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Holst JD, Murphy LG, Gorman MJ, Ragan EJ. Comparison of insect and human cytochrome b561 proteins: Insights into candidate ferric reductases in insects. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291564. [PMID: 38039324 PMCID: PMC10691727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome b561 (cytb561) proteins comprise a family of transmembrane oxidoreductases that transfer single electrons across a membrane. Most eukaryotic species, including insects, possess multiple cytb561 homologs. To learn more about this protein family in insects, we carried out a bioinformatics-based investigation of cytb561 family members from nine species representing eight insect orders. We performed a phylogenetic analysis to classify insect cytb561 ortholog groups. We then conducted sequence analyses and analyzed protein models to predict structural elements that may impact the biological functions and localization of these proteins, with a focus on possible ferric reductase activity. Our study revealed three ortholog groups, designated CG1275, Nemy, and CG8399, and a fourth group of less-conserved genes. We found that CG1275 and Nemy proteins are similar to a human ferric reductase, duodenal cytochrome b561 (Dcytb), and have many conserved amino acid residues that function in substrate binding in Dcytb. Notably, CG1275 and Nemy proteins contain a conserved histidine and other residues that play a role in ferric ion reduction by Dcytb. Nemy proteins were distinguished by a novel cysteine-rich cytoplasmic loop sequence. CG8399 orthologs are similar to a putative ferric reductase in humans, stromal cell-derived receptor 2. Like other members of the CYBDOM class of cytb561 proteins, these proteins contain reeler, DOMON, and cytb561 domains. Drosophila melanogaster CG8399 is the only insect cytb561 with known ferric reductase activity. Our investigation of the DOMON domain in CG8399 proteins revealed a probable heme-binding site and a possible site for ferric reduction. The fourth group includes a subgroup of proteins with a conserved "KXXXXKXH" non-cytoplasmic loop motif that may be a substrate binding site and is present in a potential ferric reductase, human tumor suppressor cytochrome b561. This study provides a foundation for future investigations of the biological functions of cytb561 genes in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D. Holst
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Laura G. Murphy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Maureen J. Gorman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Emily J. Ragan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
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Bérczi A, Márton Z, Laskay K, Tóth A, Rákhely G, Duzs Á, Sebők-Nagy K, Páli T, Zimányi L. Spectral and Redox Properties of a Recombinant Mouse Cytochrome b561 Protein Suggest Transmembrane Electron Transfer Function. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052261. [PMID: 36903505 PMCID: PMC10005133 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome b561 proteins (CYB561s) are integral membrane proteins with six trans-membrane domains, two heme-b redox centers, one on each side of the host membrane. The major characteristics of these proteins are their ascorbate reducibility and trans-membrane electron transferring capability. More than one CYB561 can be found in a wide range of animal and plant phyla and they are localized in membranes different from the membranes participating in bioenergization. Two homologous proteins, both in humans and rodents, are thought to participate-via yet unidentified way-in cancer pathology. The recombinant forms of the human tumor suppressor 101F6 protein (Hs_CYB561D2) and its mouse ortholog (Mm_CYB561D2) have already been studied in some detail. However, nothing has yet been published about the physical-chemical properties of their homologues (Hs_CYB561D1 in humans and Mm_CYB561D1 in mice). In this paper we present optical, redox and structural properties of the recombinant Mm_CYB561D1, obtained based on various spectroscopic methods and homology modeling. The results are discussed in comparison to similar properties of the other members of the CYB561 protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alajos Bérczi
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Márton
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Laskay
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Tóth
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Rákhely
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Duzs
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Sebők-Nagy
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tibor Páli
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Zimányi
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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Ferroptosis Activation Contributes to the Formation of Skin Lesions in Psoriasis Vulgaris. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020310. [PMID: 36829869 PMCID: PMC9952139 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Ferroptosis is a newly coined form of programmed cell death marked by lethal accumulation of lipid peroxidation and ferrous iron overload. A few studies on the specific mechanism of ferroptosis in the genesis and development of psoriasis are available. (2) Methods: Levels of lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ferrous iron were measured by flow cytometry. Ultrastructure analysis was performed by transmission electron microscopy. Imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mice were treated with a ferroptosis inducer. The expressions of mRNA of genes were measured by qRT-PCR. HaCaT cells were used to explore the function of Cyb561d2. (3) Results: In this work, we observed that levels of lipid ROS and ferrous iron in the epidermis of psoriasis vulgaris (PV) patients were increased. The existence of ferroptosis activation in the epidermis of individuals with PV was confirmed by transmission electron microscope both in patients with PV and psoriasis-like mice models. Intradermal injection of the ferroptosis inducer RSL3 in psoriasis-like mice significantly promoted and aggravated the development of psoriasis-like dermatitis, and the level of serum transferrin was also increased in PV samples. Moreover, abnormal expression of some genes related to iron metabolism was also proved in the epidermis of PV cases, among which Cyb561d2 was shown to promote ferrous iron overload and lipid peroxidation accumulation in HaCaT cells. (4) Conclusions: In summary, our study suggested that ferroptosis activation owing to iron overload may be a novel mechanism underlying the formation of skin lesions in individuals with PV.
