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Ogut E. Is the third trochanter of the femur a developmental anomaly, a functional marker, or an evolutionary adaptation? CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FORENSIC SCIENCE JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2022.2104563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eren Ogut
- Department of Anatomy, Bahçeşehir University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ogut E. Is the third trochanter of the femur a developmental anomaly, a functional marker, or an evolutionary adaptation? CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FORENSIC SCIENCE JOURNAL 2022:1-20. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2022.2104563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eren Ogut
- Department of Anatomy, Bahçeşehir University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Childbirth and Infant Care in Early Human Ancestors: What the Bones Tell Us. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76000-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Sedlmayr JC, Bates KT, Wisco JJ, Schachner ER. Revision of hip flexor anatomy and function in modern humans, and implications for the evolution of hominin bipedalism. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:1147-1167. [PMID: 34569157 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hip flexor musculature was instrumental in the evolution of hominin bipedal gait and in endurance running for hunting in the genus Homo. The iliacus and psoas major muscles were historically considered to have separate tendons with different insertions on the lesser trochanter. However, in the early 20th century, it became "common knowledge" that the two muscles insert together on the lesser trochanter as the "iliopsoas" tendon. We revisited the findings of early anatomists and tested the more recent paradigm of a common "iliopsoas" tendon based on dissections of hips and their associated musculature (n = 17). We rediscovered that the tendon of the psoas muscle inserts only into a crest running from the superior to anterior aspect of the lesser trochanter, separate from the iliacus. The iliacus inserts fleshly into the anterior portion of the lesser trochanter and into an inferior crest extending from it. We developed 3D multibody dynamics biomechanical models for: (a) the conjoint "iliopsoas" tendon hypothesis and (b) the separate insertion hypothesis. We show that the conjoint model underestimates the iliacus' capacity to generate hip flexion relative to the separate insertion model. Further work reevaluating the primate lower limb (including human) through dissection, needs to be performed to develop those datasets for reconstructing anatomy in fossil hominins using the extant phylogenetic bracket approach, which is frequently used for tetrapods clades outside of paleoanthropology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayc C Sedlmayr
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Karl T Bates
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jonathan J Wisco
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emma R Schachner
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Sado N, Yoshioka S, Fukashiro S. Non-extension movements inducing over half the mechanical energy directly contributing to jumping height in human running single-leg jump. J Biomech 2020; 113:110082. [PMID: 33142206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The running single-leg jump (RSLJ), including certain non-extension movements (movements not induced by lower-limb extension works), is the highest jumping mode in humans. Here, we show the substantial contributions of non-extension movements, in generating mechanical energy directly contributing to the jumping height (Evert) in RSLJ. We determined the component of increase in Evert due to each segment movement in RSLJs by 13 male high-jumpers. The stance-leg shank forward rotation (rotation opposite to the actions of the knee extensors and ankle plantar flexors on the shank), increased Evert (0.76 ± 0.70 J/kg). Evert due to the stance-leg thigh forward rotation (4.39 ± 0.57 J/kg) was substantially larger than the inflowing energy into the thigh (difference: 2.36 ± 0.42 J/kg). These results suggest that the forward rotations of the shank and thigh transformed horizontal kinetic energy (Ehori) to Evert.Evert was increased by the elevation of the free-leg side of the pelvis (0.53 ± 0.22 J/kg) and rotation of free-leg thigh (1.52 ± 0.26 J/kg). The non-extension movements contributed to over half (59 ± 6%) the increase in Evert during the take-off phase. Human-specific morphologies are essential for the contributions of non-extension movements; fully extensible knee joints and relatively longer legs with respect to body mass for the transformation from Ehori to Evert by shank and thigh rotations, and a wide and short pelvis for increasing Evert by pelvic elevation. This study provides quantifiable evidence to indicate how substantially non-extension movements contribute to higher RSLJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Sado
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan; Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Senshi Fukashiro
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Japan Women's College of Physical Education, Tokyo, Japan
