1
|
Liu L, Bulla LA. Cell death signaling in Anopheles gambiae initiated by Bacillus thuringiensis Cry4B toxin involves Na +/K + ATPase. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:1191-1205. [PMID: 37642306 PMCID: PMC10621475 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231188072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying the mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens kill host cells is fundamental to understanding how to control and prevent human and animal disease. In the case of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), such knowledge is critical to using the bacterium to kill insect vectors that transmit human and animal disease. For the Cry4B toxin produced by Bt, its capacity to kill Anopheles gambiae, the primary mosquito vector of malaria, is the consequence of a variety of signaling activities. We show here that Cry4B, acting as first messenger, binds specifically to the bitopic cadherin BT-R3 G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) localized in the midgut of A. gambiae, activating the downstream second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The direct result of the Cry4B-BT-R3 binding is the release of αs from the heterotrimeric αβγ-G-protein complex and its activation of adenylyl cyclase (AC). The upshot is an increased level of cAMP, which activates protein kinase A (PKA). The functional impact of cAMP-PKA signaling is the stimulation of Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) which serves as an Na+/K+ pump to maintain proper gradients of extracellular Na+ and intracellular K+. Increased level of cAMP amplifies NKA and upsets normal ion concentration gradients. NKA, as a scaffolding protein, accelerates the first messenger signal to the nucleus, generating additional BT-R3 molecules and promoting their exocytotic trafficking to the cell membrane. Accumulation of BT-R3 on the cell surface facilitates recruitment of additional toxin molecules which, in turn, amplify the original signal in a cascade-like manner. This report provides the first evidence of a bacterial toxin using NKA via AC/PKA signaling to execute cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080-3021 USA
| | - Lee A Bulla
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080-3021 USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Verdonckt TW, Bilsen A, Van Nieuwerburgh F, De Troij L, Santos D, Vanden Broeck J. Identification and Profiling of a Novel Bombyx mori latent virus Variant Acutely Infecting Helicoverpa armigera and Trichoplusia ni. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051183. [PMID: 37243270 DOI: 10.3390/v15051183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect cell expression systems are increasingly being used in the medical industry to develop vaccines against diseases such as COVID-19. However, viral infections are common in these systems, making it necessary to thoroughly characterize the viruses present. One such virus is Bombyx mori latent virus (BmLV), which is known to be specific to Bombyx mori and to have low pathogenicity. However, there has been little research on the tropism and virulence of BmLV. In this study, we examined the genomic diversity of BmLV and identified a variant that persistently infects Trichoplusia ni-derived High Five cells. We also assessed the pathogenicity of this variant and its effects on host responses using both in vivo and in vitro systems. Our results showed that this BmLV variant causes acute infections with strong cytopathic effects in both systems. Furthermore, we characterized the RNAi-based immune response in the T. ni cell line and in Helicoverpa armigera animals by assessing the regulation of RNAi-related genes and profiling the generated viral small RNAs. Overall, our findings shed light on the prevalence and infectious properties of BmLV. We also discuss the potential impact of virus genomic diversity on experimental outcomes, which can help interpret past and future research results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas-Wolf Verdonckt
- Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59 Box 2465, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anton Bilsen
- Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59 Box 2465, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Nieuwerburgh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Loes De Troij
- Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59 Box 2465, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dulce Santos
- Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59 Box 2465, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jozef Vanden Broeck
- Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59 Box 2465, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao Z, Yue D, Ye B, Li P, Li W, Wang L, Zhang B, Fan Q. Functional analyses of inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (IAP1) of Antheraea pernyi multinucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AnpeNPV) in viral replication and occlusion body production. J Invertebr Pathol 2022; 194:107816. [PMID: 35964678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (IAP1) of Antheraea pernyi multinucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AnpeNPV) belongs to the baculovirus IAP1 type. The function of AnpeNPV-IAP1 in viral replication and occlusion body (OB) production remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that AnpeNPV-iap1 is a late gene. AnpeNPV-IAP1 mainly localizes to the nuclear ring zone and exhibits dynamic distribution in the cytoplasm and the virogenic stroma during AnpeNPV infection. AnpeNPV-IAP1 impacted the expression of a variety of viral genes at the very late phase of infection in Tn-Hi5 cells. The deletion of AnpeNPV-iap1 caused decreased expression levels of polyhedrin, morphological changes to OBs and reduced OB production in A. pernyi pupae, along with a lengthening of the lethal time of A. pernyi larvae. These results suggest that AnpeNPV-iap1 is involved in regulating viral gene expression, OB production and morphogenesis in A. pernyi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjun Zhao
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Dongmei Yue
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Bo Ye
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Peipei Li
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Wenli Li
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124211, China
| | - Linmei Wang
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qi Fan
