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Ju D, Mota-Sanchez D, Fuentes-Contreras E, Zhang YL, Wang XQ, Yang XQ. Insecticide resistance in the Cydia pomonella (L): Global status, mechanisms, and research directions. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 178:104925. [PMID: 34446201 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a major pest of pome fruit and walnuts worldwide. Although environmentally compatible integrated control strategies, such as mating disruption, attract-kill strategy, and sterile insect technique have been conducted for management of this notorious pest, effects to control of codling moth have mainly relied on insecticides. In consequence, different levels of insecticide resistance towards organophosphates, neonicotinoids, hydrazines, benzoylureas, pyrethroids, diamides, spinosyns, avermectins, JH mimics, carbamates, oxadiazines and C. pomonella granulovirus (CpGVs) have developed in codling moth in different countries and areas. Both metabolic and target-site mechanisms conferring resistance have been revealed in the codling moth. In this review, we summarize the current global status of insecticide resistance, the biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved, and the implications for resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Ju
- Key Laboratory of Economical and Applied Entomology of Liaoning Province, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - David Mota-Sanchez
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Eduardo Fuentes-Contreras
- Center in Molecular and Functional Ecology, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca, Chile
| | - Ya-Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Economical and Applied Entomology of Liaoning Province, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xue-Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Economical and Applied Entomology of Liaoning Province, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China..
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Bosch-Serra D, Rodríguez MA, Avilla J, Sarasúa MJ, Miarnau X. Esterase, Glutathione S-Transferase and NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Reductase Activity Evaluation in Cacopsylla pyri L. (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) Individual Adults. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12040329. [PMID: 33917008 PMCID: PMC8067761 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cacopsylla pyri (L.) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is a key pest of pear orchards in Spain. The large number of insecticide treatments necessary for control may be an important contributor to the emergence of resistance. Laboratory toxicity and biochemical assays are necessary to validate the existence of insecticide resistance and establish the underlying mechanisms. All the methodologies developed to evaluate enzyme activity in C. pyri to date have incorporated "pools" of adults to detect minimum activity ranges. In this study, we determined the optimal working conditions for evaluation of the activities of esterase, glutathione S-transferase and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase in individual insects via colorimetric methods using a microplate reader. The main factors affecting enzymatic analysis activity, such as enzyme source and substrate concentration, filter wavelength, buffer pH, reaction time and additives, were evaluated for optimization. Determining the frequency of resistant individuals within a population could be used as an indicator for the evolution of insecticide resistance over time. Two laboratory strains, one of them selected with cypermethrin, and two field populations were analyzed for this purpose. The data obtained revealed high values and great variation in the activity ranges of esterase (EST) in the insecticide-selected population as well as in the field populations validating the applied methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolors Bosch-Serra
- Department of Sustainable Plant Protection, Food and Agriculture Research Institute (IRTA), ETSEA Campus, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Marcela A. Rodríguez
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción 4030000, Chile;
| | - Jesús Avilla
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, Agrotecnio-CERCA Center, University of Lleida (UdL), Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (J.A.); (M.J.S.)
