1
|
Arriola K, Silva WD, Hanks LM, Meier LR, Millar JG. A Polyketide Male-Produced Aggregation-Sex Pheromone Shared by the North American Cerambycid Beetle Graphisurus fasciatus and the South American Cerambycid Eutrypanus dorsalis. J Chem Ecol 2024; 50:338-350. [PMID: 38739335 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-024-01505-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The longhorn beetle Graphisurus fasciatus (Degeer) ranges from southeastern Canada to Florida and west to Texas, and has frequently been caught during field trials testing attraction of other cerambycid species to their synthesized pheromones. Collections of headspace volatiles from live beetles revealed that males but not females produce a polyketide compound identified as (4R,6S,7E,9E)-4,6,8-trimethylundeca-7,9-dien-3-one ([4R,6S,7E,9E]-graphisurone). Field trials verified that beetles of both sexes were attracted to the synthesized compound, indicating that it is an aggregation-sex pheromone. This structure represents a new structural motif among cerambycid pheromones, and a new natural product. While this study was in progress, the same compound was isolated from males of the South American cerambycid Eutrypanus dorsalis (Germar), in the same subfamily (Lamiinae) and tribe (Acanthocinini) as G. fasciatus. Field trials in Brazil confirmed that (4R,6S,7E,9E)-graphisurone is also an aggregation-sex pheromone for E. dorsalis, and a possible pheromone for two additional sympatric lamiine species, Hylettus seniculus (Germar) (Acanthocinini) and Oreodera quinquetuberculata (Drapiez) (tribe Acrocinini). These results indicate that graphisurone may be shared among a number of related species, as has been found with many components of cerambycid pheromones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Arriola
- Department of Entomology, University of California, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Department of Chemistry, MiraCosta College, Building OC 3600, 1 Barnard Drive, Oceanside, CA, 92056, USA
| | - Weliton D Silva
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418900, Brazil
| | - Lawrence M Hanks
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Linnea R Meier
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jocelyn G Millar
- Department of Entomology, University of California, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kerr JL, Romo CM, O'Connor B, Dickson G, Novoselov M, Aguilar-Arguello S, Todoroki C, Najar-Rodriguez A, Manning LA, Twidle A, Barrington A, Leclair G, Mayo P, Sweeney J. Exploring the Nature of Arhopalus ferus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Spondylidinae) Pheromone Attraction. J Chem Ecol 2024:10.1007/s10886-024-01508-8. [PMID: 38842637 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-024-01508-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Cerambycid species of the Spondylidinae subfamily are distributed worldwide and are known for being prolific invaders that infest conifers. In New Zealand, Arhopalus ferus (Mulsant), the burnt pine longhorn beetle, is well-established and requires monitoring at high-risk sites such as ports, airports, and sawmills as part of the requirements to meet pine log export standards set by the New Zealand Ministry of Primary Industries (MPI). Currently, its surveillance relies on traps baited with host volatiles (i.e., ethanol and α-pinene). We used volatile collections from adult beetles, electroantennograms, and field trapping bioassays to identify the pheromones emitted by the burnt pine longhorn beetle A. ferus and their effects on its behaviour. We show that A. ferus males emit mainly (E)-fuscumol and geranylacetone, as well as the minor components, α-terpinene and p-mentha-1,3,8-triene, and that all four compounds elicit a dose-dependent response in antennae of both sexes. Traps baited with the binary combination of geranylacetone plus fuscumol captured significantly more female A. ferus than did unbaited traps in two of three field experiments. α-Terpinene did not affect A. ferus trap catches and effects of p-mentha-1,3,8-triene on trap catch were not determined. Our findings provide further evidence of the use of fuscumol and geranylacetone as aggregation-sex pheromones by longhorn beetles in the Spondylidinae subfamily, and suggest that their deployment in survey traps may improve the efficacy of A. ferus monitoring in New Zealand and elsewhere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Kerr
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited), 10 Kyle Street, Riccarton, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand.
| | - Cecilia M Romo
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited), 10 Kyle Street, Riccarton, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand
| | - Brooke O'Connor
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited), 10 Kyle Street, Riccarton, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand
| | - Georgia Dickson
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited), 10 Kyle Street, Riccarton, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand
| | - Max Novoselov
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited), 10 Kyle Street, Riccarton, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand
| | - Samuel Aguilar-Arguello
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited), 10 Kyle Street, Riccarton, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand
| | - Christine Todoroki
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Limited), Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Tikokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Adriana Najar-Rodriguez
- Plant and Food Research, Canterbury Agriculture & Science Centre, 74 Gerald St, Lincoln, 7608, New Zealand
| | - Lee-Anne Manning
- Plant and Food Research, Canterbury Agriculture & Science Centre, 74 Gerald St, Lincoln, 7608, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Twidle
- Plant and Food Research, Canterbury Agriculture & Science Centre, 74 Gerald St, Lincoln, 7608, New Zealand
| | - Anne Barrington
- Plant and Food Research, 120 Mt Albert Road, Sandringham, Auckland, 1025, New Zealand
| | - Gaetan Leclair
- Natural Resources Canada - Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre, 1350 Regent Street, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3C 2G6, Canada
| | - Peter Mayo
- Natural Resources Canada - Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre, 1350 Regent Street, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3C 2G6, Canada
| | - Jon Sweeney
- Natural Resources Canada - Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre, 1350 Regent Street, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3C 2G6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Grommes AC, Millar JG, Hanks LM. Dose-responses of seven species of cerambycid beetles to synthesized pheromones in field experiments. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:2035-2042. [PMID: 37878589 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Adult male cerambycid beetles of the subfamilies Cerambycinae and Lamiinae emit aggregation-sex pheromones that attract both sexes, and these chemicals can be utilized for quarantine surveillance for related exotic species which produce the same or similar pheromones. Here, we assess how attraction of 7 cerambycid species to pheromone-baited traps was influenced by the release rates of synthesized pheromones from polyethylene sachet emitters. Compounds tested included racemic 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one, the (R)-enantiomer of which is the sole or major pheromone component of numerous cerambycine species, and 2 compounds that are pheromone components of many lamiine species: (E)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-yl acetate (fuscumol acetate) and 6-methylhept-5-en-2-ol (sulcatol). We confirmed release rates of these compounds could be manipulated by varying the doses loaded into emitters. Various doses and concentrations, ranging from very dilute to the neat compounds, were then tested in field trials. Several species were most strongly attracted to the highest dose of a tested compound, one species to an intermediate dose, while another species was equally attracted regardless of dose. Our results demonstrate the importance of characterizing dose-response relationships for cerambycid species targeted by pheromone-based trapping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Grommes
