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Ceylan N, Bortoluzzi C, Gunturkun O, Perez-Calvo E. Comparative effects of dietary muramidase and phytogenics on the growth performance and gastrointestinal functionality of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104147. [PMID: 39127005 PMCID: PMC11367120 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of dietary supplementation of muramidase (MUR) and 2 phytogenic additives on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, bacteria load, and production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) of broiler chickens raised under field-like conditions. A total of 6,400 day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly selected and distributed into 32 floor pens, with 200 chicks (100 males and 100 females)/pen. The treatment groups were an unsupplemented control, and the experimental groups supplemented with MUR at 35,000 LSU(F)/kg of feed, phytogenic 1 (Phyto 1, based on thymol) at 100g/ton feed, or phytogenic 2 (Phyto 2, based on alkaloids) at 60g/ton feed, for a total period of 41 d. A 4-phase feeding program was applied (starter, grower, finisher and withdrawal). The paramenters evaluated were: growth performance, carcass yield, concentration of muranic acid in the jejunum content and excreta, liver enzyme concentration, intestinal morphology, and bacteria enumeration and short and branch chain fatty acids (SCFA and BCFA) in the cecal content. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test was used to separate the means. Soluble muramic acid (MurN) in the jejunum increased with the supplementation of MUR and Phyto 2 when compared to the other groups (P = 0.0001), but only the supplementation of MUR increased the concentration of MurN in the excreta. The supplementation of all feed additives improved the body weight gain and the body weight corrected feed conversion ratio when compared to the control group (P = 0.0001). MUR increased villus heigh (VH) when compared to the control or the other supplemented groups (P = 0.0001), and led to the highest concentration of most SCFA, total BCFA, and total SCFA (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the supplementation of MUR and phytogenics to the diets of broiler chickens improved the growth performance, but MUR, only, was capable of effectively degrading peptidoglycans (PGNs) in both intestinal segments, as well as to increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria and SCFA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Necmettin Ceylan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye.
| | | | - Oguz Gunturkun
- dsm-firmenich, Animal Nutrition and Health, İstanbul, Türkiye
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Bortoluzzi C, Perez-Calvo E, Olsen PB, van der Vaart S, van Eerden E, Schmeisser J, Eising I, Segobola P, Sorbara JOB. Effect of microbial muramidase supplementation in diets formulated with different fiber profiles for broiler chickens raised under various coccidiosis management programs. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102955. [PMID: 37572621 PMCID: PMC10440566 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of muramidase (MUR) supplemented to diets formulated with different fiber sources (inert or fermentable) on the growth performance and intestinal parameters of broiler chickens raised under different coccidiosis management programs. A total of 2,208 male Ross 308 broilers were housed in 96 floor pens and distributed into a 2 × 3 × 2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized block design with 2 sources of fiber (inert or fermentable fiber), 3 coccidiosis management programs (none, vaccine, or Salinomycin), and with or without supplementation of MUR at 35,000 LSU(F)/kg of diet. Body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated for each feeding phase (d 0-14, d 14-28, d 28-36) and from d 0 to 36. On d 17 and d 31, samples were taken to analyze several parameters. The experimental data were analyzed with 3-way ANOVA considering the main effect of fiber source, coccidiosis program, inclusion of MUR, and their interactions using JMP 16.2. 16S rDNA sequencing of the ileal and cecal content was carried out to analyze the diversity, composition, and predictive function of the microbiota. From d 0 to 36, BWG increased (P = 0.05) by 2.5% in birds supplemented with Salinomycin (P = 0.04), and by 2.2% with MUR supplementation (P = 0.02). Salinomycin and MUR improved FCR (P < 0.0001) when compared to nonsupplemented birds. The supplementation of MUR, regardless of the coccidiosis management program, reduced the intestinal viscosity (P = 0.03). On d 31, the highest blood concentration of carotenoids was observed in chickens fed diets supplemented with Salinomycin. MUR led to significant changes in the diversity, composition, and predictive function of the ileal microbiota, mainly on d 31. The results observed herein further explain the positive effects of MUR on the growth performance of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Irene Eising
- DSM Nutritional Products, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