| | - María José Sarasúa
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, Agrotecnio-CERCA Center, University of Lleida (UdL), Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (J.A.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Xavier Miarnau
- Fruit Production Program, Food and Agriculture Research Institute (IRTA), Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida (PCiTAL), Parc de Gardeny, Edifici Fruitcentre, 25003 Lleida, Spain;
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Can Mating Disruption Be a Possible Route to Control Plum Fruit Moth in Mediterranean Environments? INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11090589. [PMID: 32882909 PMCID: PMC7564571 DOI: 10.3390/insects11090589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Grapholita funebrana is a main pest of plum throughout the Palearctic region. The management of this pest is generally carried out with chemical insecticides. In this study we investigated the suitability of the mating disruption as alternative method of control of this pest. Experiments were carried out in organic plum orchards during 2012 and 2014. Trap catches and fruit sampling were carried out to estimate the efficacy of this technique in reducing males catch and fruit infestation. The results indicated that the males caught in traps placed in the treatment plots was always significantly lower than untreated plots. The chemical analysis of the pheromone emission from the dispenser, carried out by solid-phase micro-extraction followed by gas chromatography, indicated an optimal duration of these tool for at least 60 days of field exposure. Fruit sampling evidenced that pheromone treatment significantly reduced fruit infestation, but not economic damage, particularly on the cultivar for which a high susceptibility to the moth infestation is known. Abstract Control of the plum fruit moth, Grapholita funebrana Treitschke (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), has been mainly based on the use of chemical insecticides, which can cause undesirable side effects, leading to a growing interest towards alternative sustainable strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the mating disruption technique on G. funebrana infestation in plum orchards, by comparing the number of male captures in pheromone-baited traps, and evaluating the damage to fruits in plots treated with the pheromone dispersers and in control plots. The study was carried out in 2012 and 2014 in three organic plum orchards, on the cultivars Angeleno, Friar, President and Stanley. To evaluate the pheromone emission curve of the dispensers from the openings to the end of the trials, a chemical analysis was carried out by solid phase micro-extraction followed by gas chromatography, followed by mass spectrometry. In all years and orchards the mean number of males caught in traps placed in the treatment plots was always significantly lower than untreated plots. Pheromone emission from the dispensers was highest at the opening, and was still considerable at 54 days of field exposure, while it significantly decreased after 72 days of field exposure. Cultivar was confirmed to be an essential factor in determining the fruit infestation level. Pheromone treatment significantly reduced fruit infestation, but not economic damage.
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Navarro-Roldán MA, Bosch D, Gemeno C, Siegwart M. Enzymatic detoxification strategies for neurotoxic insecticides in adults of three tortricid pests. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 110:144-154. [PMID: 31218990 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485319000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We examined the role of the most important metabolic enzyme families in the detoxification of neurotoxic insecticides on adult males and females from susceptible populations of Cydia pomonella (L.), Grapholita molesta (Busck), and Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller). The interaction between the enzyme families - carboxylesterases (EST), glutathione-S-transferases (GST), and polysubstrate monooxygenases (PSMO) - with the insecticides - chlorpyrifos, λ-cyhalothrin, and thiacloprid - was studied. Insect mortality arising from the insecticides, with the application of enzyme inhibitors - S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF), diethyl maleate (DEM), and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) - was first determined. The inhibitors' influence on EST, GST, and PSMO activity was quantified. EST and PSMO (the phase-I enzymatic activities) were involved in the insecticide detoxification in the three species for both sexes, highlighting the role of EST, whereas GST (phase-II enzymes) was involved only in G. molesta insecticide detoxification. L. botrana exhibited, in general, the highest level of enzymatic activity, with a significantly higher EST activity compared with the other species. It was the only species with differences in the response between sexes, with higher GST and PSMO activity in females than in males, which can be explained as the lower susceptibility of the females to the tested insecticides. A positive correlation between PSMO activity and the thiacloprid LD50s in the different species-sex groups was observed explaining the species-specific differences in susceptibility to the product reported in a previous study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Navarro-Roldán
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida (UdL), 25198-Lleida, Spain
| | - D Bosch
- Department of Sustainable Crop Protection, Food and Agriculture Research Institute (IRTA)25198-Lleida,Spain
| | - C Gemeno
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida (UdL), 25198-Lleida, Spain
| | - M Siegwart
- Agronomic National Research Institute (INRA), UR 1115 PSH, Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, 84914-Avignon, France
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Pest Management Challenges and Control Practices in Codling Moth: A Review. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11010038. [PMID: 31947812 PMCID: PMC7023282 DOI: 10.3390/insects11010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., is a serious insect pest in pome fruit production worldwide with a preference for apple. The pest is known for having developed resistance to several chemical groups of insecticides, making its control difficult. The control and management of the codling moth is often hindered by a lack of understanding about its biology and ecology, including aspects of its population genetics. This review summarizes the information about the origin and biology of the codling moth, describes the mechanisms of resistance in this pest, and provides an overview of current research of resistant pest populations and genetic research both in Europe and globally. The main focus of this review is on non-pesticide control measures and anti-resistance strategies which help to reduce the number of chemical pesticides used and their residues on food and the local environment. Regular monitoring for insecticide resistance is essential for proactive management to mitigate potential insecticide resistance. Here we describe techniques for the detection of resistant variants and possibilities for monitoring resistance populations. Also, we present our present work on developing new methods to maintain effective control using appropriate integrated resistance management (IRM) strategies for this economically important perennial pest.
