ATP produced by anaerobic glycolysis is essential for enucleation of human erythroblasts

More than 2million human erythroblasts extrude their nuclei every second in bone marrow under hypoxic conditions (<7% O₂). Enucleation requires specific signal transduction pathways and the local assembly of contractile actomyosin rings. However, the energy source driving these events has not yet been identified. We examined whether different O₂ environments (hypoxic [5% O₂] and normoxic [21% O₂] conditions) affected human CD34⁺ cell erythroblast differentiation. We also investigated the regulatory mechanisms underlying energy production in erythroblasts during terminal differentiation under 5% or 21% O₂ conditions. The results obtained revealed that the enucleation ratio and intracellular levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) M₃H, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α in erythroblasts during terminal differentiation were higher under the 5% O₂ condition than under the 21% O₂ condition. We also found that the enzymatic inhibition of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and LDH, key enzymes in anaerobic glycolysis, blocked the proliferation of colony-forming units-erythroid and enucleation of erythroblasts, and also reduced ATP levels in erythroblasts under both hypoxic and normoxic conditions. Under both conditions, phosphorylation of the Ser232, Ser293, and Ser300 residues in pyruvate dehydrogenase (inactive state of the enzyme) in erythroblasts was involved in regulating the pathway governing energy metabolism during erythroid terminal differentiation. This reaction may be mediated by pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) 4, the major PDK isozyme expressed in erythroblasts undergoing enucleation. Collectively, these results suggest that ATP produced by anaerobic glycolysis is the main source of energy for human erythroblast enucleation in the hypoxic bone marrow environment.