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Walk CL, Alleno C, Bouvet R, Thoby JM, Eising I, Segobola P. Dietary muramidase improved growth performance, feed efficiency, breast meat yield, and welfare of turkeys from hatch to market. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102716. [PMID: 37148570 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Muramidase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes peptidoglycans of bacterial cell walls and improves performance of broilers in a dose-dependent manner. An experiment was conducted to evaluate muramidase supplementation, at a high or step-down dose, in turkeys from hatch to market. Male, B.U.T. 6 turkey poults were placed in 24 floor pens at 32 birds per pen. Poults were fed 1 of 3 diets from d 1 to 126 of age. There were 8 replicate pens per treatment. The treatments were a control (CTL) diet, the CTL plus muramidase at 45,000 LSU(F)/kg from phase 1 to 6 (BAL45), and the CTL plus muramidase at 45,000 LSU(F)/kg from phase 1 to 3 and decreased to 25,000 LSU(F)/kg from phase 4 to 6 (BAL45-25). Data were analyzed using SAS. The model included treatment and block and means were separated by Fisher LSD test. Birds fed BAL45 were heavier (P < 0.05) and had a greater (P < 0.05) average daily gain compared with birds fed the CTL from hatch to d 126 of age. Birds fed BAL45-25 had a final BW and average daily gain intermediate to or equivalent to birds fed BAL45 at the same phases. Feed conversion ratio was improved (P < 0.05) in birds fed BAL45 compared with birds fed the CTL and intermediate in birds fed BAL45-25. Breast meat yield was greater (P < 0.05) in turkeys fed muramidase, regardless of dose, compared with birds fed the CTL. There was no effect of treatment on muramic acid content in the jejunum digesta or litter scores. The frequency of pododermatitis score 1 was greater (P < 0.05) and score 2 was lower (P < 0.05) in birds fed muramidase, regardless of dose, compared with birds fed the CTL diet. In conclusion, muramidase supplementation improved performance, breast meat yield, feed efficiency and some markers of welfare, proportional to the dose in the diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Walk
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition Research Center, Wurmisweg 576 4303, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland.
| | - C Alleno
- Zootest SAS, Zoopole Technology Park, Gabriel Calloet Kerbrat 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - R Bouvet
- Zootest SAS, Zoopole Technology Park, Gabriel Calloet Kerbrat 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - J-M Thoby
- DSM Nutritional Products, 71 Boulevard National 92250, La Garenne-Colombes, France
| | - I Eising
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition Research Center, Wurmisweg 576 4303, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - P Segobola
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition Research Center, Wurmisweg 576 4303, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
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Pérez-Calvo E, Aureli R, Sorbara J, Cowieson A. Dietary muramidase increases ileal amino acid digestibility of wheat and corn-based broiler diets without affecting endogenous amino acid losses. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102619. [PMID: 37068354 PMCID: PMC10130490 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of these studies was to evaluate the impact of dietary muramidase (MUR) on endogenous amino acids (AA) losses and digestibility of nutrients in wheat and corn-based broiler diets. In experiment 1, the effect of dietary MUR on the flow of endogenous AA (EAA) at the jejunum and terminal ileum of broilers were assessed using either the nitrogen (N) free diet method (NFD) or the highly digestible protein diet method (HDP; 100 g casein/kg diet). Sialic acid and muramic acid concentrations were measured in the jejunal content. In experiment 2, a 2x2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments with 2 base grains (wheat or corn), with low or high metabolizable energy (ME) levels, and without or with MUR supplementation was implemented. All diets contained phytase, xylanase, and cellulase. Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM), protein (CP), amino acids (AA), crude fat, and energy, as well as the apparent total tract metabolizability (ATTM) of DM, CP, and gross energy (GE) were determined. The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA was obtained by correcting AID values for basal ileal EAA obtained from chicks fed with NFD or HDP in experiment 1, jejunal EAA flow of all AA was higher (P < 0.001) compared to the ileum, but this effect was method dependent. Jejunal, but not ileal, EAA flow measured with HDP was higher compared to NFD, as well as sialic acid (P < 0.001) and muramic acid (P < 0.004) concentrations. Muramidase inclusion had no effect on basal EAA flow, independently of the segment and the method used. In experiment 2, dietary MUR supplementation increased the AID of CP (P < 0.05), all AA, and tended (P = 0.07) to increase the AID of GE, independently of the cereal type used. However, ATTM of DM and GE, but not CP, increased with MUR inclusion compared with the control treatments, especially in wheat and low ME diets (P < 0.05). In conclusion, MUR supplementation improved AID of CP and AA without affecting EAA losses and increases energy utilization.