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jocelyn G Millar
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Lawrence M Hanks
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Curkovic T, Arraztio D, Huerta A, Rebolledo R, Cheuquel A, Contreras A, Millar JG. Generic Pheromones Identified from Northern Hemisphere Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) Are Attractive to Native Longhorn Beetles from Central-Southern Chile. INSECTS 2022; 13:1067. [PMID: 36421970 PMCID: PMC9695304 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We conducted field bioassays with several known cerambycid pheromones in two zones of central-southern Chile: (1) Las Trancas (Ñuble region) and Coñaripe (Los Rios region) (Study 1) and (2) Rucamanque and Maquehue (La Araucania region) (Study 2). Up to eight compounds were tested individually, including 3-hydroxy-2-hexanone, (2R*,3S*)- and (2R*,3R*)-2,3-hexanediol, fuscumol, fuscumol acetate, monochamol, 2-methylbutanol, and geranylacetone. Compounds were loaded in plastic sachets placed in either multiple funnel or cross-vane panel traps hung in trees in a randomized block design (n = 3 or 4). The number of treatments and bioassay periods varied depending on the study. A total of 578 specimens belonging to 11 native species were collected, with the three captured in the highest numbers being Eryphus laetus (292 specimens), Calydon submetallicum (n = 234), and Chenoderus testaceus (n = 20). The three species are of economic importance: E. laetus is considered a minor pest in apple orchards, and the other two species infest Nothophagus hosts, including some timber species. Traps baited with 3-hydroxy-2-hexanone collected significant numbers of both sexes of the two most abundant species, and this compound was the only treatment that attracted C. submetallicum. (2R*,3R*)- and (2R*,3S*)-2,3-Hexanediols were also significantly attractive to E. laetus. Our results suggested that 3-hydroxy-2-hexanone and 2,3-hexanediols, which are known pheromone components of cerambycid species worldwide, are also likely to be conserved aggregation pheromone components among some species in western South America.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Curkovic
- Facultad de Cs. Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago P.O. Box 1004, Chile
| | - Diego Arraztio
- Facultad de Cs. Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago P.O. Box 1004, Chile
| | - Amanda Huerta
- Facultad de Cs. Forestales y de la Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Santiago P.O. Box 9206, Chile
| | - Ramón Rebolledo
- Facultad de Cs. Agrícolas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco P.O. Box 54-D, Chile
| | - Arly Cheuquel
- Facultad de Cs. Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago P.O. Box 1004, Chile
| | - Américo Contreras
- Facultad de Cs. Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago P.O. Box 1004, Chile
| | - Jocelyn G. Millar
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Amorós ME, Lagarde L, Do Carmo H, Heguaburu V, Monné M, Buenahora J, González A. Trapping of Retrachydes thoracicus thoracicus (Olivier) and Other Neotropical Cerambycid Beetles in Pheromone- and Kairomone-Baited Traps. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:386-396. [PMID: 35545733 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-022-00955-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The subfamily Cerambycinae, one of the most diverse in longhorn beetles, is well known for its remarkable chemical parsimony in male-emitted pheromones. Conserved shared structural motifs have been reported in numerous species, sometimes working in combination with plant volatile kairomones. Among other compounds, the most ubiquitous male pheromone in cerambycine species is 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one. We conducted field trials using intercept traps baited with 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one and observed abundant captures of several Neotropical cerambycine species. These were Retrachydes thoracicus thoracicus (Olivier), Megacyllene acuta (Germar), Compsocerus violaceus (White), and Cotyclytus curvatus (Germar) in high numbers, as well as Chydarteres striatus striatus (Fabricius) and Odontocroton flavicauda (Bates) in smaller numbers. When ethanol was added to the traps, a remarkable increase in the attractiveness of 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one was observed for R. thoracicus thoracicus and M. acuta. Adding ethanol also resulted in the capture of Chrysoprasis aurigena (Germar). Finally, incidental catches in pheromone-baited traps of Trachelissa maculicollis (Audinet-Serville), Neoclytus pusillus (Laporte & Gory), Achryson unicolor (Bruch, 1908) and Achryson surinamum (Linnaeus), Megacyllene mellyi (Chevrolat) and Thelgetra adustus (Burmeister) were also observed. Pheromone chemistry has been reported for C. curvatus, M. acuta and N. pusillus, all three producing 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one, and for C. aurigena and A. surinamum, which produce other compounds. Our findings suggest that the captured species probably produce 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one for their pheromone communication system. Alternatively, they might be "eavesdropping" on the pheromones of other cerambycine species. The probable synergistic effect of ethanol is likely explained from its kairomonal role as a volatile cue for plant stress or ripeness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Amorós
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química, Facultad de Química, Univ de La RepúblicaUdelar, Avda. Gral. Flores 2124, CP 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Lautaro Lagarde
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química, Facultad de Química, Univ de La RepúblicaUdelar, Avda. Gral. Flores 2124, CP 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Hugo Do Carmo
- Centro Universitario de Paysandú, Universidad de La República, Paysandú, Uruguay
| | - Vivivana Heguaburu
- Centro Universitario de Paysandú, Universidad de La República, Paysandú, Uruguay
| | - Marcela Monné
- Museu Nacional, Univ Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Buenahora
- Estación Experimental INIA Salto Grande, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrés González
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química, Facultad de Química, Univ de La RepúblicaUdelar, Avda. Gral. Flores 2124, CP 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Methionol, a Sulfur-Containing Pheromone Component from the North American Cerambycid Beetle Knulliana cincta cincta. J Chem Ecol 2022; 48:347-358. [PMID: 35366125 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-022-01351-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We describe the identification and field testing of 3-methylthiopropan-1-ol (methionol) as a male-produced aggregation-sex pheromone for the cerambycid beetle Knulliana cincta cincta (Drury) (subfamily Cerambycinae, tribe Bothriospilini). The corresponding sulfoxide, 3-methylsulfinylpropan-1-ol, was also produced sex-specifically by males, but its function remains unclear because the measured release rates of this compound from five different types of release devices were very low to undetectable. Unexpectedly, adults of the cerambycine Elaphidion mucronatum (Say) (Elaphidiini), primarily females, also were attracted by methionol, despite males of this species producing an aggregation-sex pheromone of entirely different structure, (2E,6Z,9Z)-2,6,9-pentadecatrienal.
