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Shrestha K, Huang J, Yan L, Doust AN, Huang Y. Integrated transcriptomic and pathway analyses of sorghum plants revealed the molecular mechanisms of host defense against aphids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1324085. [PMID: 38903420 PMCID: PMC11187118 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1324085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Sugarcane aphid has emerged as a major pest of sorghum recently, and a few sorghum accessions were identified for resistance to this aphid so far. However, the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying this resistance are still unclear. To understand these mechanisms, transcriptomics was conducted in resistant Tx2783 and susceptible BTx623 sorghum genotypes infested with sugarcane aphids. A principal component analysis revealed differences in the transcriptomic profiles of the two genotypes. The pathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) indicated the upregulation of a set of genes related to signal perception (nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat proteins), signal transduction [mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling, salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid (JA)], and plant defense (transcription factors, flavonoids, and terpenoids). The upregulation of the selected DEGs was verified by real-time quantitative PCR data analysis, performed on the resistant and susceptible genotypes. A phytohormone bioassay experiment showed a decrease in aphid population, plant mortality, and damage in the susceptible genotype when treated with JA and SA. Together, the results indicate that the set of genes, pathways, and defense compounds is involved in host plant resistance to aphids. These findings shed light on the specific role of each DEG, thus advancing our understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms of host plant resistance to aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Shrestha
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Liuling Yan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Andrew N. Doust
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Yinghua Huang
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
- Plant Science Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Stillwater, OK, United States
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Dong W, Sun L, Jiao B, Zhao P, Ma C, Gao J, Zhou S. Evaluation of aphid resistance on different rose cultivars and transcriptome analysis in response to aphid infestation. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:232. [PMID: 38438880 PMCID: PMC10910744 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rose is one of the most important ornamental flowers in the world for its aesthetic beauty but can be attacked by many pests such as aphids. Aphid infestation causes tremendous damage on plant tissues leading to harmed petals and leaves. Rose cultivars express different levels of resistance to aphid infestation yet the information remains unclear. Not only that, studies about the transcriptional analysis on defending mechanisms against aphids in rose are limited so far. RESULTS In this study, the aphid resistance of 20 rose cultivars was evaluated, and they could be sorted into six levels based on the number ratio of aphids. And then, a transcriptome analysis was conducted after aphid infestation in one high resistance (R, Harmonie) and one highly susceptibility (S, Carefree Wonder) rose cultivar. In open environment the majority of rose cultivars had the highest aphid number at May 6th or May 15th in 2020 and the resistance to infestation could be classified into six levels. Differential expression analysis revealed that there were 1,626 upregulated and 767 downregulated genes in the R cultivar and 481 upregulated and 63 downregulated genes in the S cultivar after aphid infestation. Pathway enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes revealed that upregulated genes in R and S cultivars were both enriched in defense response, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (phenylpropanoid, alkaloid, and flavonoid), carbohydrate metabolism (galactose, starch, and sucrose metabolism) and lipid processing (alpha-linolenic acid and linolenic acid metabolism) pathways. In the jasmonic acid metabolic pathway, linoleate 13S-lipoxygenase was specifically upregulated in the R cultivar, while genes encoding other crucial enzymes, allene oxide synthase, allene oxide cyclase, and 12-oxophytodienoate reductase were upregulated in both cultivars. Transcription factor analysis and transcription factor binding search showed that WRKY transcription factors play a pivotal role during aphid infestation in the R cultivar. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicated the potential roles of jasmonic acid metabolism and WRKY transcription factors during aphid resistance in rose, providing clues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Dong
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Bo Jiao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Pu Zhao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Chunhong Ma
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Junping Gao
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuo Zhou
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China.
