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Bachar-Wikstrom E, Dhillon B, Gill Dhillon N, Abbo L, Lindén SK, Wikstrom JD. Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Shark Skin Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16954. [PMID: 38069276 PMCID: PMC10707392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucus layer covering the skin of fish has several roles, including protection against pathogens and mechanical damage in which proteins play a key role. While proteins in the skin mucus layer of various common bony fish species have been explored, the proteins of shark skin mucus remain unexplored. In this pilot study, we examine the protein composition of the skin mucus in spiny dogfish sharks and chain catsharks through mass spectrometry (NanoLC-MS/MS). Overall, we identified 206 and 72 proteins in spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and chain catsharks (Scyliorhinus retifer), respectively. Categorization showed that the proteins belonged to diverse biological processes and that most proteins were cellular albeit a significant minority were secreted, indicative of mucosal immune roles. The secreted proteins are reviewed in detail with emphasis on their immune potentials. Moreover, STRING protein-protein association network analysis showed that proteins of closely related shark species were more similar as compared to a more distantly related shark and a bony fish, although there were also significant overlaps. This study contributes to the growing field of molecular shark studies and provides a foundation for further research into the functional roles and potential human biomedical implications of shark skin mucus proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etty Bachar-Wikstrom
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Braham Dhillon
- Department of Plant Pathology, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Davie, FL 33314, USA
| | - Navi Gill Dhillon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL 33314, USA
| | - Lisa Abbo
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Sara K. Lindén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jakob D. Wikstrom
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Dermato-Venereology Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Mengal K, Kor G, Siino V, Buřič M, Kozák P, Levander F, Niksirat H. Quantification of proteomic profile changes in the hemolymph of crayfish during in vitro coagulation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 147:104760. [PMID: 37331675 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Hemolymph is the circulatory fluid that fills the body cavity of crustaceans, analogous to blood in vertebrates. Hemolymph coagulation, similar to blood clotting in vertebrates, plays a crucial role in wound healing and innate immune responses. Despite extensive studies on the clotting process in crustaceans, no comparative quantitative analysis of the protein composition of non-clotted and clotted hemolymph in any decapod has been reported. In this study, we used label-free protein quantification with high-resolution mass spectrometry to identify the proteomic profile of hemolymph in crayfish and quantify significant changes in protein abundances between non-clotted and clotted hemolymph. Our analysis identified a total of two-hundred and nineteen proteins in both hemolymph groups. Furthermore, we discussed the potential functions of the top most high and low-abundant proteins in hemolymph proteomic profile. The quantity of most of the proteins was not significantly changed during coagulation between non-clotted and clotted hemolymph, which may indicate that clotting proteins are likely pre-synthesized, allowing for a swift coagulation response to injury. Four proteins still showed abundance differences (p < 0.05, fold change>2), including C-type lectin domain-containing proteins, Laminin A chain, Tropomyosin, and Reverse transcriptase domain-containing proteins. While the first three proteins were down-regulated, the last one was up-regulated. The down-regulation of structural and cytoskeletal proteins may affect the process of hemocyte degranulation needed for coagulation, while the up-regulation of an immune-related protein might be attributed to the phagocytosis ability of viable hemocytes during coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kifayatullah Mengal
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic.
| | - Golara Kor
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Valentina Siino
- Lund University, Department of Immunotechnology, Medicon Village, House 406, 22387, Lund, Sweden
| | - Miloš Buřič
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kozák
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Fredrik Levander
- Lund University, Department of Immunotechnology, Medicon Village, House 406, 22387, Lund, Sweden; National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), Science for Life Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, 223 87, Sweden
| | - Hamid Niksirat
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic.