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li J, Fu N, Ren L, Luo Y. Identification and Validation of Reference Genes for Gene Expression Analysis in Monochamus saltuarius Under Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Treatment. Front Physiol 2022; 13:882792. [PMID: 35547586 PMCID: PMC9082747 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.882792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A special mutual relationship exists between the pine wood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its vector beetles of genus Monochamus, which enables PWN to spread, at the same time provides longhorned beetles with more weak hosts. PWN are attracted to the pupal chambers and then carried inside the trachea of beetle adults, which is a necessary part to complete the B. xylophilus infection cycle. The growth and immune responses of the vector beetle will affect this carrying process, however, they were rarely studied in Monochamus saltuarius. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), one of the most common methods for quantitative gene expression analysis, was performed to explore the key genes and pathways involved in the growth, development and immune responses of M. saltuarius at different developmental stages associated with infection of PWN and PWN treatment conditions. To enhance the accuracy of RT-qPCR data, the expression of target genes needs to be normalized with reference genes, which are stably expressed under varied experimental conditions. In our study, the stability of 14 candidate reference genes in M. saltuarius samples at different developmental stages associated with infection of PWN or PWN treatment conditions was evaluated using delta Ct, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder algorithms. Moreover, KLF gene was used to validate the stability of the selected reference genes. Under experimental conditions of this study, RPL7 and TER were suitable reference genes at different developmental stages associated with infection of PWN. RPL7 and RPS5 were considered the most stable reference genes in the pupae treated with PWN. RPS5 and SNX6 could be used as reference genes in the adults treated with PWN. RPL7, EF1-γ, and RPS5 could be used as stable reference genes in all the samples. This work is the first to evaluate reference genes in M. saltuarius, laying a foundation for further gene expression experimental procedures and understanding the phoretic relationship between M. saltuarius and B. xylophilus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ningning Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Youqing Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu L, Wilcox XE, Fisher AJ, Boyd SD, Zhi J, Winkler DD, Bulla LA. Functional and Structural Analysis of the Toxin-Binding Site of the Cadherin G-Protein-Coupled Receptor, BT-R 1, for Cry1A Toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis. Biochemistry 2022; 61:752-766. [PMID: 35438971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The G-protein-coupled receptor BT-R1 in the moth Manduca sexta represents a class of single-membrane-spanning α-helical proteins within the cadherin family that regulate intercellular adhesion and contribute to important signaling activities that control cellular homeostasis. The Cry1A toxins, Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, and Cry1Ac, produced by Bacillus thuringiensis bind BT-R1 very tightly (Kd = 1.1 nM) and trigger a Mg2+-dependent signaling pathway that involves the stimulation of G-protein α-subunit, which subsequently launches a coordinated signaling cascade, resulting in insect death. The three Cry1A toxins compete for the same binding site on BT-R1, and the pattern of inhibition of insecticidal activity against M. sexta is strikingly similar for all three toxins. The binding domain is localized in the 12th cadherin repeat (EC12: Asp1349 to Arg1460, 1349DR1460) in BT-R1 and to various truncation fragments derived therefrom. Fine mapping of EC12 revealed that the smallest fragment capable of binding is a highly conserved 94-amino acid polypeptide bounded by Ile1363 and Ser1456 (1363IS1456), designated as the toxin-binding site (TBS). Logistical regression analysis revealed that binding of an EC12 truncation fragment containing the TBS is antagonistic to each of the Cry1A toxins and completely inhibits the insecticidal activity of all three. Elucidation of the EC12 motif of the TBS by X-ray crystallography at a 1.9 Å resolution combined with results of competitive binding analyses, live cell experiments, and whole insect bioassays substantiate the exclusive involvement of BT-R1 in initiating insect cell death and demonstrate that the natural receptor BT-R1 contains a single TBS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083, United States
| | | | | | - Stefanie D Boyd
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083, United States
| | - Jiahe Zhi
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083, United States
| | - Duane D Winkler
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083, United States
| | - Lee A Bulla
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao X, Geng Y, Hu T, Zhao Y, Yang S, Hao D. Evaluation of Optimal Reference Genes for qRT-PCR Analysis in Hyphantria cunea (Drury). INSECTS 2022; 13:97. [PMID: 35055939 PMCID: PMC8778541 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The relative quantification of gene expression is mainly achieved through reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR); however, its reliability and precision rely on proper data normalization using one or more optimal reference genes. Hyphantria cunea (Drury) has been an invasive pest of forest trees, ornamental plants, and fruit trees in China for many years. Currently, the molecular physiological role of reference genes in H. cunea is unclear, which hinders functional gene study. Therefore, eight common reference genes, RPS26, RPL13, UBI, AK, RPS15, EIF4A, β-actin, α-tub, were selected to evaluate levels of gene expression stability when subjected to varied experimental conditions, including developmental stage and gender, different tissues, larvae reared on different hosts and different larval density. The geNorm, BestKeeper, ΔCt method, and NormFinder statistical algorithms were used to normalize gene transcription data. Furthermore, the stability/suitability of these candidates was ranked overall by RefFinder. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of reference genes in H. cunea and could help select reference genes for other Lepidoptera species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.Z.); (Y.G.); (T.H.)