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Song Y, Cui H, Guo W, Sindhu L, Lv S, Li L, Yu Y, Men X. Endophytic fungi improved wheat resistance to Rhopalosiphum padi by decreasing its feeding efficiency and population fitness. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 270:115865. [PMID: 38134640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The improvement of crop resistance to insect using endophytic fungi is an environmentally friendly and sustainable strategy for agricultural pest control. Clarifying the efficacy and mechanism of endophytic fungi in improving crop resistance to pest offers the opportunity for biological control. In this study, changes in the transcriptome and defense compounds of wheat inoculated with endophytic fungal strains (i.e., YC and BB) were evaluated, and the efficacy of endophytic fungi in improving wheat resistance to Rhopalosiphum padi was studied. The results showed that the numbers of upregulated differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) in wheat plants inoculated with endophytic fungal strains YC and BB were higher than those of the downregulated DEGs, irrespective of R. padi infestation. Defense-related metabolic pathways, such as plant hormone signal transduction and secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways were significantly enriched. Endophytic fungal strains YC and BB significantly increased jasmonic acid, DIMBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one), total flavone, and tannin contents in wheat plants (P < 0.05) but decreased salicylic acid content. Variations in the contents of defense compounds were significantly correlated with decreased feeding, development, and reproduction of R. padi fed on wheat plants inoculated with strains YC and BB (|r| = 0.68-0.91, P < 0.05). The results suggested that endophytic fungi significantly decreased the feeding efficiency and population fitness [YC: (-11.13%) - (-22.07%); BB: (-10.98%) - (-22.20%)] of R. padi by altering the phytohormone pathway and secondary metabolite biosynthesis in wheat plants. This study helps in understanding of the efficacy of endophytic fungi in improving wheat resistance to insect and will be conducive to integrated pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Song
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Hongying Cui
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wenxiu Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lara Sindhu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Suhong Lv
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lili Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yi Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xingyuan Men
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.
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Sanches P, De Moraes CM, Mescher MC. Endosymbionts modulate virus effects on aphid-plant interactions. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:2441-2451. [PMID: 37980433 PMCID: PMC10689485 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01549-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne pathogens frequently modify traits of their primary hosts and vectors in ways that influence disease transmission. Such effects can themselves be altered by the presence of other microbial symbionts, yet we currently have limited understanding of these interactions. Here we show that effects of pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV) on interactions between host plants and aphid vectors are modulated by the presence of different aphid endosymbionts. In a series of laboratory assays, we found strong interactive effects of virus infection and endosymbionts on aphid metabolomic profiles, population growth, behavior, and virus transmission during aphid feeding. Furthermore, the strongest effects-and those predicted to favor virus transmission-were most apparent in aphid lines harboring particular endosymbionts. These findings show that virus effects on host-vector interactions can be strongly influenced by other microbial symbionts and suggest a potentially important role for such interactions in disease ecology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Sanches
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Mark C Mescher
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Grover S, Cardona JB, Zogli P, Alvarez S, Naldrett MJ, Sattler SE, Louis J. Reprogramming of sorghum proteome in response to sugarcane aphid infestation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 320:111289. [PMID: 35643611 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane aphid (SCA; Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner) is a key piercing-sucking pest of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) that cause significant yield losses. While feeding on host plants, complex signaling networks are invoked from recognition of insect attack to induction of plant defenses. Consequently, these signaling networks lead to the production of insecticidal compounds or limited access of nutrients to insects. Previously, several studies were published on the transcriptomics analysis of sorghum in response to SCA infestation, but no information is available on the physiological changes of sorghum at the proteome level. We used the SCA resistant sorghum genotype SC265 for the global proteomics analysis after 1 and 7 days of SCA infestation using the TMT-plex technique. Peptides matching a total of 4211 proteins were identified and 158 proteins were differentially expressed at day 1 and 7. Overall, proteome profiling of SC265 after SCA infestation at days 1 and 7 revealed the suppression of plant defense-related proteins and upregulation of plant defense and signaling-related proteins, respectively. The plant defense responses based on proteome data were validated using electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique to observe changes in aphid feeding. Feeding behavior analyses revealed that SCA spent significantly longer time in phloem phase on SCA infested plants for day 1 and lesser time in day 7 SCA infested sorghum plants, compared to their respective control plants. Overall, our study provides insights into underlying mechanisms that contribute to sorghum resistance to SCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjan Grover
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | | | - Prince Zogli
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Sophie Alvarez
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Nebraska Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Michael J Naldrett
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Nebraska Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Scott E Sattler
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln NE 68583, USA.