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3
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Bachar-Wikstrom E, Thomsson KA, Sihlbom C, Abbo L, Tartor H, Lindén SK, Wikstrom JD. Identification of Novel Glycans in the Mucus Layer of Shark and Skate Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14331. [PMID: 37762632 PMCID: PMC10532229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucus layer covering the skin of fish has several roles, including protection against pathogens and mechanical damage. While the mucus layers of various bony fish species have been investigated, the composition and glycan profiles of shark skin mucus remain relatively unexplored. In this pilot study, we aimed to explore the structure and composition of shark skin mucus through histological analysis and glycan profiling. Histological examination of skin samples from Atlantic spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) sharks and chain catsharks (Scyliorhinus retifer) revealed distinct mucin-producing cells and a mucus layer, indicating the presence of a functional mucus layer similar to bony fish mucus albeit thinner. Glycan profiling using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry unveiled a diverse repertoire of mostly O-glycans in the mucus of the two sharks as well as little skate (Leucoraja erinacea). Elasmobranch glycans differ significantly from bony fish, especially in being more sulfated, and some bear resemblance to human glycans, such as gastric mucin O-glycans and H blood group-type glycans. This study contributes to the concept of shark skin having unique properties and provides a foundation for further research into the functional roles and potential biomedical implications of shark skin mucus glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etty Bachar-Wikstrom
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Kristina A. Thomsson
- Proteomics Core Facility of Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Sihlbom
- Proteomics Core Facility of Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lisa Abbo
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Haitham Tartor
- Department of Fish Health and Welfare, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750, Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sara K. Lindén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9C, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jakob D. Wikstrom
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Dermato-Venereology Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Doane MP, Johnson CJ, Johri S, Kerr EN, Morris MM, Desantiago R, Turnlund AC, Goodman A, Mora M, Lima LFO, Nosal AP, Dinsdale EA. The Epidermal Microbiome Within an Aggregation of Leopard Sharks (Triakis semifasciata) Has Taxonomic Flexibility with Gene Functional Stability Across Three Time-points. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 85:747-764. [PMID: 35129649 PMCID: PMC9957878 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-01969-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis of Chondrichthyan fishes consists of dermal denticles with production of minimal but protein-rich mucus that collectively, influence the attachment and biofilm development of microbes, facilitating a unique epidermal microbiome. Here, we use metagenomics to provide the taxonomic and functional characterization of the epidermal microbiome of the Triakis semifasciata (leopard shark) at three time-points collected across 4 years to identify links between microbial groups and host metabolism. Our aims include (1) describing the variation of microbiome taxa over time and identifying recurrent microbiome members (present across all time-points); (2) investigating the relationship between the recurrent and flexible taxa (those which are not found consistently across time-points); (3) describing the functional compositions of the microbiome which may suggest links with the host metabolism; and (4) identifying whether metabolic processes are shared across microbial genera or are unique to specific taxa. Microbial members of the microbiome showed high similarity between all individuals (Bray-Curtis similarity index = 82.7, where 0 = no overlap, 100 = total overlap) with the relative abundance of those members varying across sampling time-points, suggesting flexibility of taxa in the microbiome. One hundred and eighty-eight genera were identified as recurrent, including Pseudomonas, Erythrobacter, Alcanivorax, Marinobacter, and Sphingopxis being consistently abundant across time-points, while Limnobacter and Xyella exhibited switching patterns with high relative abundance in 2013, Sphingobium and Sphingomona in 2015, and Altermonas, Leeuwenhoekiella, Gramella, and Maribacter in 2017. Of the 188 genera identified as recurrent, the top 19 relatively abundant genera formed three recurrent groups. The microbiome also displayed high functional similarity between individuals (Bray-Curtis similarity index = 97.6) with gene function composition remaining consistent across all time-points. These results show that while the presence of microbial genera exhibits consistency across time-points, their abundances do fluctuate. Microbial functions however remain stable across time-points; thus, we suggest the leopard shark microbiomes exhibit functional redundancy. We show coexistence of microbes hosted in elasmobranch microbiomes that encode genes involved in utilizing nitrogen, but not fixing nitrogen, degrading urea, and resistant to heavy metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Doane