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Cheng CP, Dua A, Suh GY, Shah RP, Black SA. The biomechanical impact of hip movement on iliofemoral venous anatomy and stenting for deep venous thrombosis. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2020; 8:953-960. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Sado N, Yoshioka S, Fukashiro S. Free-leg side elevation of pelvis in single-leg jump is a substantial advantage over double-leg jump for jumping height generation. J Biomech 2020; 104:109751. [PMID: 32216963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In single-leg jumps, humans achieve more than half the jumping height that they can reach for double-leg jumps. Although this bilateral deficit in jumping has been believed to be due to the reduction of leg extensor force/work exertions, we hypothesised that the three-dimensional biomechanical differences between double-leg and single-leg jumps also influence the bilateral deficit in jumping. Here, we show the substantial effect of the elevation of the pelvic free-leg side in single-leg squat jumps on the bilateral deficit in jumping in addition to extensor force reduction. We collected the kinematic and ground reaction force data during single-leg and double-leg squat jumps from ten male participants using motion capture systems and force platforms. We determined the components of the mechanical energy directly contributing to the height of the centre of mass due to segment movement. The energy due to rotations of the foot, shank, thigh, and pelvis were significantly greater in single-leg squat jumps than in double-leg squat jumps. The magnitudes of the difference in energy between single-leg and double-leg squat jumps due to the pelvis (0.54 ± 0.22 J/kg) was significantly larger than that due to any other segment (<0.30 J/kg). This indicates that pelvic elevation in single-leg jump is a critical factor causing bilateral deficit in jumping, and that humans generate the jumping height with a single leg not just by an explosive leg-extension but also by synchronous free-leg side elevation of the pelvis. The findings suggest that this pelvic mechanism is a factor characterising human single-leg jumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Sado
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan; Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Senshi Fukashiro
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Kuperavage A, Pokrajac D, Chavanaves S, Eckhardt RB. Earliest Known Hominin Calcar Femorale in Orrorin tugenensis Provides Further Internal Anatomical Evidence for Origin of Human Bipedal Locomotion. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:1834-1839. [PMID: 30338643 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The calcar femorale (CF), a plate of dense bone internal to the lesser trochanter, is visible on computed tomographic images of the 6 million-year-old femoral fragment BAR 1003'00 (from the taxon Orrorin tugenensis), among the oldest specimens relevant to reconstructing the evolution of human bipedal locomotion. A strongly expressed CF has been used previously as an indicator of bipedality. If true, then there should be a quantifiable difference in the CF among hominoids. Absolute and normalized CF lengths were measured from computed tomographic images at five anatomical locations along the proximal portion of BAR 1003'00 in addition to samples of nine H. sapiens and ten P. troglodytes femora. The span of the CF superiorly to inferiorly within the proximal femur was measured by counting the number of cross-sections on which the CF occurred. A Bayesian approach was used to classify the BAR 1003'00 sample based on normalized lengths. The P. troglodytes femora were more variable both in the occurrence of the trait and, where present, its span in the proximal femur. The H. sapiens sample exhibited CF lengths that were consistently larger at each location than the P. troglodytes in absolute terms, but the normalized lengths overlap substantially. The Bayesian posterior probability test classifies the CF of BAR 1003'00 with H. sapiens. The BAR 1003'00's calcar femorale has a strong anatomical similarity to the H. sapiens sample, supporting the conclusion that O. tugenensis is an early bipedal hominin. Anat Rec, 301:1834-1839, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kuperavage
- Department of Public and Allied Health Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware, 19901
| | - David Pokrajac
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware, 19901
| | - Sakdapong Chavanaves
- Laboratory for the Comparative Study of Morphology, Mechanics and Molecules, Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, 16801
| | - Robert B Eckhardt
- Laboratory for the Comparative Study of Morphology, Mechanics and Molecules, Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, 16801
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Anwander H, Beck M, Büchler L. Influence of evolution on cam deformity and its impact on biomechanics of the human hip joint. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:2071-2075. [PMID: 29405367 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Anatomy and biomechanics of the human hip joint are a consequence of the evolution of permanent bipedal gait. Habitat and behaviour have an impact on hip morphology and significant differences are present even within the same biological family. The forces acting upon the hip joint are mainly a function of gravitation and strength of the muscles. Acetabular and femoral anatomy ensure an inherently stable hip with a wide range of motion. The femoral head in first human ancestors with upright gait was spherical (coxa rotunda). Coxa rotunda is also seen in close human relatives (great apes) and remains the predominant anatomy of present-day humans. High impact sport during adolescence with open physis however can activate an underlying genetic predisposition for reinforcement of the femoral neck, causing an epiphyseal extension and the formation of an osseous asphericity at the antero-superior femoral neck (cam deformity). The morphology of cam deformity is similar to the aspherical hips of quadrupeds (coxa recta), with the difference that in quadrupeds the asphericity is posterior. It has been postulated that this is due to the fact that humans bear weight on the extended leg, while quadrupeds bear weight at 90-100° flexion. The asphericity alters the biomechanical properties of the joint and as it is forced into the acetabulum leading to secondary cartilage damage. It is considered a risk factor for later development of osteoarthritis of the hip. Clinically this presents as reduced range of motion, which can be an indicator for the structural deformity of the hip. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 9999:XX-XX, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Anwander
- Clinic for Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Luzern, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Beck
