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Njeru F, Wambua A, Muge E, Haesaert G, Gettemans J, Misinzo G. Major biotic stresses affecting maize production in Kenya and their implications for food security. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15685. [PMID: 38050609 PMCID: PMC10693822 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a staple food for many households in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and also contributes to the gross domestic product (GDP). However, the maize yields reported in most SSA countries are very low and this is mainly attributed to biotic and abiotic stresses. These stresses have been exacerbated by climate change which has led to long periods of drought or heavy flooding and the emergence of new biotic stresses. Few reports exist which compile the biotic stresses affecting maize production in SSA. Here, five major biotic stresses of maize in Kenya are presented which are attributed to high yield losses. They include Maize lethal necrosis, fall armyworm, gray leaf spot, turcicum leaf blight and desert locusts. Maize lethal necrosis and fall armyworm are new biotic stresses to the Kenyan maize farmer while gray leaf spot, and turcicum leaf blight are endemic to the region. The invasion by the desert locusts is speculated to be caused by climate change. The biotic stresses cause a reduction in maize yield of 30-100% threatening food security. Therefore, this review focuses on the cause, control measures employed to control these diseases and future prospective. There should be deliberate efforts from the government and researchers to control biotic stresses affecting maize yields as the effect of these stresses is being exacerbated by the changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith Njeru
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicines and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Angeline Wambua
- Department of Physical Sciences, Chuka University, Chuka, Kenya
| | - Edward Muge
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Geert Haesaert
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Gettemans
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Fazolin M, Bizzo HR, Monteiro AFM, Lima MEC, Maisforte NS, Gama PE. Synergism in Two-Component Insecticides with Dillapiole against Fall Armyworm. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3042. [PMID: 37687289 PMCID: PMC10489978 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), a polyphagous insect pest, is a major threat to food production, rapidly spreading through all the tropical areas in the world. Resistance has developed to the control protocols used so far (pyrethroids, organophosphorus, and genetically modified plants), and alternative strategies must be found. The bioactivity in essential oils is usually associated with the major constituents, but synergistic interactions among the constituents (even minor ones) can improve the levels of activity considerably. Herein, we tested the insecticidal activity of several constituents of the essential oil from Piper aduncum, an Amazonian Piperaceae, both separately and as binary mixtures, through their application on the dorsal side of the larva pronotum. Dillapiole proved to be, isolated, the most active compound in this oil (LD50 = 0.35 ppm). In binary mixtures, a strong synergistic effect was observed for the pairs of dillapiole with β-caryophyllene (LD50 = 0.03 ppm), methyl eugenol (LD50 = 0.05 ppm), and α-humulene (LD50 = 0.05 ppm). In some cases, however, antagonism was recorded, as for dillapiole + β-pinene (LD50 = 0.44 ppm). The use of binary mixtures of essential oil constituents as low-environmental-toxicity insecticides allows a fine tuning of the insecticidal activity, and the exploitation of synergy effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo Fazolin
- Embrapa Acre, Rodovia BR 364, km 14, Rio Branco 69900-970, AC, Brazil;
| | - Humberto R. Bizzo
- Embrapa Agroindústria de Alimentos, Avenida das Américas 29501, Rio de Janeiro 23020-470, RJ, Brazil;
| | | | - Maria E. C. Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agropecuária nos Trópicos Úmidos, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rodovia BR 364, km 04, Rio Branco 69920-900, AC, Brazil;
| | - Natália S. Maisforte
- Instituto Federal do Acre, Avenida Brasil 920, Rio Branco 69903-068, AC, Brazil;
| | - Paola E. Gama
- Embrapa Agroindústria de Alimentos, Avenida das Américas 29501, Rio de Janeiro 23020-470, RJ, Brazil;
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Warburton ML, Woolfolk SW, Smith JS, Hawkins LK, Castano-Duque L, Lebar MD, Williams WP. Genes and genetic mechanisms contributing to fall armyworm resistance in maize. THE PLANT GENOME 2023; 16:e20311. [PMID: 36866429 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a crop of major economic and food security importance globally. The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, can devastate entire maize crops, especially in countries or markets that do not allow the use of transgenic crops. Host-plant insect resistance is an economical and environmentally benign way to control FAW, and this study sought to identify maize lines, genes, and pathways that contribute to resistance to FAW. Of the 289 maize lines phenotyped for FAW damage in artificially infested, replicated field trials over 3 years, 31 were identified with good levels of resistance that could donate FAW resistance into elite but susceptible hybrid parents. The 289 lines were genotyped by sequencing to provide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for a genome-wide association study (GWAS), followed by a metabolic pathway analysis using the Pathway Association Study Tool (PAST). GWAS identified 15 SNPs linked to 7 genes, and PAST identified multiple pathways, associated with FAW damage. Top pathways, and thus useful resistance mechanisms for further study, include hormone signaling pathways and the biosynthesis of carotenoids (particularly zeaxanthin), chlorophyll compounds, cuticular wax, known antibiosis agents, and 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate. Targeted metabolite analysis confirmed that maize genotypes with lower levels of FAW damage tend to have higher levels of chlorophyll a than genotypes with high FAW damage, which tend to have lower levels of pheophytin, lutein, chlorophyll b and β-carotene. The list of resistant genotypes, and the results from the genetic, pathway, and metabolic study, can all contribute to efficient creation of FAW resistant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn L Warburton