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Bazinet Q, Tang L, Bede JC. Impact of Future Elevated Carbon Dioxide on C 3 Plant Resistance to Biotic Stresses. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:527-539. [PMID: 34889654 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-21-0189-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Before the end of the century, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are predicted to increase to approximately 900 ppm. This will dramatically affect plant physiology and influence environmental interactions and, in particular, plant resistance to biotic stresses. This review is a broad survey of the current research on the effects of elevated CO2 (eCO2) on phytohormone-mediated resistance of C3 agricultural crops and related model species to pathogens and insect herbivores. In general, while plants grown in eCO2 often have increased constitutive and induced salicylic acid levels and suppressed induced jasmonate levels, there are exceptions that implicate other environmental factors, such as light and nitrogen fertilization in modulating these responses. Therefore, this review sets the stage for future studies to delve into understanding the mechanistic basis behind how eCO2 will affect plant defensive phytohormone signaling pathways under future predicted environmental conditions that could threaten global food security to inform the best agricultural management practices.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn Bazinet
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Lawrence Tang
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Jacqueline C Bede
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
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7
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Zheng S, Liu W, Luo J, Wang L, Zhu X, Gao X, Hua H, Cui J. Helicoverpa armigera herbivory negatively impacts Aphis gossypii populations via inducible metabolic changes. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:2357-2369. [PMID: 35254729 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicoverpa armigera and Aphis gossypii are two important insect species that feed on cotton plants. These insects have distinct abilities to induce plant resistance and tolerate plant toxins, which results in interspecific competition imbalance that may be fatal to the low-tolerance A. gossypii and force these insects to develop avoidance behaviors and subsequently separate from their niche. We implemented ecological experiments to test the effects of H. armigera-induced plant resistance and behavioral avoidance in A. gossypii, and employed transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses to reveal changes in resistance genes and metabolites in plants. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that cotton plants induced by H. armigera cause significant inhibitory and avoidance effects on A. gossypii insect populations. Electrical penetration graph (EPG) analysis showed changes in plant resistance induced by H. armigera leading to a decreased feeding efficiency of A. gossypii. In addition, genes associated with jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling pathways were significantly up-regulated in cotton plants after H. armigera induction, which led to a significant up-regulation of metabolites inducing plant resistance. These observations were corroborated by bioactivity analysis on metabolites, which showed that jasmonic acid, gossypol and tannins have significant inhibitory effects on A. gossypii populations. In contrast, methylparaben is associated with avoidance behaviors on A. gossypii populations. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that the differences in the ability to induce plant resistance and tolerance between two non-predatory insects were lethal to low-tolerance A. gossypii insects, which might be a major factor determining their niche differentiation. This was further demonstrated by screening anti-insect and bio-hormonal metabolites. Our study provides a reference for investigating the evolutionary relationship between non-predatory insects and insights to implement effective insect biocontrol. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaichao Zheng
- Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weijiao Liu
- Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Junyu Luo
- Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Lisha Wang
- Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Xiangzhen Zhu
- Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Xueke Gao
- Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Hongxia Hua
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinjie Cui
- Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
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Natukunda MI, Hohenstein JD, McCabe CE, Graham MA, Qi Y, Singh AK, MacIntosh GC. Interaction between Rag genes results in a unique synergistic transcriptional response that enhances soybean resistance to soybean aphids. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:887. [PMID: 34895143 PMCID: PMC8665634 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyramiding different resistance genes into one plant genotype confers enhanced resistance at the phenotypic level, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect are not well-understood. In soybean, aphid resistance is conferred by Rag genes. We compared the transcriptional response of four soybean genotypes to aphid feeding to assess how the combination of Rag genes enhanced the soybean resistance to aphid infestation. RESULTS A strong synergistic interaction between Rag1 and Rag2, defined as genes differentially expressed only in the pyramid genotype, was identified. This synergistic effect in the Rag1/2 phenotype was very evident early (6 h after infestation) and involved unique biological processes. However, the response of susceptible and resistant genotypes had a large overlap 12 h after aphid infestation. Transcription factor (TF) analyses identified a network of interacting TF that potentially integrates signaling from Rag1 and Rag2 to produce the unique Rag1/2 response. Pyramiding resulted in rapid induction of phytochemicals production and deposition of lignin to strengthen the secondary cell wall, while repressing photosynthesis. We also identified Glyma.07G063700 as a novel, strong candidate for the Rag1 gene. CONCLUSIONS The synergistic interaction between Rag1 and Rag2 in the Rag1/2 genotype can explain its enhanced resistance phenotype. Understanding molecular mechanisms that support enhanced resistance in pyramid genotypes could facilitate more directed approaches for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha I. Natukunda