Collapse
|
7
|
Miller DR, Crowe CM, Mayo PD, Silk PJ, Sweeney JD. Interactions Between syn- and anti-2,3-Hexanediol Lures on Trap Catches of Woodboring Beetles and Associates in Southeastern United States. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:83-93. [PMID: 34636848 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In 2016, we conducted three experiments to clarify the effects of 2,3-hexanediols isomers on trap catches of Neoclytus acuminatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). We also noted the effects of the isomers on trap catches of other cerambycids and associated species of predators and competitors. Catches of N. acuminatus in traps baited with ethanol + syn-2,3-hexanediol + racemic 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one were reduced with the addition of anti-2,3-hexanediol, an attractant for Curius dentatus Newman (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). A fourth experiment conducted in 2017 verified that racemic 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one increases catches of N. acuminatus in traps baited with ethanol + syn-2,3-hexanediol. The addition of anti-2,3-hexanediol increased catches of Knulliana cincta (Drury) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in traps baited with ethanol + racemic 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one, whereas attraction of Neoclytus scutellaris (Olivier) to traps baited with ethanol + racemic 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one was reduced by syn-2,3-hexanediol. Trap catches of the beetle predators Chariessa pilosa (Forster), Enoclerus ichneumonus (F.), and Madoniella dislocata (Say) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) were affected by 2,3-hexanediol isomers, whereas other common predators were unaffected by the isomers. Attraction of the bostrichid Xylobiops basilaris (Say) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) was increased by the 2,3-hexanediols; the relative effect of the two isomeric blends was dependent on trap co-baits of 3-hydroxy-2-ketones. The two enantiomeric blends of 2,3-hexanediol had minimal effects on catches of most species of ambrosia beetles, whereas the 3-hydroxy-2-ketones affected trap catches of some species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D R Miller
- Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 320 Green Street, Athens, GA, USA
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Center, 1350 Regent Street, P.O. Box 4000, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada
| | - C M Crowe
- Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 320 Green Street, Athens, GA, USA
| | - P D Mayo
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Center, 1350 Regent Street, P.O. Box 4000, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada
| | - P J Silk
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Center, 1350 Regent Street, P.O. Box 4000, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada
| | - J D Sweeney
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Center, 1350 Regent Street, P.O. Box 4000, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Millar JG, Zou Y, Barringer L, Hanks LM. Field Trials With Blends of Pheromones of Native and Invasive Cerambycid Beetle Species. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:1294-1298. [PMID: 34401912 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A number of recent studies have demonstrated the potential for using blends of pheromones of cerambycid beetles to attract several species simultaneously. Here, we tested the effects of adding the pheromones of two invasive species, Trichoferus campestris (Faldermann) and Aromia bungii (Faldermann), on the attraction of native species to a generic blend of synthesized pheromones, in season-long field trials at 12 sites in Pennsylvania. Of the four species attracted in significant numbers, Megacyllene caryae (Gahan), Phymatodes amoenus (Say), and P. testaceus (L.) (all subfamily Cerambycinae) were not significantly affected by the addition of the T. campestris pheromone trichoferone and the A. bungii pheromone (E)-2-cis-6,7-epoxynonenal to the generic blend. In contrast, trap catches of Sternidius alpha (Say) (subfamily Lamiinae) were completely shut down by addition of the pheromones of the two exotic species. In addition, there was no indication that any native species were attracted to trichoferone or (E)-2-cis-6,7-epoxynonenal, suggesting that these pheromones are probably not used by species native to eastern North America.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn G Millar
- Departments of Entomology and Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Yunfan Zou
- Departments of Entomology and Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence Barringer
- Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, Harrisburg, PA, USA
| | - Lawrence M Hanks
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Silva WD, Hanks LM, Bento JMS, Millar JG. 3-Hydroxyhexan-2-one and 3-Methylthiopropan-1-ol as Pheromone Candidates for the South American Cerambycid Beetles Stizocera phtisica and Chydarteres dimidiatus dimidiatus, and Six Related Species. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:941-949. [PMID: 34532812 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01313-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Here, we study the pheromone chemistry of two South American cerambycid beetle species, and their behavioral responses to candidate pheromone components. Adult males of Stizocera phtisica Gounelle (subfamily Cerambycinae: tribe Elaphidiini) produced a sex-specific blend of (R)-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one with lesser amounts of 3-methylthiopropan-1-ol. In field bioassays, traps baited with racemic 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one and 3-methylthiopropan-1-ol did not catch conspecific beetles, but did catch both sexes of a sympatric species, Chydarteres dimidiatus dimidiatus (F.) (Cerambycinae: Trachyderini). We found that males of this species also produce (R)-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one and 3-methylthiopropan-1-ol, and small amounts of 2-phenylethanol. Subsequent bioassays with these compounds showed that a blend of 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one and 3-methylthiopropan-1-ol constitutes the aggregation-sex pheromone of C. d. dimidiatus, with 2-phenylethanol not influencing the attraction of conspecifics. During the field bioassays, six other species in the Cerambycinae also were caught in significant numbers, including Aglaoschema ventrale (Germar) (tribe Compsocerini), congeners Chrysoprasis aurigena (Germar), Chrysoprasis linearis Bates, and an unidentified Chrysoprasis species (Dichophyiini), and Cotyclytus curvatus (Germar) and Itaclytus olivaceus (Laporte & Gory) (both Clytini), suggesting that one or more of the compounds tested are also pheromone components for these species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weliton D Silva
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418900, Brazil.