- Clinic for Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Luzern, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Büchler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Schlösser TPC, Janssen MMA, Hogervorst T, Vrtovec T, de Vos J, Öner FC, Castelein RM. The odyssey of sagittal pelvic morphology during human evolution: a perspective on different Hominoidae. Spine J 2017; 17:1202-1206. [PMID: 28343047 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom P C Schlösser
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, G05.228, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel M A Janssen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, G05.228, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Hogervorst
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Haga Hospital, Els Borst-Eilersplein 275, 2545AA, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Tomaž Vrtovec
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška c. 25, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - John de Vos
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Vondellaan 55, 2332 AA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - F Cumhur Öner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, G05.228, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René M Castelein
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, G05.228, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Filardi V, Simona P, Cacciola G, Bertino S, Soliera L, Barbanera A, Pisani A, Milardi D, Alessia B. Finite element analysis of sagittal balance in different morphotype: Forces and resulting strain in pelvis and spine. J Orthop 2017; 14:268-275. [PMID: 28377644 PMCID: PMC5369862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, vertical posture acquisition caused several changes in bones and muscles which can be assumed as verticalization. Pelvis, femur, and vertebral column gain an extension position which decreases muscular work by paravertebral muscles in the latter. It's widely known that six different morphological categories exist; each category differs from the others by pelvic parameters and vertebral column curvatures. Both values depend on the Pelvic Incidence, calculated as the angle between the axes passing through the rotation centre of the two femur heads and the vertical axis passing through the superior plate of the sacrum. The aim of this study is to evaluate the distribution of stress and the resulting strain along the axial skeleton using finite element analysis. The use of this computational method allows performing different analyses investigating how different bony geometries and skeletal structures can behavior under specific loading conditions. A computerized tomography (CT) of artificial bones, carried on at 1.5 mm of distance along sagittal, coronal and axial planes with the knee at 0° flexion (accuracy 0.5 mm), was used to obtain geometrical data of the model developed. Lines were imported into a commercial code (Hypermesh by Altair®) in order to interpolate main surfaces and create the solid version of the model. In particular six different models were created according Roussoly's classification, by arranging geometrical position of the skeletal components. Loading conditions were obtained by applying muscular forces components to T1 till to L5, according to a reference model (Daniel M. 2011), and a fixed constrain was imposed on the lower part of the femurs. Materials were assumed as elastic with an Elastic modulus of 15 GPa, a Shear Modulus of 7 GPa for bony parts, and an Elastic modulus of 6 MPa, a Shear Modulus of 3 MPa for cartilaginous parts. Six different simulations have been carried out in order to evaluate the mechanical behavior of the human vertebral column arranged according to the Russoly's classification; results confirm higher solicitations obtained varying configurations from case I to case VI. In particular way, first three cases seem to supply the different loading configurations spreading stresses in almost all the bony parts of the column, while the remaining others three cases produce an higher concentration of stress around the lower part of spine (L3, L4, L5). Results confirm a good agreement with those present in literature (Winkle et al., 1999), an equivalent Von Mises average stress was of 0,55 MPa was found on the intervertebral disks with the higher values reached on the lower part of the column. A comparison of results obtained for Case I with literature (Galbusera et al., and El Rich et al., 2004), shows a good agreement in terms of normal compressive force, while more evident differences with Galbusera's results can be found for shear force and sagittal moment. The results underline a relationship between PI increase, and accordingly of PT and LL, and the distribution of load forces. Load forcesi is exerted mainly on distal vertebrae, especially on L4 and L5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giorgio Cacciola
- Università degli Studi di Messina, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morgologiche e Funzionali, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Bertino
- Università degli Studi di Messina, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morgologiche e Funzionali, Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Soliera
- Istituto Ortopedico del Mezzogiorno d’Italia “Franco Scalabrino”, Sezione di Chirurgia Vertebrale, Messina, Italy
| | - Andrea Barbanera
- A.O.N. SS Antonio Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Dipartimento di Neurochirurgia, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pisani
- Istituto Ortopedico del Mezzogiorno d’Italia “Franco Scalabrino”, Sezione di Chirurgia Vertebrale, Messina, Italy
| | - Demetrio Milardi
- Università degli Studi di Messina, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morgologiche e Funzionali, Messina, Italy
- IRCSS Bonino-Pulejo Neurolesi, Italy
| | - Bramanti Alessia
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems “Eduardo Caianiello” (ISASI), Messina, Italy
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Villar R. Quality is our lifeblood. J Hip Preserv Surg 2014; 1:37-8. [PMID: 27011801 PMCID: PMC4765293 DOI: 10.1093/jhps/hnu016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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