve was linear in the range of concentration from 0.5 to 100 ng mL−1 (R2 > 0.995). Recoveries of this method estimated at three spiked concentrations of 100, 250 and 500 ng mL−1 in pig hair samples, were 79–82% for ractopamine and 77–96% for salbutamol. The corresponding inter-day and intra-day precisions expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD %) were 3.8–6.4% and 3.8–8.6%, respectively. The analytical time for one sample was 8 min. The detection limit of this method was 0.6 and 8.3 ng mL−1 for ractopamine and salbutamol, respectively. This developed method can be applied for monitoring the use of the β-agonists salbutamol and ractopamine in swine feed incurred pig hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chun Chang
- Division of Animal Industry, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Miaoli,
Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chang
- Division of Animal Industry, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Miaoli,
Taiwan
| | - Chin-En Tsai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung,
Taiwan
- Corresponding author. Fax: +886 8 7740312. E-mail address: (C.-E. Tsai)
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Bairam AF, Rasool MI, Kurogi K, Liu MC. On the Molecular Basis Underlying the Metabolism of Tapentadol Through Sulfation. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017; 42:793-800. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-016-0392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Cheng TYD, Shelver WL, Hong CC, McCann SE, Davis W, Zhang Y, Ambrosone CB, Smith DJ. Urinary Excretion of the β-Adrenergic Feed Additives Ractopamine and Zilpaterol in Breast and Lung Cancer Patients. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7632-7639. [PMID: 27641640 PMCID: PMC5510757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
β2-Adrenergic agonists (β-agonists) have been legally used in the U.S. for almost two decades to increase lean muscle mass in meat animals. Despite a cardiotoxic effect after high-dose exposure, there has been limited research on human β-agonist exposures related to meat consumption. We quantified urinary concentrations of ractopamine and zilpaterol, two FDA-approved β-agonist feed additives, and examined the extent to which the concentrations were associated with estimated usual meat intake levels. Overnight urine samples from 324 newly diagnosed breast cancer patients and spot urine samples from 46 lung cancer patients at the time of diagnosis, prior to treatment, were collected during 2006-2010 and 2014-2015, respectively. Urinary ractopamine and zilpaterol concentrations were measured by LC-MS/MS. Ractopamine and zilpaterol, respectively, were detected in 8.1% and 3.0% of the urine samples collected (n = 370). Only 1.1% (n = 4) of the urine samples had zilpaterol concentrations above the limit of quantification, with the mean value of 0.07 ng/mL in urine. The presence of detectable ractopamine and zilpaterol levels were not associated with meat consumption estimated from a food frequency questionnaire, including total meat (P = 0.13 and 0.74, respectively), total red meat (P = 0.72 and 0.74), unprocessed red meat (P = 0.74 and 0.73), processed red meat (P = 0.72 and 0.15), and poultry intake (P = 0.67 for ractopamine). Our data suggest that the amount of meat-related exposure of β-agonists was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yuan David Cheng
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Weilin L. Shelver
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND
| | - Chi-Chen Hong
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Susan E. McCann
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Warren Davis
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Yali Zhang
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | | | - David J. Smith
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND
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Zhang L, Kurogi K, Liu MY, Schnapp AM, Williams FE, Sakakibara Y, Suiko M, Liu MC. Sulfation of benzyl alcohol by the human cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs): a systematic analysis. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:1090-4. [PMID: 26663444 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify human cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) that are capable of sulfating benzyl alcohol and to examine whether benzyl alcohol sulfation may occur in cultured human cells as well as in human organ homogenates. A systematic analysis revealed that of the 13 known human SULTs, SULT1A1 SULT1A2, SULTA3, and SULT1B1 are capable of mediating the sulfation of benzyl alcohol. The kinetic parameters of SULT1A1 that showed the strongest benzyl alcohol-sulfating activity were determined. HepG2 human hepatoma cells were used to demonstrate the generation and release of sulfated benzyl alcohol under the metabolic settings. Moreover, the cytosol or S9 fractions of human liver, lung, kidney and small intestine were examined to verify the presence of benzyl alcohol sulfating activity in vivo. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingtian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.,Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ming-Yih Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.,National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Alaina M Schnapp
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Frederick E Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