| | - Lawrence M Hanks
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - José Mauricio S Bento
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418900, Brazil
| | - Jocelyn G Millar
- Departments of Entomology and Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Silva WD, Hanks LM, Mongold-Diers JA, Grommes AC, Bento JMS, Millar JG. 2-Nonanone is a Critical Pheromone Component for Cerambycid Beetle Species Native to North and South America. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:599-604. [PMID: 33724303 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence indicates that cerambycid beetles native to different continents may share pheromone components, suggesting that these compounds arose as pheromone components early in the evolution of the family. Here, we describe the identification and field testing of the pheromone blends of two species in the subfamily Cerambycinae that share 2-nonanone as an important component of their male-produced aggregation-sex pheromones, the South American Stizocera consobrina Gounelle (tribe Elaphidiini) and the North American Heterachthes quadrimaculatus Haldeman (tribe Neoibidionini). Along with 2-nonanone, males of S. consobrina also produce 1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-1,2-propanedione, whereas males of H. quadrimaculatus produce 10-methyldodecanol. Field bioassays conducted in Brazil (targeting S. consobrina) and Illinois (targeting H. quadrimaculatus) demonstrated that adults of both species were attracted only by the blends of both their pheromone components, and not to the individual components. The use of the pyrrole as a critical component for the former species is further evidence that this compound is a common pheromone structure among cerambycines in different biogeographical regions of the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weliton D Silva
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418900, Brazil
| | - Lawrence M Hanks
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | | | - Anna C Grommes
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - José Maurício S Bento
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418900, Brazil
| | - Jocelyn G Millar
- Departments of Entomology and Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rassati D, Marchioro M, Flaherty L, Poloni R, Edwards S, Faccoli M, Sweeney J. Response of native and exotic longhorn beetles to common pheromone components provides partial support for the pheromone-free space hypothesis. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:793-810. [PMID: 32293107 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Longhorn beetles are among the most important groups of invasive forest insects worldwide. In parallel, they represent one of the most well-studied insect groups in terms of chemical ecology. Longhorn beetle aggregation-sex pheromones are commonly used as trap lures for specific and generic surveillance programs at points of entry and may play a key role in determining the success or failure of exotic species establishment. An exotic species might be more likely to establish in a novel habitat if it relies on a pheromone channel that is different to that of native species active at the same time of year and day, allowing for unhindered mate location (i.e., pheromone-free space hypothesis). In this study, we first tested the attractiveness of single pheromone components (i.e., racemic 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one, racemic 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one, and syn-2,3-hexanediol), and their binary and tertiary combinations, to native and exotic longhorn beetle species in Canada and Italy. Second, we exploited trap catches to determine their seasonal flight activity. Third, we used pheromone-baited "timer traps" to determine longhorn beetle daily flight activity. The response to single pheromones and their combinations was mostly species specific but the combination of more than one pheromone component allowed catch of multiple species simultaneously in Italy. The response of the exotic species to pheromone components, coupled with results on seasonal and daily flight activity, provided partial support for the pheromone-free space hypothesis. This study aids in the understanding of longhorn beetle chemical ecology and confirms that pheromones can play a key role in longhorn beetle invasions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Rassati
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Marchioro
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Leah Flaherty
- Department of Biological Sciences, MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Sara Edwards
- Forest Protection Limited, Fredericton International Airport, Lincoln, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Massimo Faccoli
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Jon Sweeney
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service-Atlantic Forestry Centre, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rapid Assessment of Cerambycid Beetle Biodiversity in a Tropical Rainforest in Yunnan Province, China, Using a Multicomponent Pheromone Lure. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12040277. [PMID: 33805014 PMCID: PMC8063944 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The Cerambycidae comprise a diverse (>35,000 species) family of wood-boring beetles. Many are of concern as invasive species because their long-lived larvae are readily transported around the world concealed in wooden products and packing materials. Over the past two decades, our understanding of cerambycid pheromone chemistry has advanced rapidly, with pheromone structures now described for several hundred species. Furthermore, mixtures of cerambycid pheromones have been shown to potentially act as effective multispecies lures. In this study, traps baited with generic lures deployed at ground level and in the tree canopy in 22 randomly located permanent plots in a nature reserve in Yunnan, China, captured 4541 beetles of 71 species. Using Hierarchical Modeling of Species Communities, we developed informative models for 18 species and demonstrated that trap height, slope, elevation, and leaf-area index were important determinants of cerambycid beetle distribution. Our results demonstrate the potential for using generic lures to detect and monitor cerambycid populations at ports of entry, and for the study of cerambycid beetle ecology. Abstract The Cerambycidae comprise a large and ecologically important family of wood-boring beetles. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a generic lure as a potential monitoring tool. Working in a subtropical forest in southwest China, we set traps baited with generic lures at ground level (1 m) and canopy height (~18 m) across 22 randomly located forest plots (12 regenerating forest, 10 mature forest). Three stations were established per plot and each plot was trapped for 7 days in May–June 2013. In total, 4541 beetles of 71 species were caught, including 26 species with 10 or more individuals. We used Hierarchical Modeling of Species Communities (HMSC) to analyze the data and produced informative models for 18 species, showing that trap height, slope, elevation, and leaf-area index were important determinants of cerambycid distribution. Our results demonstrate the potential for using generic lures to detect and monitor cerambycid populations, both for regulatory purposes and for the study of cerambycid beetle ecology. Further research should focus on refining lure blends, and on repeated sampling to determine temporal and spatial dynamics of cerambycid communities.