- USDA ARS Plant Germplasm Introduction and Testing Research Unit, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Sandra W Woolfolk
- USDA ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - J Spencer Smith
- USDA ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Leigh K Hawkins
- USDA ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | | | - Matthew D Lebar
- USDA ARS Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - W Paul Williams
- USDA ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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Omuut G, Mollel HG, Kanyesigye D, Akohoue F, Adumo Aropet S, Wagaba H, Otim MH. Genetic analyses and detection of point mutations in the acetylcholinesterase-1 gene associated with organophosphate insecticide resistance in fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) populations from Uganda. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:22. [PMID: 36646998 PMCID: PMC9841645 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-09093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda; J.E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is now an economically important pest that causes huge losses to maize productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. Variations in sub-population genetics and the processes of rapid adaptation underpinning the invasion remain unclear. For this, the genetic identity and diversity of FAW populations in Uganda were revealed by sequencing 87 samples (collected across the country). Based on the partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene polymorphisms, we further examined the mitochondrial haplotype configuration and compared the FAW in Uganda with sequences from other parts of the world. The molecular target for organophosphate and carbamate resistance, acetylcholinesterase, was also investigated. RESULTS Analysis of the partial COI gene sequences showed the presence of both rice (predominant) and corn strain haplotypes, with a haplotype diversity of 0.382. Based on the COI marker, pairwise difference distribution analyses, and neutrality tests, showed that the FAW populations in Uganda and the rest of Africa are evolving neutrally, but those in America and Asia are undergoing expansion. Our findings support observations that invasive FAW populations throughout the rest of Africa and Asia share a common origin. Sequencing of the S. frugiperda ace-1 gene revealed four amino acid substitutions, two of which (A201S and F290V) were previously shown to confer organophosphate resistance in both S. frugiperda and several other insect species. The other two previously reported new variations in positions g-396 and g-768, are presumed to be related to the development of insecticide resistance. CONCLUSIONS This research has increased our knowledge of the genetics of FAW in Uganda, which is critical for pest surveillance and the detection of resistance. However, due to the low gene polymorphism of COI, more evolutionary studies incorporating the Spodoptera frugiperda whole-genome sequence are required to precisely understand the FAW population dynamics, introduction paths, origin, and subsequent spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geresemu Omuut
- grid.463519.c0000 0000 9021 5435National Agricultural Research Organization, National Crops Resources Research Institute, P. O Box, 7084 Kampala, Uganda
| | - Happyness G. Mollel
- Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute-Mikocheni, P. O. Box, 6226 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Dalton Kanyesigye
- grid.463519.c0000 0000 9021 5435National Agricultural Research Organization, National Crops Resources Research Institute, P. O Box, 7084 Kampala, Uganda
| | - Félicien Akohoue
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Laboratory of Genetics, Biotechnology and Seed Science (GBioS), Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin ,grid.9464.f0000 0001 2290 1502State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stella Adumo Aropet
- grid.463387.d0000 0001 2229 1011National Agricultural Research Organization, National Agricultural Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 7065, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henry Wagaba
- grid.463519.c0000 0000 9021 5435National Agricultural Research Organization, National Crops Resources Research Institute, P. O Box, 7084 Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michael H. Otim
- grid.463519.c0000 0000 9021 5435National Agricultural Research Organization, National Crops Resources Research Institute, P. O Box, 7084 Kampala, Uganda
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Prasanna BM, Bruce A, Beyene Y, Makumbi D, Gowda M, Asim M, Martinelli S, Head GP, Parimi S. Host plant resistance for fall armyworm management in maize: relevance, status and prospects in Africa and Asia. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:3897-3916. [PMID: 35320376 PMCID: PMC9729323 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Sustainable control of fall armyworm (FAW) requires implementation of effective integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, with host plant resistance as a key component. Significant opportunities exist for developing and deploying elite maize cultivars with native genetic resistance and/or transgenic resistance for FAW control in both Africa and Asia. The fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith); FAW] has emerged as a serious pest since 2016 in Africa, and since 2018 in Asia, affecting the food security and livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers, especially those growing maize. Sustainable control of FAW requires implementation of integrated pest management strategies, in which host plant resistance is one of the key components. Significant strides have been made in breeding elite maize lines and hybrids with native genetic resistance to FAW in Africa, based on the strong foundation of insect-resistant tropical germplasm developed at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Mexico. These efforts are further intensified to develop and deploy elite maize cultivars with native FAW tolerance/resistance and farmer-preferred traits suitable for diverse agro-ecologies in Africa and Asia. Independently, genetically modified Bt maize with resistance to FAW is already commercialized in South Africa, and in a few countries in Asia (Philippines and Vietnam), while efforts are being made to commercialize Bt maize events in additional countries in both Africa and Asia. In countries where Bt maize is commercialized, it is important to implement a robust insect resistance management strategy. Combinations of native genetic resistance and Bt maize also need to be explored as a path to more effective and sustainable host plant resistance options. We also highlight the critical gaps and priorities for host plant resistance research and development in maize, particularly in the context of sustainable FAW management in Africa and Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boddupalli M Prasanna