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Ding G, Li D, Qin J, Zhu J, Wang B, Geng Q, Guo M, Punyapitak D, Cao Y. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography method for determination of ractopamine residue in pork samples by solid phase extraction and pre-column derivatization. Meat Sci 2015; 106:55-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tian X, Huo X, Dong P, Wu B, Wang X, Wang C, Liu K, Ma X. Sulfation of melatonin: Enzymatic characterization, differences of organs, species and genders, and bioactivity variation. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 94:282-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Choughule KV, Locuson CW, Coughtrie MWH. Characterization of bovine phenol sulfotransferases: evidence of a major role for SULT1B1 in the liver. Xenobiotica 2014; 45:495-502. [PMID: 25539458 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.997325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. Cattle are an important component of the human food chain. Drugs used either legally or illegally in cattle may therefore enter the food chain and it is thus important to understand pathways of drug metabolism in this species, including sulfation catalyzed by the sulfotransferases (SULTs). 2. In this study, we have analyzed the sulfation of 4-nitrophenol and other compounds in male and female bovine liver and characterized recombinant bovine SULT isoforms 1A1 and 1B1 expressed in Escherichia coli. 3. We found that, in contrast to most other mammalian species, the major phenol sulfotransferase SULT1A1 is not expressed in bovine liver. Rather SULT1B1 seems to be a major form in both male and female bovine liver. 4. We also identified kinetic differences between bovine and human SULT1A1 and, using the human SULT1A1 crystal structure, identified two amino acid positions in the active site of bovine SULT1A1 (Ile89Val and Phe247Val) that may be responsible for these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika V Choughule
- Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee , Dundee , UK
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James MO, Ambadapadi S. Interactions of cytosolic sulfotransferases with xenobiotics. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 45:401-14. [PMID: 24188364 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2013.835613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic sulfotransferases are a superfamily of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of the sulfonic group from 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate to hydroxy or amine groups in substrate molecules. The human cytosolic sulfotransferases that have been most studied, namely SULT1A1, SULT1A3, SULT1B1, SULT1E1 and SULT2A1, are expressed in different tissues of the body, including liver, intestine, adrenal, brain and skin. These sulfotransferases play important roles in the sulfonation of endogenous molecules such as steroid hormones and neurotransmitters, and in the elimination of xenobiotic molecules such as drugs, environmental chemicals and natural products. There is often overlapping substrate selectivity among the sulfotransferases, although one isoform may exhibit greater enzyme efficiency than other isoforms. Similarly, inhibitors or enhancers of one isoform often affect other isoforms, but typically with different potency. This means that if the activity of one form of sulfotransferase is altered (either inhibited or enhanced) by the presence of a xenobiotic, the sulfonation of endogenous and xenobiotic substrates for other isoforms may well be affected. There are more examples of inhibitors than enhancers of sulfonation. Modulators of sulfotransferase enzymes include natural products ingested as part of the human diet as well as environmental chemicals and drugs. This review will discuss recent work on such interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret O James
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville , FL , USA
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Gundert-Remy U, Bernauer U, Blömeke B, Döring B, Fabian E, Goebel C, Hessel S, Jäckh C, Lampen A, Oesch F, Petzinger E, Völkel W, Roos PH. Extrahepatic metabolism at the body's internal–external interfaces. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:291-324. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.900565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Orlovius AK, Guddat S, Gütschow M, Thevis M, Schänzer W. In vitro synthesis and characterisation of three fenoterol sulfoconjugates detected in fenoterol post-administration urine samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9477-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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García-Martín E, Canto G, Agúndez JAG. Metabolic considerations of drugs in the treatment of allergic diseases. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:1437-52. [PMID: 23902458 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.823400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The clinical management of allergic diseases involves a number of drugs, most of which are extensively metabolized. This review aims to analyze the metabolism and the clinical implications of altered metabolism for these drugs. AREAS COVERED The authors present an overview of current knowledge of the metabolism of: antihistamine drugs, glucocorticoids, inhaled β-2 bronchodilators, anticholinergics and other drugs used in allergic diseases, such as cromoglycate, omalizumab, montelukast and epinephrine. Polymorphic drug metabolism is relevant for chlorpheniramine, loratadine and montelukast. Inhibition of drug metabolism is relevant for loratadine, methylprednisolone, fluticasone, mometasone, triamcinolone or prednisolone. Polymorphic pre-systemic metabolism may be relevant to budesonide, fluticasone, beclomethasone, mometasone or salmeterol. The authors also discuss the current information on gene variations according to the 1,000 genomes catalog and other databases. Finally, the authors review the clinical implications of these variations with a particular regard to drugs used in the management of allergic diseases. EXPERT OPINION Most drugs used in allergic diseases are extensively metabolized. Drug interaction or adverse reactions related to altered metabolism are relevant issues that should be considered in the management of allergic diseases. However, much additional research is required before defining pharmacogenomic biomarkers for the management of drugs used in allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena García-Martín
- University of Extremadura, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , Avda. de la Universidad s/n, E-10071, Cáceres , Spain +34927257000 ext 89676 ;
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