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Brugaletta G, De Cesare A, Laghi L, Manfreda G, Zampiga M, Oliveri C, Pérez-Calvo E, Litta G, Lolli S, Sirri F. A multi-omics approach to elucidate the mechanisms of action of a dietary muramidase administered to broiler chickens. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5559. [PMID: 35365750 PMCID: PMC8976025 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09546-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel dietary muramidase has been shown to have positive effects on broiler chickens. However, very little is known about its mechanisms of action. The present multi-omics investigation sought to address this knowledge gap. A total of 2,340 day-old male broilers were assigned to 3 groups (12 replicates each) fed, from 0 to 42 d, a basal diet (control group—CON) or the basal diet supplemented with muramidase at 25,000 (low-dose group—MUL) or 45,000 LSU(F)/kg feed (high-dose group—MUH). MUH significantly outperformed CON in terms of cumulative feed intake (4,798 vs 4,705 g), body weight (2,906 vs 2,775 g), and feed conversion ratio (1.686 vs 1.729), while MUL exhibited intermediate performance. At caecal level, MUH showed the lowest alpha diversity, a significantly different beta diversity, a reduction in Firmicutes, and a rise in Bacteroidetes, especially compared with MUL. MUH also exhibited a considerable decrease in Clostridiaceae and an overrepresentation of Bacteroidaceae and Lactobacillaceae. At blood level, MUH had lower hypoxanthine—probably due to its drop at caecal level—histidine, and uracil, while greater pyruvate, 2-oxoglutarate, and glucose. This study sheds light on the mode of action of this muramidase and lays the groundwork for future investigations on its effects on the intestinal ecosystem and systemic metabolism of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Brugaletta
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, 40064, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Cesare
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, 40064, Italy.
| | - Luca Laghi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, 40064, Italy
| | - Gerardo Manfreda
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, 40064, Italy
| | - Marco Zampiga
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, 40064, Italy
| | - Chiara Oliveri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, 40064, Italy
| | - Estefanía Pérez-Calvo
- Research Center for Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM Nutritional Products, Village-Neuf, Saint Louis, 68305, France
| | - Gilberto Litta
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Segrate, Milano, 20054, Italy
| | - Susanna Lolli
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Segrate, Milano, 20054, Italy
| | - Federico Sirri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, 40064, Italy
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Larsen IS, Jensen BAH, Bonazzi E, Choi BSY, Kristensen NN, Schmidt EGW, Süenderhauf A, Morin L, Olsen PB, Hansen LBS, Schröder T, Sina C, Chassaing B, Marette A. Fungal lysozyme leverages the gut microbiota to curb DSS-induced colitis. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1988836. [PMID: 34693864 PMCID: PMC8547870 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1988836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colitis is characterized by colonic inflammation and impaired gut health. Both features aggravate obesity and insulin resistance. Host defense peptides (HDPs) are key regulators of gut homeostasis and generally malfunctioning in above-mentioned conditions. We aimed here to improve bowel function in diet-induced obesity and chemically induced colitis through daily oral administration of lysozyme, a well-characterized HDP, derived from Acremonium alcalophilum.C57BL6/J mice were fed either low-fat reference diet or HFD ± daily gavage of lysozyme for 12 weeks, followed by metabolic assessment and evaluation of colonic microbiota encroachment. To further evaluate the efficacy of intestinal inflammation, we next supplemented chow-fed BALB/c mice with lysozyme during Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in either conventional or microbiota-depleted mice. We assessed longitudinal microbiome alterations by 16S amplicon sequencing in both models.Lysozyme dose-dependently alleviated intestinal inflammation in DSS-challenged mice and further protected against HFD-induced microbiota encroachment and fasting hyperinsulinemia. Observed improvements of intestinal health relied on a complex gut flora, with the observation that microbiota depletion abrogated lysozyme's capacity to mitigate DSS-induced colitis.Akkermansia muciniphila associated with impaired gut health in both models, a trajectory that was mitigated by lysozyme administration. In agreement with this notion, PICRUSt2 analysis revealed specific pathways consistently affected by lysozyme administration, independent of vivarium, disease model and mouse strain.Taking together, lysozyme leveraged the gut microbiota to curb DSS-induced inflammation, alleviated HFD-induced gastrointestinal disturbances and lowered fasting insulin levels in obese mice. Collectively, these data present A. alcalophilum-derived lysozyme as a promising candidate to enhance gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Søgaard Larsen
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (Iucpq), Faculty of Medicine, and Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Benjamin A. H. Jensen
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (Iucpq), Faculty of Medicine, and Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Québec, Canada
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erica Bonazzi
- Inserm U1016, Team “Mucosal Microbiota in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases”, Université De Paris, Paris, France
| | - Béatrice S. Y. Choi
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (Iucpq), Faculty of Medicine, and Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Annika Süenderhauf
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Laurence Morin
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (Iucpq), Faculty of Medicine, and Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Torsten Schröder
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian Sina
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Benoît Chassaing
- Inserm U1016, Team “Mucosal Microbiota in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases”, Université De Paris, Paris, France
| | - André Marette
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (Iucpq), Faculty of Medicine, and Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Québec, Canada
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