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Fonseca MG, Auad AM, Resende TT, Veríssimo BA, Oliveira CM. Exposure of insects and host plants to different concentrations of CO2 affects the performance of Mahanarva spectabilis (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) in successive insect generations. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e273470. [PMID: 37851770 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.273470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The performance of three successive generations of Mahanarva spectabilis (Distant) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) fed on four forages exposed to environments with different CO2 concentrations was evaluated. In the first bioassay, we utilized the following scenarios: A) plants and insects were kept at high and constant CO2 (700 ppm) and B) the insects were kept at CO2 700 ppm and fed on plants from the greenhouse (average of 390 ppm). In the second bioassay, we utilized the following scenarios: C) plants and insects were kept in a greenhouse and D) the insects were kept in the greenhouse and fed on plants kept at CO2 700 ppm. The survival and duration of the nymphal and adult stages and the number of eggs/female of M. spectabilis were evaluated. It was only possible to evaluate the cumulative effects of the increase of CO2 on three successive generations of M. spectabilis kept in a greenhouse, due to the reduced survival of the insects in the first generation in the laboratory. A greater direct than indirect effect of the CO2 level on the performance of M. spectabilis was observed. Furthermore, it should be considered that the effect of CO2 elevation on the survival, periods of development, and fecundity, when taken together, can significantly impact the population dynamics of M. spectabilis in future climate scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Fonseca
- Embrapa Gado de Leite, Laboratório de Entomologia, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
| | - A M Auad
- Embrapa Gado de Leite, Laboratório de Entomologia, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
| | - T T Resende
- Embrapa Gado de Leite, Laboratório de Entomologia, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
| | - B A Veríssimo
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Conservação da Natureza, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
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Lu Z, Sun Z, Li Y, Hao R, Chen Y, Chen B, Qin X, Tao X, Gui F. Effects of Elevated CO 2 Concentration on Host Adaptability and Chlorantraniliprole Susceptibility in Spodoptera frugiperda. INSECTS 2022; 13:1029. [PMID: 36354853 PMCID: PMC9699368 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (eCO2) can affect both herbivorous insects and their host plants. The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a highly polyphagous agricultural pest that may attack more than 350 host plant species and has developed resistance to both conventional and novel-action insecticides. However, the effects of eCO2 on host adaptability and insecticide resistance of FAW are unclear. We hypothesized that eCO2 might affect insecticide resistance of FAW by affecting its host plants. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effect of eCO2 on (1) FAW's susceptibility to chlorantraniliprole after feeding on wheat, (2) FAW's population performance traits (including the growth and reproduction), and (3) changes in gene expression in the FAW by transcriptome sequencing. The toxicity of chlorantraniliprole against the FAW under eCO2 (800 µL/L) stress showed that the LC50 values were 2.40, 2.06, and 1.46 times the values at the ambient CO2 concentration (400 µL/L, aCO2) for the three generations, respectively. Under eCO2, the life span of pupae and adults and the total number of generations were significantly shorter than the FAW under aCO2. Compared to the aCO2 treatment, the weights of the 3rd and 4th instar larvae and pupae of FAW under eCO2 were significantly heavier. Transcriptome sequencing results showed that more than 79 detoxification enzyme genes in FAW were upregulated under eCO2 treatment, including 40 P450, 5 CarE, 17 ABC, and 7 UGT genes. Our results showed that eCO2 increased the population performance of FAW on wheat and reduced its susceptibility to chlorantraniliprole by inducing the expression of detoxification enzyme genes. This study has important implications for assessing the damage of FAW in the future under the environment of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zhongxiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yahong Li
- Yunnan Plant Protection and Quarantine Station, Kunming 650034, China
| | - Ruoshi Hao
- Yunnan Plateau Characteristic Agriculture Industry Research Institute, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yaping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Bin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xiaoping Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xuan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Furong Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
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Pathak H. Impact, adaptation, and mitigation of climate change in Indian agriculture. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:52. [PMID: 36316531 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10537-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Climate change poses serious risks to Indian agriculture as half of the agricultural land of the country is rainfed. Climate change affects crop yield, soil processes, water availability, and pest dynamics. Several adaptation strategies such as heat- and water stress-tolerant crop varieties, stress-tolerant new crops, improved agronomic management practices, improved water use efficiency, conservation agriculture practices and improved pest management, improved weather forecasts, and other climate services are in place to minimize the climatic risks. The agriculture sector contributes 14% of the greenhouse gas (GHG) from the country. Mitigation of GHG emission from agriculture can be achieved by changing land-use management practices and enhancing input-use efficiency. Experiments in India showed that methane emission from lowland rice fields can be reduced by 40-50% with alternate wetting and drying (AWD), growing shorter duration varieties, and using neem-coated urea according to soil health card (SHC) and leaf color chart (LCC). Dry direct-seeding of rice, which does not require continuous soil submergence, can reduce methane emission by 70-75%. Sequestration of carbon (C) in agricultural soil can be promoted with the application of organic manure, crop residues, and balanced nutrients. India has taken several proactive steps for addressing the issues of climate change in agriculture. Recently, it has also committed for reducing GHG emission intensity by 45% by 2030 and achieving net zero emission by 2070. The paper discusses the major impacts of climate change, potential adaptation, and mitigation options and the initiatives of Govt. of India in making Indian agriculture climate-smart.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pathak
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, 110001, India.