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia Australia
| | - Colton J. Johnson
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Shaili Johri
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA USA
| | - Emma N. Kerr
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia Australia
| | | | - Ric Desantiago
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Abigail C. Turnlund
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD Australia
| | - Asha Goodman
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Maria Mora
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA USA
| | | | - Andrew P. Nosal
- Department of Environmental and Ocean Sciences, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA USA
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California – San Diego, CA La Jolla, USA
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5
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Oinam L, Tateno H. Evaluation of Glycan-Binding Specificity by Glycoconjugate Microarray with an Evanescent-Field Fluorescence Detection System. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2460:25-32. [PMID: 34972928 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2148-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glycan microarray is an essential tool to study glycan-binding proteins called lectins. Using glycan microarrays, glycan-binding specificity can be analyzed by incubation with an array in which a series of glycans are immobilized. Various research groups in the world have developed glycan microarray. Among them, our glycan microarray has two unique points: one is the incorporation of the evanescent-field fluorescence detection system, and another is the use of multivalent glycopolymers. These two unique properties allow high-sensitive detection from a relatively limited amount of only nanograms of lectins, which could even be applied in crude samples such as cell lysates and cell culture media. Thus, this system is suitable for the first screening of lectins, lectin-like molecules, lectin candidates, and lectin mutants. Here we describe the protocols to analyze glycan-binding specificity of lectins using our glycan microarray system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalhaba Oinam
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tateno
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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6
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Perry CT, Pratte ZA, Clavere-Graciette A, Ritchie KB, Hueter RE, Newton AL, Fischer GC, Dinsdale EA, Doane MP, Wilkinson KA, Bassos-Hull K, Lyons K, Dove ADM, Hoopes LA, Stewart FJ. Elasmobranch microbiomes: emerging patterns and implications for host health and ecology. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:61. [PMID: 34526135 PMCID: PMC8444439 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elasmobranchs (sharks, skates and rays) are of broad ecological, economic, and societal value. These globally important fishes are experiencing sharp population declines as a result of human activity in the oceans. Research to understand elasmobranch ecology and conservation is critical and has now begun to explore the role of body-associated microbiomes in shaping elasmobranch health. Here, we review the burgeoning efforts to understand elasmobranch microbiomes, highlighting microbiome variation among gastrointestinal, oral, skin, and blood-associated niches. We identify major bacterial lineages in the microbiome, challenges to the field, key unanswered questions, and avenues for future work. We argue for prioritizing research to determine how microbiomes interact mechanistically with the unique physiology of elasmobranchs, potentially identifying roles in host immunity, disease, nutrition, and waste processing. Understanding elasmobranch–microbiome interactions is critical for predicting how sharks and rays respond to a changing ocean and for managing healthy populations in managed care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron T Perry
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Zoe A Pratte
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | | | - Kim B Ritchie
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, Beaufort, SC, USA
| | - Robert E Hueter
- Sharks and Rays Conservation Research Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA.,OCEARCH, Park City, UT, USA
| | - Alisa L Newton
- Disney's Animals, Science and Environment, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - G Christopher Fischer
- OCEARCH, Park City, UT, USA.,Marine Science Research Institute, Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Dinsdale
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Michael P Doane
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Krystan A Wilkinson
- Sharks and Rays Conservation Research Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA.,Chicago Zoological Society's Sarasota Dolphin Research Program ℅ Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - Kim Bassos-Hull
- Sharks and Rays Conservation Research Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - Kady Lyons
- Research and Conservation Department, Georgia Aquarium, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alistair D M Dove