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF Campus, UN Avenue, P.O. Box 1041, GigiriNairobi, 00621, Kenya.
| | - Anani Bruce
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF Campus, UN Avenue, P.O. Box 1041, GigiriNairobi, 00621, Kenya
| | - Yoseph Beyene
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF Campus, UN Avenue, P.O. Box 1041, GigiriNairobi, 00621, Kenya
| | - Dan Makumbi
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF Campus, UN Avenue, P.O. Box 1041, GigiriNairobi, 00621, Kenya
| | - Manje Gowda
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF Campus, UN Avenue, P.O. Box 1041, GigiriNairobi, 00621, Kenya
| | | | | | - Graham P Head
- Regulatory Science, Bayer Crop Science US, Chesterfield, MO, USA
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Soujanya PL, Sekhar JC, Yathish KR, Karjagi CG, Rao KS, Suby SB, Jat SL, Kumar B, Kumar K, Vadessery J, Subaharan K, Patil J, Kalia VK, Dhandapani A, Rakshit S. Leaf Damage Based Phenotyping Technique and Its Validation Against Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), in Maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:906207. [PMID: 35898223 PMCID: PMC9310382 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.906207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Globally, maize is an important cereal food crop with the highest production and productivity. Among the biotic constraints that limit the productivity of maize, the recent invasion of fall armyworm (FAW) in India is a concern. The first line of strategy available for FAW management is to evaluate and exploit resistant genotypes for inclusion in an IPM schedule. Screening for resistant maize genotypes against FAW is in its infancy in India, considering its recent occurrence in the country. The present work attempts to optimize screening techniques suited to Indian conditions, which involve the description of leaf damage rating (LDR) by comparing injury levels among maize genotypes and to validate the result obtained from the optimized screening technique by identification of lines potentially resistant to FAW under artificial infestation. Exposure to 20 neonate FAW larvae at the V5 phenological stage coupled with the adoption of LDR on a 1-9 scale aided in preliminary characterize maize genotypes as potentially resistant, moderately resistant, and susceptible. The LDR varies with genotype, neonate counts, and days after infestation. The genotypes, viz., DMRE 63, DML-163-1, CML 71, CML 141, CML 337, CML 346, and wild ancestor Zea mays ssp. parviglumis recorded lower LDR ratings against FAW and can be exploited for resistance breeding in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Lakshmi Soujanya
- Winter Nursery Centre, ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - J. C. Sekhar
- Winter Nursery Centre, ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - K. R. Yathish
- Winter Nursery Centre, ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - K. Sankara Rao
- Winter Nursery Centre, ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - S. B. Suby
- Unit Office, ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, New Delhi, India
| | - S. L. Jat
- Unit Office, ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhupender Kumar
- Unit Office, ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Unit Office, ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - K. Subaharan
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru, India
| | - Jagadish Patil
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru, India
| | - Vinay K. Kalia
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - A. Dhandapani
- ICAR-National Academy of Agricultural Research Management, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sujay Rakshit
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
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Idrees A, Afzal A, Qadir ZA, Li J. Bioassays of Beauveria bassiana Isolates against the Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070717. [PMID: 35887472 PMCID: PMC9324617 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of Spodoptera frugiperda, the key invasive pest of maize, is a serious concern due to its biology and the current global restriction on applying synthetic pesticides. Entomopathogenic fungi are considered to be a potential biological control strategy. The pathogenicity of 12 isolates of Beauveria bassiana in the immature stages and feeding efficacy of S. frugiperda were evaluated. The B. bassiana isolates QB-3.45, QB-3.46 and QB-3.428 caused the highest egg mortality rates of 87.3, 82.7 and 79.3%, respectively, when applied at a concentration of 1 × 108 conidia/mL and measured at 7 days post-treatment. Neonate mortality rates of 45.6 to 53.6% were observed with the same isolates. The B. bassiana isolates caused significant cumulative mortality rates ranging from 71.3 to 93.3% at 14 days post-treatment and reduced larval feeding efficacy from 69.4 to 77.8% at 48 h post-treatment. This study supports using the effective B. bassiana isolates as a biological control agent against S. frugiperda. The significant mortality of the eggs and neonatal larvae and the reduction in the feeding efficacy of the second instar larvae of the S. frugiperda that were treated with isolates of B. bassiana supports the application of entomopathogenic fungi as a biocontrol agent for the effective control of the S. frugiperda population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Idrees
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China; (A.I.); (A.A.)