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Tao B, Shi J, Shuai S, Zhou H, Zhang H, Li B, Wang X, Li G, He H, Zhong J. CYB561D2 up-regulation activates STAT3 to induce immunosuppression and aggression in gliomas. J Transl Med 2021; 19:338. [PMID: 34372858 PMCID: PMC8351164 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02987-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fine tuned balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is essential for tumor cells and tumor cells use immune checkpoints to evade attack form immunity system. However, it’s unclear whether there is any crosstalk between these two pathways. CYB561D2, an antioxidant protein, is part of 5-gene prognosis signature in gliomas and its involvement in gliomas is unknown. Here, we aim to provide a detailed characterization of CYB561D2 in gliomas. Methods CYB561D2 expression was measured in clinical samples of gilomas and normal tissues. The effects of CYB561D2 on immunity related genes and tumor behaviors were investigated in glioma cell lines with various in vitro and in vivo assays. Results CYB561D2 expression was enhanced in gliomas compared to control tissues. CYB561D2 up-regulation was associated with high grading of gliomas and short survival in patients. CYB561D2 expression was induced by H2O2 in glioma cell lines. CYB561D2 and its functional product ascorbate activated STAT3 dose-dependently. CYB561D2 over-expression increased PD-L1, CCL2 and TDO2 expression, and induced immunosuppression in co-cultured T cells. In in vitro assays, CYB561D2 knock-down suppressed cell growth, colony formation, migration and promoted apoptosis. In contrast, CYB561D2 over-expression reduced survival rate in intracranial glioma model and this effect could be blocked by dominant negative-STAT3. The CYB561D2 up-regulation and the positive association of CYB561D2 with PD-L1, CCL2 and TDO2 expression were cross-validated in open-access datasets. Conclusions CYB561D2 up-regulation induces immunosuppression and aggression via activating STAT3 in gliomas and CYB561D2 mediates ROS-tumor immunity crosstalk. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-02987-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangbao Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Juanhong Shi
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University, No 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Shuai
- Depatment of Oncology, Center Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Xiang-ya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Department of Emergency, San Ai Tang Hospital, 74 Jing-Ning Road, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Guohui Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Hua He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, No 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Jun Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Functional Assembly of Caenorhabditis elegans Cytochrome b-2 (Cecytb-2) into Phospholipid Bilayer Nanodisc with Enhanced Iron Reductase Activity. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11010096. [PMID: 33451048 PMCID: PMC7828500 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Among seven homologs of cytochrome b561 in a model organism C. elegans, Cecytb-2 was confirmed to be expressed in digestive organs and was considered as a homolog of human Dcytb functioning as a ferric reductase. Cecytb-2 protein was expressed in Pichia pastoris cells, purified, and reconstituted into a phospholipid bilayer nanodisc. The reconstituted Cecytb-2 in nanodisc environments was extremely stable and more reducible with ascorbate than in a detergent-micelle state. We confirmed the ferric reductase activity of Cecytb-2 by analyzing the oxidation of ferrous heme upon addition of ferric substrate under anaerobic conditions, where clear and saturable dependencies on the substrate concentrations following the Michaelis–Menten equation were observed. Further, we confirmed that the ferric substrate was converted to a ferrous state by using a nitroso-PSAP assay. Importantly, we observed that the ferric reductase activity of Cecytb-2 became enhanced in the phospholipid bilayer nanodisc.