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Codling Moth Wing Morphology Changes Due to Insecticide Resistance. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10100310. [PMID: 31546682 PMCID: PMC6835799 DOI: 10.3390/insects10100310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The codling moth (CM) (Cydia pomonella L.) is the most important apple pest in Croatia and Europe. Owing to its economic importance, it is a highly controlled species and the intense selection pressure the species is under has likely caused it to change its phenotype in response. Intensive application of chemical-based insecticide treatments for the control of CM has led to resistance development. In this study, the forewing morphologies of 294 CM (11 populations) were investigated using geometric morphometric procedures based on the venation patterns of 18 landmarks. Finite element method (FEM) was also used to further investigate the dispersal capabilities of moths by modelling wing deformation versus wind speed. Three treatments were investigated and comprised populations from integrated and ecological (susceptible) orchards and laboratory-reared non-resistant populations. Forewing shape differences were found among the three treatment populations investigated. Across all three population treatments, the movement of landmarks 1, 7, 8, 9, and 12 drove the wing shape differences found. A reliable pattern of differences in forewing shape as related to control practice type was observed. FEM revealed that as wind speed (m/s-1) increased, so too did wing deformation (mm) for CM from each of the three treatments modelled. CM from the ecological orchards displayed the least deformation followed by integrated then laboratory-reared CM, which had the highest wing deformation at the highest wind speeds. This study presents an affordable and accessible technique that reliably demonstrates wing shape differences, and thus its use as a population biomarker to detect resistance should be further investigated.
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Bosch D, Avilla J, Musleh S, Rodríguez MA. Target-site mutations (AChE and kdr), and PSMO activity in codling moth (Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)) populations from Spain. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 146:52-62. [PMID: 29626992 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dolors Bosch
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Sustainable Plant Protection Program, Avinguda Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
| | - Jesús Avilla
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, Agrotecnio, University of Lleida (UdL), Avinguda Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
| | - Selim Musleh
- Núcleo Milenio INVASAL, Concepción, Chile; Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Marcela A Rodríguez
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
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Bosch D, Rodríguez MA, Avilla J. Monitoring resistance of Cydia pomonella (L.) Spanish field populations to new chemical insecticides and the mechanisms involved. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:933-943. [PMID: 29148167 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Widespread resistance of Cydia pomonella to organophosphates was demonstrated in populations from the Spanish Ebro Valley area which showed high levels of enzymatic detoxification. To determine the efficacy of new insecticides, neonate larval bioassays were carried out on 20 field codling moth populations collected from three different Spanish apple production areas. Synergist bioassays were performed to determine the enzymatic mechanisms involved. RESULTS The least active ingredients were methoxyfenozide, with 100% of the populations showing significantly lower mortality than the susceptible strain, and lambda-cyhalothrin, with very high resistance ratios (872.0 for the most resistant field population). Approximately 50% of the populations were resistant or tolerant to thiacloprid. By contrast, tebufenozide was very effective in all the field populations, as was chlorpyrifos-ethyl despite its widespread use during the last few years. Indoxacarb, spinosad and chlorantraniliprole also provided high efficacy, as did emamectin and spinetoram, which are not yet registered in Spain. CONCLUSION The resistant Spanish codling moth populations can be controlled using new reduced-risk insecticides. The use of synergists showed the importance of the concentration applied and the difficulty of interpreting results in field populations that show multiple resistance to different active ingredients. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolors Bosch
- Departament de Protecció Vegetal Sostenible, Institut Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentària (IRTA), Lleida, Spain
| | - Marcela A Rodríguez
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jesús Avilla
