1
|
Schardong IS, Reisig DD, Possebom T, Heitman J. Helicoverpa zea Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pupal success and adult eclosion across variable soil type and moisture. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 53:511-520. [PMID: 38778744 PMCID: PMC11329617 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvae045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Helicoverpa zea Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an important pest in many crops in the southern United States. Upon reaching the final larval instar, H. zea quests for a pupation site in the soil. Pupae are vulnerable to mortality since their movement is limited. Soil type and moisture can influence H. zea emergence, but the interaction of these factors has not been demonstrated. We compared sandy and clay soils in greenhouse and laboratory experiments. In the first experiment, we evaluated the preference of larvae to choose either sandy or clay soil for pupation. In a second experiment, we set the sandy soils at different moisture levels and observed prepupae pupation preference in a choice scenario. In a third experiment, we observed prepupae pupation in different moisture levels in a no-choice scenario. In a 4th experiment, we evaluated adult emergence following pupation when we increased moisture or kept it constant. In a final experiment, we evaluated pupation behavior in sandy or clay soils with a webcam and a glass arena. We found that larvae preferred to pupate in sandy soils over clay soils and that pupal success was highest at intermediate moisture levels. In addition, elevated soil moisture levels did not impact the emergence of H. zea between sandy or clay soil. Finally, H. zea did not take longer to burrow in either sandy or clay soil, but the tunnels of the pupal burrow were larger in sandy soil compared to clay soil. Our results clarify H. zea behavior across soil moisture and soil type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor S Schardong
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Gardner Hall 2306, 100 Derieux Pl., Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Dominic D Reisig
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Vernon G. James Research and Extension Center, 207 Research Station Rd., Plymouth, NC 27962, USA
| | - Taynara Possebom
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Gardner Hall 2306, 100 Derieux Pl., Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Joshua Heitman
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Williams Hall 3410, 101 Derieux Pl., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dillard D, Reisig DD, Schug HT, Burrack HJ. Moisture and soil type are primary drivers of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pupation. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 52:847-852. [PMID: 37494672 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvad074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Studies in the lab have demonstrated that evaluating the effect of soil moisture and other variables is essential for understanding the importance of environmental factors influencing the Heliothinae pupal stage, but simulated field studies are conducted infrequently. We compared the pupation of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under saturated and unsaturated conditions across 3 distinct soil types (coarse sand, high organic muck, and fine-textured clay) and observed adult emergence, as well as pupal depth and weight. The interaction between soil type and moisture had a significant effect on adult emergence. Fewer adults emerged from dry fine-textured clay soil than from dry coarse sand and high organic muck. However, there was no effect of soil type and no interaction between soil and moisture on pupal depth. Soil moisture was the primary driver of pupal depth, suggesting prepupae use moisture to mediate their position within the pupal chamber. In addition, pupal weight was unrelated to soil type, moisture, or their interaction. Our study demonstrates that soil moisture can be a greater driver of H. zea pupation than soil type, but additional observations are necessary to understand the mechanism by which moisture impacts pupation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- DeShae Dillard
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Vernon G. James Research and Extension Center, 207 Research Station Rd., Plymouth, NC 27962, USA
| | - Dominic D Reisig
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Vernon G. James Research and Extension Center, 207 Research Station Rd., Plymouth, NC 27962, USA
| | - Hayden T Schug
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Vernon G. James Research and Extension Center, 207 Research Station Rd., Plymouth, NC 27962, USA
| | - Hannah J Burrack
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, Natural Science Building, 288 Farm Ln, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ge S, Chu B, He W, Jiang S, Lv C, Gao L, Sun X, Yang X, Wu K. Wheat-Bran-Based Artificial Diet for Mass Culturing of the Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:1177. [PMID: 36555087 PMCID: PMC9788468 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (fall armyworm (FAW)) has invaded many countries in Africa and Asia in recent years, considerably restricting global agricultural production. In this study, we assessed the rearing performance of four artificial diets (D1: an artificial FAW diet based on wheat bran and soybean, maize, and yeast powders; D2: an artificial diet developed for Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), based on wheat bran and soybean and yeast powders; D3: an artificial diet based on soybean powder; D4: an artificial diet based on wheat bran) for FAWs. We