| | - Ayesha Afzal
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China; (A.I.); (A.A.)
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, 1-Km Defense Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ziyad Abdul Qadir
- Honeybee Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan;
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China; (A.I.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Idrees A, Qadir ZA, Afzal A, Ranran Q, Li J. Laboratory efficacy of selected synthetic insecticides against second instar invasive fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265265. [PMID: 35576188 PMCID: PMC9109910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize is the most essential crop of China and its productivity has been recently endangered by the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda. Chemical pesticides are one of the most important strategies for managing FAW on a short-term basis. The seven synthetic insecticides including novel and conventional belong to four chemical group, spinetoram and spinosad (spinosyns), lambda-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and bifenthrin (pyrethroids), abamectin (avermectins), broflinilide (diamides), were assessed for their efficiency in causing mortality to second instar S. frugiperda larvae at 24, 48 and 72 h post-treatment at five different serial concentrations (10 to 0.625 mg liter-1). The second instar S. frugiperda larvae were susceptible to the tested synthetic insecticides, however, the toxicity index of synthetic insecticides was estimated based on lethal concentration 50 (LC50), while, LC50 was calculated from the data of larval mortality. The broflanilide and abamectin proved to be the most toxic having the highest toxicity index of 100 and 78.29%, respectively, followed by cypermethrin and bifenthrin were showed toxicity index of 75.47 and 66.89%, respectively. The LC50 values were 0.606 and 0.774 mg liter-1 for broflanilide and abamectin, respectively, followed by cypermethrin and bifenthrin were showed LC50 values of 0.803 and 0.906 mg liter-1 at 72 h post-treatment. Rest of the other synthetic insecticides were showed moderate toxicity index of 42.11 to 62.09%, based on LC50 values were 1.439 to 0.976 mg liter-1 at 72 h post-treatment. The efficiency of synthetic insecticides was increased by increasing concentration level and exposure time. The screened synthetic insecticides among seven insecticides perhaps, provide basis for the development of novel insecticides for controlling S. frugiperda population after further research to evaluate and validate the laboratory results in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Idrees
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyad Abdul Qadir
- Honeybee Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Ayesha Afzal
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Qiu Ranran
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Genomic Analysis of Resistance to Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in CIMMYT Maize Lines. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020251. [PMID: 35205295 PMCID: PMC8872412 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent invasion, rapid spread, and widescale destruction of the maize crop by the fall armyworm (FAW; Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)) is likely to worsen the food insecurity situation in Africa. In the present study, a set of 424 maize lines were screened for their responses to FAW under artificial infestation to dissect the genetic basis of resistance. All lines were evaluated for two seasons under screen houses and genotyped with the DArTseq platform. Foliar damage was rated on a scale of 1 (highly resistant) to 9 (highly susceptible) and scored at 7, 14, and 21 days after artificial infestation. Analyses of variance revealed significant genotypic and genotype by environment interaction variances for all traits. Heritability estimates for leaf damage scores were moderately high and ranged from 0.38 to 0.58. Grain yield was negatively correlated with a high magnitude to foliar damage scores, ear rot, and ear damage traits. The genome-wide association study (GWAS) revealed 56 significant marker–trait associations and the predicted functions of the putative candidate genes varied from a defense response to several genes of unknown function. Overall, the study revealed that native genetic resistance to FAW is quantitative in nature and is controlled by many loci with minor effects.