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Wang J, Mu Y, Yang C, Yang L, Zhang C, Yu H, Chang Z, Long J, Chen X. Population Growth Performance of Arma custos (Faricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) at Different Temperatures. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2022; 22:12. [PMID: 36268784 PMCID: PMC9585398 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieac058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Arma custos (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a natural predator that can control various agricultural and forestry pests. This study aimed to clarify the effects of temperature on the growth, reproduction, and population of the predator and to simulate its population growth. Using the age-stage, two-sex life table method, 18°C, 22°C, 26°C, 30°C, and 34°C were selected as the temperature conditions. A. custos can complete its life cycle at 18°C-30°C, and the developmental duration of each A. custos stage, adult pre-oviposition period, total pre-oviposition period, and the mean generation time (T) were shortened with the increase in temperature. The pre-adult mortality was significantly reduced at 26°C and 30°C. In addition, the fecundity of a single female and the gross reproductive rate were the highest at 30°C. Significant differences were observed in the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and the finite rate of increase (λ) under different temperature conditions, and both reached the maximum at 30°C. Results showed that adult A. custos raised at 26°C had a longer lifespan and the fecundity was higher at 30°C in comparison with the other temperatures. This study is the first to report the life cycle of A. custos at different temperatures, and the results can provide a scientific theoretical basis for the indoor artificial reproduction, outdoor release, and colonization of A. custos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Moubtainous Region, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yinlin Mu
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Moubtainous Region, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Can Yang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Moubtainous Region, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Moubtainous Region, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Changhua Zhang
- Guizhou Tobacco Company Zunyi Branch, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Huiping Yu
- Guizhou Tobacco Company Bijie Branch, Bijie 551700, China
| | - Zhimin Chang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Moubtainous Region, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jiankun Long
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Moubtainous Region, Guiyang 550025, China
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Kou X, Bai S, Luo Y, Yu J, Guo H, Wang C, Zhang H, Chen C, Liu X, Ji W. Construction of a Modified Clip Cage and Its Effects on the Life-History Parameters of Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) and Defense Responses of Triticum aestivum. INSECTS 2022; 13:777. [PMID: 36135478 PMCID: PMC9503654 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Clip cages are commonly used to confine aphids or other small insects to a single leaf when conducting plant-small insect interaction studies; however, clip cages are usually heavy or do not efficiently transmit light, which has an impact on leaf physiology, limiting their application. Here, simple, lightweight, and transparent modified clip cages were constructed using punched clear plastic cups, cut transparent polyvinyl chloride sheets, nylon organdy mesh, and bent duck-bill clips. These cages can be clipped directly onto dicot leaves or attached to monocot leaves with bamboo skewers and elastic bands. The weight, production time, and aphid escape rates of the modified clip cages were 3.895 ± 0.004 g, less than 3 min, and 2.154 ± 0.323%, respectively. The effects of the modified clip cage on the growth, development, and reproduction of the English grain aphid (Sitobion avenae Fabricius) in comparison with the whole cage were studied. The biochemical responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to the cages were also investigated. No significant differences were observed in the life table parameters, nymph mortality, and adult fecundity in S. avenae confined to clip cages and whole cages, but the clip cages were more time efficient than whole cages when conducting life table studies. Moreover, the hydrogen peroxide accumulation, callose deposition, and cell necrosis in wheat leaves covered by empty clip cages and empty whole cages were similar, and significantly lower than treatments where the aphids were inside the clip cage. The results demonstrate that the modified clip cages had negligible effects on the plant and aphid physiology, suggesting that they are effective for studying plant-small insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudan Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shichao Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yufeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jiuyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Huan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chunhuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xinlun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wanquan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