Collapse
|
13
|
Lyons-Yerion CD, Barbour JD, Mongold-Diers JA, Williams CJ, Cook SP. Identification of a Male-Produced Volatile Pheromone for Phymatodes dimidiatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Seasonal Flight Phenology of Four Phymatodes Species Endemic to the North American Intermountain West. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:1077-1087. [PMID: 32885824 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Research over the last 15 yr has shown widespread pheromone parsimony within the coleopteran family Cerambycidae, with a number of highly conserved pheromone motifs, often shared within and across subfamilies, tribes, and genera. Our goals were to increase our understanding of the evolution of volatile pheromones within the Cerambycidae, their role in reproductive isolation and to identify pheromones for use in the development of lures for monitoring cerambycids. Over 3 yr, we tested 12 compounds known to be cerambycid pheromones as possible attractants at sites across Idaho. This study focused on species within the cerambycine genus Phymatodes (Tribe: Callidiini). We also collected and analyzed headspace volatiles of captured Phymatodes dimidiatus (Kirby). Our results demonstrate that (R)-2-methylbutan-1-ol is a male-produced volatile pheromone for P. dimidiatus. These results are consistent with prior research suggesting that (R)-2-methylbutan-1-ol and (R)-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one, individually or in a blend of both compounds, commonly serve as pheromones for Phymatodes spp. We captured Phymatodes starting in mid-May, continuing through mid-August. Our data indicate that flight periods of Phymatodes spp. in Idaho overlap. These species may be utilizing various mechanisms to ensure reproductive isolation, such as the production of different volatile pheromones, minor components, and/or proportions of components, utilizing different host species and/or host volatiles, differing daily activity periods, and/or occupying different heights in the tree canopy. Our results contribute to the basic understanding of the chemical and behavioral ecology of the Cerambycidae and can be applied to the development of pheromone lures for monitoring of economically important or endangered species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia D Lyons-Yerion
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID
| | - James D Barbour
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Southwest Idaho Research & Extension Center, Parma, ID
| | | | | | - Stephen P Cook
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rice ME, Zou Y, Millar JG, Hanks LM. Complex Blends of Synthetic Pheromones are Effective Multi-Species Attractants for Longhorned Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:2269-2275. [PMID: 32696963 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The wood-boring larvae of longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) can be important pests of woody plants, particularly as invasive species introduced by international commerce. Previous research has revealed that cerambycid species native to different parts of the world often share the same aggregation-sex pheromones and that pheromones of different species can be combined to create multi-species attractants that would be advantageous for surveillance monitoring for a number of species simultaneously. To explore the extent to which these chemicals can be combined into single lures, we developed four different blends of six to eight compounds and tested their effects as attractants for a community of longhorned beetle species in Iowa. The blends included known pheromones of species native to the study site, as well as pheromones identified from cerambycid species native to other parts of the world. The experiment confirmed that several cerambycid species were attracted by specific blends, in accordance with their known pheromone chemistry, and despite the presence of pheromone components of heterospecifics. This finding lends further support to developing multi-component blends that can effectively monitor for new incursions of multiple exotic species concurrently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlin E Rice
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Yunfan Zou
- Department of Entomology and Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Jocelyn G Millar
- Department of Entomology and Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Lawrence M Hanks
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Miller DR, Crowe CM. Sulcatol: Enantiospecific Attractant for Monarthrum mali (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), Leptostylus asperatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Associated Predators. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:593-600. [PMID: 32318697 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In 2014-2019, we conducted six experiments in north-central Georgia in an attempt to verify the aggregation pheromone response of the ambrosia beetle Gnathotrichus materiarius (Fitch) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Scolytini: Corthylina) to sulcatol known to be produced by male G. materiarius; we failed to catch any G. materiarius. However, we did find that another corthyline ambrosia beetle species Monarthrum mali (Fitch) was attracted to (R)-(-)-sulcatol, whereas the longhorn beetle Leptostylus asperatus (Haldeman) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae) was attracted to (S)-(+)-sulcatol. Attraction of both species was unaffected by the respective antipodes. Ethanol enhanced attraction of both species to traps baited with sulcatol. In at least one experiment, attraction to ethanol-baited traps was enhanced by sulcatol for Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky), Xyleborus spp., and Hypothenemus spp. but reduced for Cnestus mutilatus (Blandford) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Additionally, traps baited with ethanol and racemic sulcatol [50% (S)-(+): 50% (R)-(-)] caught the greatest numbers of four species of beetle predators: Coptodera aerata Dejean (Coleoptera: Carabidae), Colydium lineola Say (Coleoptera: Zopheridae), Madoniella dislocata (Say), and Pyticeroides laticornis (Say) (Coleoptera: Cleridae). Ethanol but not sulcatol attracted Temnoscheila virescens (F.) (Coleoptera: Trogossitidae). Information on interspecific relationships within forested communities may help us to better determine the roles of these species in maintaining stable and resilient forested ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D R Miller
- Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 320 Green Street, Athens, GA
| | - C M Crowe
- Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 320 Green Street, Athens, GA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Silva WD, Hanks LM, Alvarez JCS, Madalon FZ, Bento JMS, Bello JE, Millar JG. Variations on a Theme: Two Structural Motifs Create Species-Specific Pheromone Channels for Multiple Species of South American Cerambycid Beetles. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11040222. [PMID: 32252447 PMCID: PMC7240461 DOI: 10.3390/insects11040222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe the identification, synthesis, and field-testing of aggregation-sex pheromones, or likely pheromone candidates, of seven species of South American cerambycid beetles in the subfamily Cerambycinae, of the tribes Eburiini and Neoibidionini. Analyses of extracts of volatiles released by adult males revealed that Eburodacrys dubitata White produce 11-methyltridecanal, whereas the males of Eburodacrys assimilis Gounelle, Eburodacrys flexuosa Gounelle, and Eburodacrys lenkoi Napp and Martins produce blends of this compound, along with its analog 10-methyldodecanal. In contrast, males of Compsibidion graphicum (Thomson) and Compsibidion sommeri (Thomson) produce blends of 10-methyldodecanal and its corresponding alcohol 10-methyldodecanol. The results from field bioassays with synthetic compounds showed that each species was specifically attracted to traps containing their reconstructed pheromone blend. However, E. assimilis was not trapped, possibly due to inhibition by non-natural enantiomers in the racemic test compounds. During the trials for the Compsibidion species, adults of another cerambycid species, Tetraopidion mucoriferum (Thomson), were captured in significant numbers in traps baited with 10-methyldodecanol, suggesting that this compound is a pheromone component for this species. This study demonstrates another case of conservation of pheromone structures within South American cerambycid species. It also highlights how blends of closely related structures, differing only in chain length or functional group, make the evolution of species-specific pheromone channels possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weliton D. Silva
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (W.D.S.); (J.G.M.)
| | - Lawrence M. Hanks
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Fernando Z. Madalon
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418900, Brazil
| | - José Maurício S. Bento
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418900, Brazil
| | - Jan E. Bello
- Departments of Entomology and Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jocelyn G. Millar
- Departments of Entomology and Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Correspondence: (W.D.S.); (J.G.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
A male-produced aggregation-sex pheromone of the beetle Arhopalus rusticus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae, Spondylinae) may be useful in managing this invasive species. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19570. [PMID: 31863031 PMCID: PMC6925271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56094-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The longhorned beetle Arhopalus rusticus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae, Spondylinae) is a common species in conifer forests of the Northern Hemisphere, but with global trade, it has invaded and become established in New Zealand, Australia, and South America. Arhopalus rusticus is a suspected vector of the phytopathogenic nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causative agent of pine wilt disease, which is a major threat to pine forests worldwide. Here, we report the identification of a volatile, male-produced aggregation-sex pheromone for this species. Headspace odours from males contained a major male-specific compound, identified as (2 S, 5E)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-ol (common name (S)-fuscumol), and a minor component (E)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-one (geranylacetone). Both compounds are known pheromone components for species in the same subfamily. In field trials in its native range in Slovenia, (S)-fuscumol was significantly more attractive to beetles of both sexes, than racemic fuscumol and a blend of host plant volatiles commonly used as an attractant for this species. Fuscumol-baited traps also caught significant numbers of another spondylidine species, Spondylis buprestoides (L.), and a rare click beetle, Stenagostus rufus (De Geer). The pheromone can be exploited as a cost-effective and environmentally safe tool for detection and monitoring of this invasive species at ports of entry, and for monitoring the beetle's distribution and population trends in both endemic and invasive populations.
