Microbial P450 repertoire (P450ome) and its application feasibility in pharmaceutical industry, chemical industry, and environmental protection

Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are heme-thiolated enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of C-H bonds in a regio- and stereo-selective manner. CYPs are widely present in the biological world. With the completion of more biological genome sequencing, the number and types of P450 enzymes have increased rapidly. P450 in microorganisms is easy to clone and express, rich in catalytic types, and strong in substrate adaptability, which has good application potential. Although the number of P450 enzymes found in microorganisms is huge, the function of most of the microorganism P450s has not been studied, and it contains a large number of excellent biocatalysts to be developed. This review is based on the P450 groups in microorganisms. First, it reviews the distribution of P450 groups in different microbial species, and then studies the application of microbial P450 enzymes in the pharmaceutical industry, chemical industry and environmental pollutant treatment in recent years. And focused on the application fields of P450 enzymes of different families to guide the selection of suitable P450s from the huge P450 library. In view of the current shortcomings of microbial P450 in the application process, the final solution is the most likely to assist the application of P450 enzymes in large-scale, that is, whole cell transformation combined with engineering, fusion P450 combined with immobilization technology.

Roles of Ferredoxin-NADP+ Oxidoreductase and Flavodoxin in NAD(P)H-Dependent Electron Transfer Systems

Distinct isoforms of FAD-containing ferredoxin-NADP⁺ oxidoreductase (FNR) and ferredoxin (Fd) are involved in photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic electron transfer systems. The FNR (FAD)-Fd [2Fe-2S] redox pair complex switches between one- and two-electron transfer reactions in steps involving FAD semiquinone intermediates. In cyanobacteria and some algae, one-electron carrier Fd serves as a substitute for low-potential FMN-containing flavodoxin (Fld) during growth under low-iron conditions. This complex evolves into the covalent FNR (FAD)-Fld (FMN) pair, which participates in a wide variety of NAD(P)H-dependent metabolic pathways as an electron donor, including bacterial sulfite reductase, cytochrome P450 BM3, plant or mammalian cytochrome P450 reductase and nitric oxide synthase isoforms. These electron transfer systems share the conserved Ser-Glu/Asp pair in the active site of the FAD module. In addition to physiological electron acceptors, the NAD(P)H-dependent diflavin reductase family catalyzes a one-electron reduction of artificial electron acceptors such as quinone-containing anticancer drugs. Conversely, NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), which shares a Fld-like active site, functions as a typical two-electron transfer antioxidant enzyme, and the NQO1 and UDP-glucuronosyltransfease/sulfotransferase pairs function as an antioxidant detoxification system. In this review, the roles of the plant FNR-Fd and FNR-Fld complex pairs were compared to those of the diflavin reductase (FAD-FMN) family. In the final section, evolutionary aspects of NAD(P)H-dependent multi-domain electron transfer systems are discussed.

Efficient O-demethylation of lignin monoaromatics using the peroxygenase activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes

Selective O-demethylation of the lignin monoaromatics, syringol and guaiacol, using the peroxygenase activity of two distinct cytochrome P450 enzymes.

Cytochromes P450 (P450s): A review of the class system with a focus on prokaryotic P450s

Cytochromes P450 (P450s) are a large superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases. P450s are found in all Kingdoms of life and exhibit incredible diversity, both at sequence level and also on a biochemical basis. In the majority of cases, P450s can be assigned into one of ten classes based on their associated redox partners, domain architecture and cellular localization. Prokaryotic P450s now represent a large diverse collection of annotated/known enzymes, of which many have great potential biocatalytic potential. The self-sufficient P450 classes (Class VII/VIII) have been explored significantly over the past decade, with many annotated and biochemically characterized members. It is clear that the prokaryotic P450 world is expanding rapidly, as the number of published genomes and metagenome studies increases, and more P450 families are identified and annotated (CYP families).