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El Behery M, Fujimura M, Kimura T, Tsubaki M. Direct measurements of ferric reductase activity of human 101F6 and its enhancement upon reconstitution into phospholipid bilayer nanodisc. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 21:100730. [PMID: 32055716 PMCID: PMC7005374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied human 101F6 protein to clarify its physiological function as a ferric reductase and its relationship to tumor suppression activity. We found for the first time that purified 101F6 both in detergent micelle state and in phospholipid bilayer nanodisc state has an authentic ferric reductase activity by single turnover kinetic analyses. The kinetic analysis on the ferrous heme oxidation of reduced 101F6 upon the addition of a ferric substrate, ferric ammonium citrate (FAC), showed concentration-dependent accelerations of its reaction with reasonable values of KM and Vmax. We further verified the authenticity of the ferric reductase activity of 101F6 using nitroso-PSAP as a Fe2+-specific colorimetric chelator. 101F6 in nanodisc state showed higher efficiency for FAC than in detergent micelle state. Human tumor suppressor 101F6 protein was reconstituted into nanodisc. 101F6 functions as a ferric reductase both in detergent micelle and in nanodisc. 101F6 in nanodisc showed higher efficiency in the reductase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed El Behery
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Mika Fujimura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsunari Kimura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Motonari Tsubaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
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Zhan D, Bai A, Yu L, Han W, Feng Y. Characterization of the PH1704 protease from Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3 and the critical functions of Tyr120. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103902. [PMID: 25192005 PMCID: PMC4156298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The PH1704 protease from hyperthermophilic archaean Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3 is a member of DJ-1/ThiJ/PfpI superfamily with diverse functional subclasses. The recombinant PH1704 was efficiently purified and was systematically characterized by a combination of substrate specificity analysis, steady-state kinetics study and molecular docking research. The homogeneous protease was obtained as a presumed dodecamer with molecular weight of ∼240 kDa. Iodoacetamide strongly inhibited the peptidase activity, confirming that Cys100 is a nucleophilic residue. The recombinant protein was identified as both an aminopeptidase and an endopeptidase. Experimental data showed that L-R-amc was the best substrate of PH1704. Structural interaction fingerprint analysis (SIFt) indicated the binding pose of PH1704 and showed that Tyr120 is important in substrate binding. Kinetic parameters Kcat and Kcat/Km of the Y120P mutant with L-R-amc was about 7 and 7.8 times higher than that of the wild type (WT). For the endopeptidase Y120P with AAFR-amc, Kcat and Kcat/Km is 10- and 21- fold higher than that of WT. Experimental data indicate the important functions of Tyr120: involvement in enzyme activity to form a hydrogen bond with Cys100 and as an entrance gate of the substrate with Lys43. The results of this study can be used to investigate the DJ-1/ThiJ/PfpI superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongling Zhan
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Aixi Bai
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weiwei Han
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail: (YF); (WH)
| | - Yan Feng
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YF); (WH)
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Recuenco MC, Rahman MM, Takeuchi F, Kobayashi K, Tsubaki M. Electron transfer reactions of candidate tumor suppressor 101F6 protein, a cytochrome b561 homologue, with ascorbate and monodehydroascorbate radical. Biochemistry 2013; 52:3660-8. [PMID: 23641721 DOI: 10.1021/bi301607s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The candidate tumor suppressor 101F6 protein is a homologue of adrenal chromaffin granule cytochrome b561, which is involved in the electron transfer from cytosolic ascorbate to intravesicular monodehydroascorbate radical. Since the tumor suppressor activity of 101F6 was enhanced in the presence of ascorbate, it was suggested that 101F6 might utilize a similar transmembrane electron transfer reaction. Detailed kinetic analyses were conducted on the detergent-solubilized recombinant human 101F6 for its electron transfer reactions with ascorbate and monodehydroascorbate radical by stopped-flow and pulse radiolysis techniques. The reduction of oxidized 101F6 with ascorbate was found to be independent of pH in contrast to those observed for chromaffin granule and Zea mays cytochromes b561 in which both cytochromes exhibited very slow rates at pH 5.0 but faster at pH 6.0 and 7.0. The absence of the inhibition for the electron acceptance from ascorbate upon the treatment with diethyl pyrocarbonate suggested that 101F6 might not utilize a "concerted proton/electron transfer mechanism". The second-order rate constant for the electron donation from the ascorbate-reduced 101F6 to the pulse-generated monodehydroascorbate radical was found to be 5.0 × 10(7) M(-1 )s(-1), about 2-fold faster than that of bovine chromaffin granule cytochrome b561 and about five times faster than that of Zea mays cytochrome b561, suggesting that human 101F6 is very effective for regenerating ascorbate from monodehydroascorbate radical in cells. Present observations suggest that 101F6 employs distinct electron transfer mechanisms on both sides of the membranes from those of other members of cytochrome b561 protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam C Recuenco
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University , Rokkodai-cho 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
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