- Research and Conservation Department, Georgia Aquarium, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lisa A Hoopes
- Research and Conservation Department, Georgia Aquarium, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Frank J Stewart
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
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7
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Alenton RRR, Koiwai K, Nakamura R, Thawonsuwan J, Kondo H, Hirono I. A Hint of Primitive Mucosal Immunity in Shrimp through Marsupenaeus japonicus Gill C-Type Lectin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2310-2318. [PMID: 31519863 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lectins are found in most living organisms, providing immune surveillance by binding to carbohydrate ligands. In fishes, C-type lectins were isolated from mucus of respiratory organs (skin and gills), where they aid the mucosal immune response in regulating microbiota and suppressing pathogens. In shrimp, however, no mucosal immunity or any form of gill-specific immune defense has been reported, and most identified C-type lectins are associated with hemocyte cellular and humoral responses. Interestingly, our microarray analysis revealed the localization of highly expressed novel biodefense genes in gills, among which is Marsupenaeus japonicus gill C-type lectin (MjGCTL), which we previously reported. Gill mucus collected from M. japonicus displayed similar bacterial agglutination ability as observed with recombinant MjGCTL. This agglutinating ability can be attributed to endogenous MjGCTL (nMjGCTL) detected in gill mucus, which was confirmed with an agglutination assay using purified nMjGCTL from gills. In addition, nMjGCTL also promoted in vivo bacterial phagocytosis by hemocytes. In vivo knockdown of MjGCTL resulted in a compromised immune system, which was manifested by impaired agglutination capacity of gill mucus and downregulation of the gill antimicrobial peptides, crustin and penaeidin. Shrimp immunocompromised by MjCGTL knockdown, apparently lost the ability to respond to attaching and penetrating bacteria. This was evident as increased total bacteria and Vibrio counts in both gills and hemolymph, which were correlated with low survival during a bacterial challenge. These results reveal immune defense by shrimp gills resembling a primitive form of mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod Russel R Alenton
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan; and
| | - Keiichiro Koiwai
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan; and
| | - Rika Nakamura
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan; and
| | - Jumroensri Thawonsuwan
- Songkhla Aquatic Animal Health Research Center, Department of Fisheries, Songkhla 90100, Thailand
| | - Hidehiro Kondo
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan; and
| | - Ikuo Hirono
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan; and
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8
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Elumalai P, Rubeena AS, Arockiaraj J, Wongpanya R, Cammarata M, Ringø E, Vaseeharan B. The Role of Lectins in Finfish: A Review. REVIEWS IN FISHERIES SCIENCE & AQUACULTURE 2019; 27:152-169. [DOI: 10.1080/23308249.2018.1520191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Preetham Elumalai
- School of Processing Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kerala, India
| | - Abdul Salam Rubeena
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kerala, India
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (Formerly known as SRM University), Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ratree Wongpanya
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Matteo Cammarata
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Science, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Einar Ringø
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Baskaralingam Vaseeharan
- Crustacean Molecular Biology and Genomics Division, Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
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9
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Doane MP, Haggerty JM, Kacev D, Papudeshi B, Dinsdale EA. The skin microbiome of the common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus) has low taxonomic and gene function β-diversity. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 9:357-373. [PMID: 28418094 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The health of sharks, like all organisms, is linked to their microbiome. At the skin interface, sharks have dermal denticles that protrude above the mucus, which may affect the types of microbes that occur here. We characterized the microbiome from the skin of the common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus) to investigate the structure and composition of the skin microbiome. On average 618 812 (80.9% ± S.D. 0.44%) reads per metagenomic library contained open reading frames; of those, between 7.6% and 12.8% matched known protein sequences. Genera distinguishing the A. vulpinus microbiome from the water column included, Pseudoalteromonas (12.8% ± 4.7 of sequences), Erythrobacter (5. 3% ± 0.5) and Idiomarina (4.2% ± 1.2) and distinguishing gene pathways included, cobalt, zinc and cadmium resistance (2.2% ± 0.1); iron acquisition (1.2% ± 0.1) and ton/tol transport (1.3% ± 0.08). Taxonomic community overlap (100 - dissimilarity index) was greater in the skin microbiome (77.6), relative to the water column microbiome (70.6) and a reference host-associated microbiome (algae: 71.5). We conclude the A. vulpinus skin microbiome is influenced by filtering processes, including biochemical and biophysical components of the shark skin and result in a structured microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Doane