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Mohamed SA, Azrag AGA, Obala F, Ndlela S. Estimating the Demographic Parameters of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Using Temperature-Dependent Development Models and Their Validation under Fluctuating Temperature. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020181. [PMID: 35205048 PMCID: PMC8869599 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Tuta absoluta is an invasive insect pest that has spread widely and established itself in many countries since its first detection in Spain in 2006. The devastating moth originates in South America and attacks tomato and other solanaceous vegetables, leading to huge losses in yield and potential income particularly for small-scale farmers who often lack the resources and knowledge to manage the pest. In most cases, farmers have resorted to the indiscriminate application of broad-spectrum synthetic pesticides, which in most cases are not registered and are often used at high doses. This has resulted in the pest developing resistance to most major classes of pesticides. In addition, the non-selective use of toxic pesticides has resulted in negative effects on the health of users, consumers, and non-target organisms such as pollinators and natural enemies of insect pests. Various tactics aimed at controlling T. absoluta have been developed and are at different stages of adoption by farmers. To ensure that they are effective, sustainable, and friendly to both users and the environment, there is a need for a comprehensive understanding of the pest’s biology and ecology. To this effect, the present study developed models to predict intricate details of the pest’s development, survival, and reproduction using data generated in laboratory studies. Among other important findings, the study reports that temperatures between 20–25 °C are ideal for the development, survival, reproduction, and increase in the population of T. absoluta. These findings are vital in developing strategies in managing the pest, especially in light of global climate change. Abstract The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is an invasive pest that devastates the production of tomatoes and other solanaceous vegetables. Since its trans-Atlantic invasion in 2006, T. absoluta has spread and established in many countries across the Afro-Eurasian Supercontinent, causing huge yield losses. This study aimed to determine the relationship between temperature and the life history traits of T. absoluta and provide the thermal thresholds for development using life cycle modelling. Linear and non-linear models were fitted to life table data collected at five constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C, with Relative Humidity 70 ± 5% and photoperiod 12L:12D. Another experiment was conducted at fluctuating temperatures to validate the laboratory results. Tuta absoluta completed its life cycle at temperatures between 15 and 35 °C. The development time ranged between 4.0–11 days, 6.3–16.0 days, and 5.4–20.7 days for egg, larva, and pupa, respectively. The lowest thermal threshold was estimated at 8.10, 7.83, and 11.62 °C, respectively for egg, larva, and pupa. While the optimum temperature for T. absoluta immature stages survival and female fecundity were predicted at a temperature range of 21–23 °C. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm), gross reproductive (GRR), and net reproductive (Ro) rates were significantly higher at temperatures between 20–25 °C. The model validation outcome showed similarities between observed and simulated values for development time, mortality rate, and life table parameters, attesting to the quality of the phenology model. Our results will help in predicting the effect of climate warming on the distribution and population dynamics of T. absoluta. Furthermore, the results could be used to develop management strategies adapted to different agroecological zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Abuelgasim Mohamed
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (S.A.M.); (F.O.); or (S.N.)
| | - Abdelmutalab G. A. Azrag
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (S.A.M.); (F.O.); or (S.N.)
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Gezira, P.O. Box 20, Wad Medani 21111, Sudan
- Correspondence: or
| | - Francis Obala
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (S.A.M.); (F.O.); or (S.N.)
| | - Shepard Ndlela
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (S.A.M.); (F.O.); or (S.N.)
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