designed D4 based on a traditional diet (D2) but substituted the wheat bran for soybean and yeast powders. At 25 ± 1 °C, 75% ± 5% RH, and a 16:8 h L:D photoperiod, the larval stage of FAWs fed on D4 lasted 15.88 d, the pupal stage lasted 9.48 d, the pupal mass was 270.45 mg, the number of eggs deposited was 1364.78, and the mating rate was 89.53%. Most biological indicators of the larvae that were fed D4 were basically consistent with those of the larvae fed on the traditional diet (D2), but the intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), and net reproduction rate (R0) of the D4 FAWs were lower than those of the D2 FAWs. The flight capacity (flight distance, duration, and velocity were 19.73 km, 6.91 h, and 2.90 km/h, respectively) of the D4 FAWs was comparable to that of the FAWs fed a traditional diet and maize leaves. Compared with the three other formulas, the cost of using D4 was lower by 26.42% on average. These results show that using cheap wheat bran instead of soybean flour and yeast powder as the basic material for an artificial diet for FAWs is feasible, which will substantially reduce rearing costs and promote the development of new controlling measures for FAWs. In addition, this study also has a reference value for reducing the cost of artificial diets for other insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shishuai Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bo Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Wei He
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Economic and Applied Entomology of Liaoning Province, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Chunyang Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lingyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaoting Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xianming Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kongming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Van den Berg J, Brewer MJ, Reisig DD. A Special Collection: Spodoptera frugiperda (Fall Armyworm): Ecology and Management of its World-Scale Invasion Outside of the Americas. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:1725-1728. [PMID: 36515103 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Special Collection 'Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm): Ecology and Management of its World-scale Invasion Outside of the Americas' presents reviews and research that address topics of overarching interest and contributes to a better understanding of this pest and its management, now that it has spread outside the Americas. The collection is a combination of invited articles presenting new information published for the first time, invited review papers, and a selection of relevant high-quality articles previously published in Journal of Economic Entomology (JEE). Articles in the Collection, as well as selected citations of articles in other publications, reflect the increase in research on S. frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which became the most important pest of maize in the world during recent years. This Special Collection addresses a wide range of topics, including pest behavior, host strains, insecticide and Bt protein resistance, biological control, host plant resistance, and yield loss estimates. Topics are presented in context of research primarily conducted in regions outside of the Americas where S. frugiperda has invaded and disrupted crop production to varying degrees. In recognition of further spread, the threat of a S. frugiperda invasion into Europe and potential management options are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johnnie Van den Berg
- IPM Program, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Michael J Brewer
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Department of Entomology, Corpus Christi, TX 78406, USA
| | - Dominic D Reisig
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Vernon G. James Research and Extension Center, 207 Research Station Road, Plymouth, NC 27962, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Predicting potential global and future distributions of the African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta) using species distribution models. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16234. [PMID: 36171335 PMCID: PMC9519994 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19983-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive species have historically been a problem derived from global trade and transport. To aid in the control and management of these species, species distribution models (SDMs) have been used to help predict possible areas of expansion. Our focal organism, the African Armyworm (AAW), has historically been known as an important pest species in Africa, occurring at high larval densities and causing outbreaks that can cause enormous economic damage to staple crops. The goal of this study is to map the AAW’s present and potential distribution in three future scenarios for the region, and the potential global distribution if the species were to invade other territories, using 40 years of data on more than 700 larval outbreak reports from Kenya and Tanzania. The present distribution in East Africa coincides with its previously known distribution, as well as other areas of grassland and cropland, which are the host plants for this species. The different future climatic scenarios show broadly similar potential distributions in East Africa to the present day. The predicted global distribution shows areas where the AAW has already been reported, but also shows many potential areas in the Americas where, if transported, environmental conditions are suitable for AAW to thrive and where it could become an invasive species.
Collapse
|