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Jessica D. Hohenstein
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Chantal E. McCabe
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Michelle A. Graham
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA 50011 USA
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Yunhui Qi
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Asheesh K. Singh
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Gustavo C. MacIntosh
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
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Serba DD, Meng X, Schnable J, Bashir E, Michaud JP, Vara Prasad PV, Perumal R. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Genetic Mechanisms of Sugarcane Aphid Resistance in Grain Sorghum. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137129. [PMID: 34281180 PMCID: PMC8268927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (SCA), has become a major pest of grain sorghum since its appearance in the USA. Several grain sorghum parental lines are moderately resistant to the SCA. However, the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying this resistance are poorly understood, which has constrained breeding for improved resistance. RNA-Seq was used to conduct transcriptomics analysis on a moderately resistant genotype (TAM428) and a susceptible genotype (Tx2737) to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance. Differential expression analysis revealed differences in transcriptomic profile between the two genotypes at multiple time points after infestation by SCA. Six gene clusters had differential expression during SCA infestation. Gene ontology enrichment and cluster analysis of genes differentially expressed after SCA infestation revealed consistent upregulation of genes controlling protein and lipid binding, cellular catabolic processes, transcription initiation, and autophagy in the resistant genotype. Genes regulating responses to external stimuli and stress, cell communication, and transferase activities, were all upregulated in later stages of infestation. On the other hand, expression of genes controlling cell cycle and nuclear division were reduced after SCA infestation in the resistant genotype. These results indicate that different classes of genes, including stress response genes and transcription factors, are responsible for countering the physiological effects of SCA infestation in resistant sorghum plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desalegn D. Serba
- United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA;
| | - Xiaoxi Meng
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; (X.M.); (J.S.)
| | - James Schnable
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; (X.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Elfadil Bashir
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (E.B.); (P.V.V.P.)
| | - J. P. Michaud
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Hays, KS 67601, USA;
- Agricultural Research Center, Hays, KS 67601, USA
| | - P. V. Vara Prasad
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (E.B.); (P.V.V.P.)
| | - Ramasamy Perumal
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (E.B.); (P.V.V.P.)
- Agricultural Research Center, Hays, KS 67601, USA
- Correspondence:
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Pingault L, Palmer NA, Koch KG, Heng-Moss T, Bradshaw JD, Seravalli J, Twigg P, Louis J, Sarath G. Differential Defense Responses of Upland and Lowland Switchgrass Cultivars to a Cereal Aphid Pest. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217966. [PMID: 33120946 PMCID: PMC7672581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Yellow sugarcane aphid (YSA) (Sipha flava, Forbes) is a damaging pest on many grasses. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a perennial C4 grass, has been selected as a bioenergy feedstock because of its perceived resilience to abiotic and biotic stresses. Aphid infestation on switchgrass has the potential to reduce the yields and biomass quantity. Here, the global defense response of switchgrass cultivars Summer and Kanlow to YSA feeding was analyzed by RNA-seq and metabolite analysis at 5, 10, and 15 days after infestation. Genes upregulated by infestation were more common in both cultivars compared to downregulated genes. In total, a higher number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in the YSA susceptible cultivar (Summer), and fewer DEGs were observed in the YSA resistant cultivar (Kanlow). Interestingly, no downregulated genes were found in common between each time point or between the two switchgrass cultivars. Gene co-expression analysis revealed upregulated genes in Kanlow were associated with functions such as flavonoid, oxidation-response to chemical, or wax composition. Downregulated genes for the cultivar Summer were found in co-expression modules with gene functions related to plant defense mechanisms or cell wall composition. Global analysis of defense networks of the two cultivars uncovered differential mechanisms associated with resistance or susceptibility of switchgrass in response to YSA infestation. Several gene co-expression modules and transcription factors correlated with these differential defense responses. Overall, the YSA-resistant Kanlow plants have an enhanced defense even under aphid uninfested conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Pingault
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (L.P.); (K.G.K.); (T.H.-M.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Nathan A. Palmer
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Kyle G. Koch
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (L.P.); (K.G.K.); (T.H.-M.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Tiffany Heng-Moss
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (L.P.); (K.G.K.); (T.H.-M.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Jeffrey D. Bradshaw
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (L.P.); (K.G.K.); (T.H.-M.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Javier Seravalli
- Redox Biology Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA;
| | - Paul Twigg
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska-Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, USA;
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (L.P.); (K.G.K.); (T.H.-M.); (J.D.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (G.S.); Tel.: +1-402-472-8098 (J.L.); +1-402-472-4204 (G.S.)
| | - Gautam Sarath
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (L.P.); (K.G.K.); (T.H.-M.); (J.D.B.)
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (G.S.); Tel.: +1-402-472-8098 (J.L.); +1-402-472-4204 (G.S.)
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