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Evaluation of Native Entomopathogenic Fungi for the Control of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Thailand: A Sustainable Way for Eco-Friendly Agriculture. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121073. [PMID: 34947055 PMCID: PMC8705808 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, entered Thailand in late 2018 and has now spread in several regions, with devastating effects in maize and rice production, which are some of the most important cereals in the world. Since then, farmers have utilized the available chemical insecticides to try to control it, but their efforts have been futile. Instead, they have ended up using extraordinary dosages, hence threatening non-target species and other fauna and flora, as well as being costly. In this regard, research has been ongoing, aiming to come up with eco-friendly solutions for this insect. We surveyed and collected various isolates of native entomopathogenic fungi intending to test their efficacy against fall armyworm. Six isolates of entomopathogenic fungi were obtained and identified to Beauveria bassiana based on morphological characteristics and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses. Thereafter, the six isolates of B. bassiana were used to perform efficacy experiments against fall armyworm. Additionally, the glycosyl transferase-like protein 1 (GAS1) gene was analyzed. Consequently, all the isolates showed efficacy against S. frugiperda, with isolate BCMU6 causing up to 91.67% mortality. Further, molecular analysis revealed that all the isolates possess the GAS1 gene, which contributed to their virulence against the insect. This is the first report of utilizing native entomopathogenic B. bassiana to manage S. frugiperda in Thailand, with the revelation of GAS1 as a factor in inducing virulence and cuticle penetration. This study has provided valuable information on the potential development of Beauveria bassiana as an eco-friendly bioinsecticide for the management of fall armyworm in Thailand.
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11
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Gene Pyramiding for Sustainable Crop Improvement against Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10091255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable agricultural production is endangered by several ecological factors, such as drought, extreme temperatures, excessive salts, parasitic ailments, and insect pest infestation. These challenging environmental factors may have adverse effects on future agriculture production in many countries. In modern agriculture, conventional crop-breeding techniques alone are inadequate for achieving the increasing population’s food demand on a sustainable basis. The advancement of molecular genetics and related technologies are promising tools for the selection of new crop species. Gene pyramiding through marker-assisted selection (MAS) and other techniques have accelerated the development of durable resistant/tolerant lines with high accuracy in the shortest period of time for agricultural sustainability. Gene stacking has not been fully utilized for biotic stress resistance development and quality improvement in most of the major cultivated crops. This review emphasizes on gene pyramiding techniques that are being successfully deployed in modern agriculture for improving crop tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses for sustainable crop improvement.
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Womack ED, Williams WP, Windham GL, Xu W. Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci Associated With Resistance to Aflatoxin Accumulation in Maize Inbred Mp719. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:45. [PMID: 32117099 PMCID: PMC7010907 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are carcinogenic and toxic compounds produced principally by fungal species Aspergillus flavus (Link: Fries) and A. parasiticus (Speare), which are common contaminants of food and feed. Aflatoxins can be found at dangerously high levels and can readily contaminate pre-harvest maize (Zea mays L.) grain. Sources of resistance to aflatoxin accumulation in maize have been identified, however, the highly quantitative nature and complex inheritance of this trait have limited the introgression of aflatoxin accumulation resistance into agronomically desirable lines. Mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) was performed on a bi-parental population comprised of 241 F2:3 families derived from the cross of inbred lines Mp705 (susceptible) × Mp719 (resistant). The mapping population was phenotyped in replicated field trials in three environments for resistance to aflatoxin accumulation under artificial inoculation with an A. flavus spore suspension. The genetic linkage map was constructed with 1,276 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) molecular markers covering a total genetic distance of 1,642 cM across all ten maize chromosomes. Multiple interval mapping revealed that majority of the aflatoxin-reducing alleles and the source for the larger effect QTL identified in this study were contributed from Mp719, the resistant parent. Two QTL identified on chromosome 1 (bin 1.06-1.07) and chromosome 3 (bin 3.09) were the most stable across different environments and when combined, explained 24.6% of the total phenotypic variance across all three environments. Results from the study showed that these chromosomal regions harbor important QTL for influencing aflatoxin accumulation, which is consistent with previous reports with other different mapping populations. These stable QTL were the most promising for controlling aflatoxin accumulation in maize grain. Identifying beneficial alleles derived from Mp719 and closely linked molecular markers through QTL analysis for implementation of MAS could accelerate breeding efforts to reduce aflatoxin accumulation in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika D. Womack
- Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - W. Paul Williams
- Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Gary L. Windham
- Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Wenwei Xu
- Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Mississippi State, MS, United States
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Lubbock, TX, United States
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