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, Agrotecnio, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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Parra Morales LB, Alzogaray RA, Cichón L, Garrido S, Soleño J, Montagna CM. Effects of chlorpyrifos on enzymatic systems of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) adults. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:455-466. [PMID: 26703366 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The control program of codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) in the Río Negro and Neuquén Valley is intended to neonate larvae. However, adults may be subjected to sublethal pesticide concentrations generating stress which might enhance both mutation rates and activity of the detoxification system. This study assessed the exposure effects of chlorpyrifos on target enzyme and, both detoxifying and antioxidant systems of surviving adults from both a laboratory susceptible strain (LSS) and a field population (FP). The results showed that the FP was as susceptible to chlorpyrifos as the LSS and, both exhibited a similar chlorpyrifos-inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50 ) of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The FP displayed higher carboxylesterase (CarE) and 7-ethoxycoumarine O-deethylase (ECOD) activities than LSS. Both LSS and FP showed an increase on CarE activity after the exposure to low-chlorpyrifos concentrations, followed by enzyme inhibition at higher concentrations. There were no significant differences neither in the activities of glutathione S-transferases (GST), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) nor in the reduced glutathione (GSH) content between LSS and FP. Moreover, these enzymes were unaffected by chlorpyrifos. In conclusion, control adults from the FP exhibited higher CarE and ECOD activities than control adults from the LSS. AChE and CarE activities were the most affected by chlorpyrifos. Control strategies used for C. pomonella, such as rotations of insecticides with different modes of action, will probably delay the evolution of insecticide resistance in FPs from the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Beatriz Parra Morales
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Bioquímicas, Químicas y de Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, (Q8300IBX), Neuquén, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias del Ambiente y la Salud, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Raúl Adolfo Alzogaray
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (CIPEIN-UNIDEF/CONICET), Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (3iA-UNSAM), San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana Cichón
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Alto Valle, General Roca, Argentina
| | - Silvina Garrido
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Alto Valle, General Roca, Argentina
| | - Jimena Soleño
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Bioquímicas, Químicas y de Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, (Q8300IBX), Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Cristina Mónica Montagna
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Bioquímicas, Químicas y de Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, (Q8300IBX), Neuquén, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias del Ambiente y la Salud, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, Neuquén, Argentina
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Yang XQ, Wu ZW, Zhang YL, Barros-Parada W. Toxicity of Six Insecticides on Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and Effect on Expression of Detoxification Genes. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:320-326. [PMID: 26487743 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), is a key worldwide fruit pest that has evolved high levels of resistance to almost all classes of conventional insecticides. Neonicotinoids, a new reduced-risk biorational insecticide class, have remained an effective control approach. In this study, the toxicity and sublethal effect of conventional and reduced-risk biorational insecticides on transcripts abundance of three detoxification genes in codling moth were determined. Bioassays on a codling moth laboratory strain suggested that acetamiprid had the highest oral toxicity against the third-instar larvae compared with the other five pesticides. Results also indicated that acetamiprid exhibits long-term efficacy against codling moth even at 120 h post feeding. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that the detoxification genes CYP9A61, CpGST1, and CpCE-1 were differentially induced or suppressed by deltamethrin, cypermethrin, methomyl, carbaryl, and imidacloprid, depending on the type of insecticides; in contrast, no significant difference in CYP9A61, CpGST1, and CpCE-1 expressions were observed after acetamiprid exposure, when compared with the control. These results suggest that the reduced-risk biorational insecticide acetamiprid is an effective insecticide with no induction of detoxification genes and can be integrated into the management of codling moth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Economical and Applied Entomology of Liaoning Province, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, China ,
| | - Zheng-Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China (; )
| | - Ya-Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China (; )
| | - Wilson Barros-Parada
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca. Casilla 747, Talca, Chile , and Millennium Nucleus in Molecular Ecology and Evolutionary Applications of Agroecosystems, Casilla 747, Talca, Chile
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