Collapse
|
18
|
Meier LR, Zou Y, Mongold-Diers JA, Millar JG, Hanks LM. Pheromone Composition and Chemical Ecology of Six Species of Cerambycid Beetles in the Subfamily Lamiinae. J Chem Ecol 2019; 46:30-39. [PMID: 31808075 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01128-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cerambycid beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae use male-produced aggregation-sex pheromones that are attractive to both sexes. Terpenoid pheromones have been identified from species in the tribes Acanthoderini and Acanthocinini native to North and South America, comprised of (E)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-one (geranylacetone), the structurally related 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one (sulcatone), and/or specific enantiomers or nonracemic ratios of enantiomers of the related compounds (E)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-ol (fuscumol), its acetate ester, (E)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-yl acetate (fuscumol acetate), and 6-methylhept-5-en-2-ol (sulcatol). Here, we present new information about the chemical ecology of six acanthoderine and acanthocinine species native to the eastern USA. The pheromone of Astyleiopus variegatus (Haldeman) previously was identified as a blend of (S)-fuscumol and (S)-fuscumol acetate, and we report here that geranylacetone is a synergistic component. Males of Aegomorphus modestus (Gyllenhal), Lepturges angulatus (LeConte), and Lepturges confluens (Haldeman) were found to produce similar blends composed of the enantiomers of fuscumol acetate and geranylacetone, whereas males of Astylidius parvus (LeConte) and Sternidius alpha (Say) produced both enantiomers of fuscumol together with (R)-fuscumol acetate and geranylacetone. Field experiments with synthesized chemicals revealed that species with similar pheromone composition nevertheless differed in their responses to individual components, and to various blends of components, and in how attraction was influenced by chemicals that were pheromone components of other species. Sulcatone and/or sulcatol antagonized attraction of some species to pheromones of the geranylacetone class, suggesting that there is an adaptive advantage in an ability to detect these heterospecific compounds, such as in avoiding cross attraction to other cerambycid species, as yet unknown, that use pheromones composed of both chemical classes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linnea R Meier
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Goodwin Ave., 320 Morrill Hall, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST, 1398 W. Truck Rd., Otis Air National Guard Base, Buzzards Bay, MA, 02542, USA
| | - Yunfan Zou
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Judith A Mongold-Diers
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Goodwin Ave., 320 Morrill Hall, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jocelyn G Millar
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Lawrence M Hanks
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Goodwin Ave., 320 Morrill Hall, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hanks LM, Mongold-Diers JA, Mitchell RF, Zou Y, Wong JCH, Meier LR, Johnson TD, Millar JG. The Role of Minor Pheromone Components in Segregating 14 Species of Longhorned Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) of the Subfamily Cerambycinae. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:2236-2252. [PMID: 31136653 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present research on the chemical ecology of 14 species of longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), in four tribes of the subfamily Cerambycinae, conducted in east-central Illinois over 8 yr. Adult males produce aggregation-sex pheromones that attract both sexes. Twenty independent field bioassays explored the pheromone chemistry of the species and tested the possible attractive or antagonistic effects of compounds that are not produced by a given species, but are pheromone components of other species. Analyses of beetle-produced volatiles revealed compounds that had not been reported previously from several of the species. The most common pheromone component was (R)-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one, but pheromones of some species included isomers of the related 2,3-hexanediols. Males of the congeners Phymatodes amoenus (Say) and Phymatodes testaceus (L.) produced pure (R)-2-methylbutan-1-ol. Enantiomers of 2-methylbutan-1-ol also proved to be powerful synergists for Megacyllene caryae (Gahan), Sarosesthes fulminans (F.), and Xylotrechus colonus (F.). The major components of pheromone blends were consistently present in collections of headspace volatiles from male beetles, and only the major components were inherently attractive to a subset of species when tested as single components. Minor components of some species acted as powerful synergists, but in other cases appeared not to influence attraction. Among the minor components identified in headspace extracts from males, 2,3-hexanedione and 2-hydroxyhexan-3-one appeared to be analytical artifacts or biosynthetic by-products, and were neither attractants nor synergists. The antagonistic effects of minor compounds produced by heterospecific males suggest that these compounds serve to maintain prezygotic reproductive isolation among some species that share pheromone components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Hanks
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | | | - Robert F Mitchell
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Yunfan Zou
- Departments of Entomology and Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Joseph C H Wong
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Linnea R Meier
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Todd D Johnson
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Jocelyn G Millar
- Departments of Entomology and Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Molander MA, Winde IB, Burman J, Nyabuga FN, Lindblom TUT, Hanks LM, Millar JG, Larsson MC. Common Cerambycid Pheromone Components as Attractants for Longhorn Beetles (Cerambycidae) Breeding in Ephemeral Oak Substrates in Northern Europe. J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:537-548. [PMID: 31254146 PMCID: PMC6661259 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Longhorn beetles are ecologically important insects in forest ecosystems as decomposers of woody substrates, microhabitat engineers, and as components of forest food webs. These species can be greatly affected both positively and negatively by modern forestry management practices, and should be monitored accordingly. Through headspace sampling, coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and field bioassays, we identified two compounds, 2-methyl-1-butanol and 3-hydroxy-2-hexanone, that constitute aggregation-sex pheromone attractants of three cerambycid species which breed primarily in different types of fresh, recently dead oak wood in Northern Europe: Pyrrhidium sanguineum (L.), Phymatodes alni ssp. alni (L.), and Phymatodes testaceus (L.) (Cerambycinae: Callidiini). Analyses of headspace volatiles collected from live insects indicated that the male-produced aggregation-sex pheromone of P. sanguineum is a 1–15:100 blend of (R)-2-methyl-1-butanol and (R)-3-hydroxy-2-hexanone, whereas the corresponding ratios for P. alni were 70–110:100. In field bioassays, adult P. sanguineum and P. alni were significantly attracted to multiple blends with varying ratios of the two compounds. When tested individually, the compounds were minimally attractive. In contrast, adult P. testaceus exhibited nonspecific attraction to both of the individual compounds and to different blends, despite the hydroxyketone not being part of its pheromone, which consists of (R)-2-methyl-1-butanol alone. Overall, our results suggest that a blend of 50:100 of racemic 2-methyl-1-butanol and 3-hydroxy-2-hexanone is appropriate for parallel, cost-efficient pheromone-based monitoring of all three species. In particular, these species could serve as useful indicators of how modern forestry practices affect a whole guild of saproxylic insects that require ephemeral deadwood substrates for successful breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikael A Molander
- Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 102, Sundsvägen 14, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden.