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Dovi Kacev
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bhavya Papudeshi
- Department of Computer Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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10
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Li XP, Hu YH. CD94 of tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis binds a wide arrange of bacteria and possesses antibacterial activity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:641-649. [PMID: 27720695 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the expression patterns and the functions of the tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis CD94, CsCD94. CsCD94 is composed of 209 amino acid residues and shares 43.0-50.2% overall identities with known teleost CD94 sequence. CsCD94 has a C-type lectin-like domain. Expression of CsCD94 occurred in multiple tissues and was upregulated during bacterial infection. Recombinant CsCD94 (rCsCD94) exhibited apparent binding and agglutinating activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Treatment of bacteria with rCsCD94 enhanced phagocytosis of the bacteria by peripheral blood leukocytes. Furthermore, incubation of rCsCD94 with bacteria reduced the survival of the bacteria in vitro. Taken together, these results indicate that rCsCD94 is a key factor in the bactericidal and phagocytic effects of tongue sole, and reveal for the first time an essential role of fish CD94 in antibacterial immunity, thereby adding insight into the function of CD94.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Hua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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11
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Sun YY, Liu L, Li J, Sun L. Three novel B-type mannose-specific lectins of Cynoglossus semilaevis possess varied antibacterial activities against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:194-202. [PMID: 26455466 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lectins are a group of sugar-binding proteins that are important factors of the innate immune system. In this study, we examined, in a comparative manner, the expression and function of three Bulb-type (B-type) mannose-specific lectins (named CsBML1, CsBML2, and CsBML3) from tongue sole. All three lectins possess three repeats of the conserved mannose binding motif QXDXNXVXY. Expression of CsBML1, CsBML2, and CsBML3 was most abundant in liver and upregulated by bacterial infection. Recombinant (r) CsBML1, CsBML2, and CsBML3 bound to a wide arrange of bacteria in a dose-dependent manner and with different affinities. All three lectins displayed mannose-specific and calcium-dependent agglutinating capacities but differed in agglutinating profiles. rCsBML1 and rCsBML2, but not rCsBML3, killed target bacteria in vitro and inhibited bacterial dissemination in fish tissues in vivo. These results indicate for the first time that in teleost, different members of B-type mannose-specific lectins likely play different roles in antibacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-yuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Biological Sciences, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste Marie, MI, USA
| | - Li Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory, Qingdao, China.
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Snake venoms: A brief treatise on etymology, origins of terminology, and definitions. Toxicon 2015; 103:188-95. [PMID: 26166305 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The ancient perceptions of "venomous" and "poisonous snakes", as well as the Indo-European (IE) etymological origins of the term "venom" specifically associated with snakes are considered. Although several ancient cultures perceived snakes as symbols of fecundity and renewal, concurrent beliefs also associated venomous snakes with undesirable human characteristics or as portending non-propitious events. The respective IE roots of the terms "venom" and "poison", "wen" and "poi" refer to desire or the act of ingesting liquids. The origin of the term, "venom", is associated with polytheistic cults that emphasized attainment of desires sometimes assisted by "love potions", a term later interpolated with the word, "poison". Specific interpretation of the term, venom, has varied since its first probable use in the mid-Thirteenth Century. The definition of snake venom has long been contended, and interpretations have often reflected emphasis on the pharmacological or experimental toxicity of medically relevant snake venoms with less regard for the basic biological bases of these venoms, as well as those from snakes with no known medical significance. Several definitions of "snake venom" and their defining criteria are reviewed, and critical consideration is given to traditional criteria that might facilitate the future establishment of a biologically accurate definition.
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