| | - Inis B Winde
- Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 102, Sundsvägen 14, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Joseph Burman
- Ecology Research Group, Canterbury Christ Church University, North Holmes Road, Canterbury, Kent, CT1 1QU, United Kingdom
| | - Franklin N Nyabuga
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, P.O. Box 6, 60100, Embu, Kenya
| | - Tobias U T Lindblom
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7043, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lawrence M Hanks
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jocelyn G Millar
- Departments of Entomology and Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Mattias C Larsson
- Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 102, Sundsvägen 14, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
(S)-Sulcatol Is a Pheromone Component for Two Species of Cerambycid Beetles in the Subfamily Lamiinae. J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:447-454. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
22
|
Mitchell RF, Ray AM, Hanks LM, Millar JG. The Common Natural Products (S)-α-Terpineol and (E)-2-Hexenol are Important Pheromone Components of Megacyllene antennata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:1547-1552. [PMID: 30137276 PMCID: PMC6692852 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvy126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report here the pheromone of Megacyllene antennata (White) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a species native to southwestern North America whose larvae feed in woody tissues of mesquite (Prosopis species; Fabaceae). Adult males sex-specifically produced a blend of eight common natural products, including the monoterpene alcohol (S)-α-terpineol; the monoterpenes (S)-limonene and terpinolene; the aromatic alcohols (R)-1-phenylethanol and 2-phenylethanol; and (E)-2-hexenol, (E)-2-hexenal, and 1-hexanol. Individual males produced the components in varying amounts, but (S)-α-terpineol and (E)-2-hexenal were always present and together constituted the majority of the blend. A synthetic reconstruction of the complete blend attracted both males and females of M. antennata during field bioassays, as did all subsets of the blend that included (S)-α-terpineol and (E)-2-hexenol. Adults were most strongly attracted to blends of the latter two compounds when in ratios approaching parity. Neither of the compounds were present in the bouquet of volatiles emitted by host plants of the larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Mitchell
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Ann M Ray
- Department of Biology, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Lawrence M Hanks
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Jocelyn G Millar
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hanks LM, Mongold-Diers JA, Atkinson TH, Fierke MK, Ginzel MD, Graham EE, Poland TM, Richards AB, Richardson ML, Millar JG. Blends of Pheromones, With and Without Host Plant Volatiles, Can Attract Multiple Species of Cerambycid Beetles Simultaneously. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:716-724. [PMID: 29361020 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pheromone components of cerambycid beetles are often conserved, with a given compound serving as a pheromone component for multiple related species, including species native to different continents. Consequently, a single synthesized compound may attract multiple species to a trap simultaneously. Furthermore, our previous research in east-central Illinois had demonstrated that pheromones of different species can be combined to attract an even greater diversity of species. Here, we describe the results of field bioassays in the northeastern, midwestern, southeastern, south-central, and southwestern United States that assessed attraction of cerambycids to a 'generic' pheromone blend containing six known cerambycid pheromone components, versus the individual components of the blend, and how attraction was influenced by plant volatiles. Nineteen species were attracted in significant numbers, with the pheromone blend attracting about twice as many species as any of the individual components. The blend attracted species of three subfamilies, whereas individual components attracted species within one subfamily. However, some antagonistic interactions between blend components were identified. The plant volatiles ethanol and α-pinene usually enhanced attraction to the blend. Taken together, these experiments suggest that blends of cerambycid pheromones, if selected carefully to minimize inhibitory effects, can be effective for sampling a diversity of species, and that plant volatiles generally enhance attraction. Such generic pheromone blends may serve as an effective and economical method of detecting incursions of exotic, potentially invasive species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Hanks
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - J A Mongold-Diers
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - T H Atkinson
- University of Texas Insect Collection, Lake Austin Center, Austin, TX
| | - M K Fierke
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY
| | - M D Ginzel
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - E E Graham
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | | | - A B Richards
- Aquatic Bioassessment Laboratory, California State University, Chico, CA
| | - M L Richardson
- College of Agriculture, Urban Sustainability, and Environmental Sciences, University of the District of Columbia, Washington, DC
| | - J G Millar
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Interspecific Cross-Attraction between the South American Cerambycid Beetles Cotyclytus curvatus and Megacyllene acuta is Averted by Minor Pheromone Components. J Chem Ecol 2018; 44:268-275. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-0933-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
25
|
Millar JG, Mitchell RF, Meier LR, Johnson TD, Mongold-Diers JA, Hanks LM. (2E,6Z,9Z)-2,6,9-Pentadecatrienal as a Male-Produced Aggregation-Sex Pheromone of the Cerambycid Beetle Elaphidion mucronatum. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:1056-1065. [PMID: 29151153 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0905-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence suggests that the volatile pheromones of cerambycid beetles are much more diverse in structure than previously hypothesized. Here, we describe the identification, synthesis, and field testing of (2E,6Z,9Z)-2,6,9-pentadecatrienal as a male-produced aggregation-sex pheromone of the cerambycid Elaphidion mucronatum (Say) (subfamily Cerambycinae, tribe Elaphidiini). This novel structure is unlike any previously described cerambycid pheromone, and in field bioassays attracted only this species. Males produced about 9 μg of pheromone per 24 h period, and, in field trials, lures loaded with 10, 25, and 100 mg of synthetic pheromone attracted beetles of both sexes, whereas lures loaded with 1 mg of pheromone or less were not significantly attractive. Other typical cerambycine pheromones such as 3-hydroxy-2-hexanone, syn-2,3-hexanediol, and anti-2,3-hexanediol were not attractive to E. mucronatum, and when combined with (2E,6Z,9Z)-2,6,9-pentadecatrienal, the former two compounds appeared to inhibit attraction. Unexpectedly, adults of the cerambycine Xylotrechus colonus (F.) were attracted in significant numbers to a blend of 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one and (2E,6Z,9Z)-2,6,9-pentadecatrienal, even though there is no evidence that this species produces the latter compound. From timed pheromone trap catches, adults of E. mucronatum were determined to be active from dusk until shortly after midnight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn G Millar
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Robert F Mitchell
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI, 54901, USA
| | - Linnea R Meier
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Todd D Johnson
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Judith A Mongold-Diers
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Lawrence M Hanks
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|