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yishu Geng
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.Z.); (Y.G.); (T.H.)
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Tianyi Hu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.Z.); (Y.G.); (T.H.)
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yongang Zhao
- Forest Station of Huaian District, Huaian 223001, China; (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Suling Yang
- Forest Station of Huaian District, Huaian 223001, China; (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Dejun Hao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.Z.); (Y.G.); (T.H.)
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang AP, Wang YS, Huang C, Lv ZC, Liu WX, Bi SY, Wan FH, Wu Q, Zhang GF. Screening Potential Reference Genes in Tuta absoluta with Real-Time Quantitative PCR Analysis under Different Experimental Conditions. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081253. [PMID: 34440427 PMCID: PMC8391263 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuta absoluta is one of the most significant invasive pests affecting tomato plants worldwide. RT-qPCR has emerged as one of the most sensitive and accurate methods for detecting gene expression data. The screening of stable internal reference genes is the most critical step for studying the molecular mechanisms of environmental adaptability. The stable reference genes expressed in T. absoluta under specific experimental conditions have not yet been clarified. In this study, seven candidate reference genes (RPL27, RPS13, RPS15, EF1-α, TUB, TBP, and β-actin) and their optimal numbers were evaluated under biotic (developmental stages and adult tissues) and abiotic (insecticide, temperature, and plant VOC) conditions using four software programs. Our results identified the following reference genes and numbers as optimal: three genes (EF1-α, RPS13, and RPL27) for different developmental stages (egg, larva, pupa, unmated adult), two genes (RPS13 and TBP) for adult tissues (antenna, head, thorax, abdomen, leg), two genes (TBP and RPS13) for insecticides (Bacillus thuringiensis, chlorpyrifos, abamectin-aminomethyl, and chlorantraniliprole), two genes (RPL27 and TUB) for temperature-induced stresses (0, 25, and 40 °C), and two genes (RPS13 and TUB) for VOC-induced stresses (nonanal, α-phellandrene, and tomato leaves). Our results provide a reference for selecting appropriate reference genes for further study of the functional genes of T. absoluta under different experimental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An-Pei Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (A.-P.Y.); (Y.-S.W.); (Z.-C.L.); (W.-X.L.); (S.-Y.B.); (F.-H.W.); (Q.W.)
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (A.-P.Y.); (Y.-S.W.); (Z.-C.L.); (W.-X.L.); (S.-Y.B.); (F.-H.W.); (Q.W.)
| | - Cong Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China;
| | - Zhi-Chuang Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (A.-P.Y.); (Y.-S.W.); (Z.-C.L.); (W.-X.L.); (S.-Y.B.); (F.-H.W.); (Q.W.)
| | - Wan-Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (A.-P.Y.); (Y.-S.W.); (Z.-C.L.); (W.-X.L.); (S.-Y.B.); (F.-H.W.); (Q.W.)
| | - Si-Yan Bi
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (A.-P.Y.); (Y.-S.W.); (Z.-C.L.); (W.-X.L.); (S.-Y.B.); (F.-H.W.); (Q.W.)
| | - Fang-Hao Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (A.-P.Y.); (Y.-S.W.); (Z.-C.L.); (W.-X.L.); (S.-Y.B.); (F.-H.W.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (A.-P.Y.); (Y.-S.W.); (Z.-C.L.); (W.-X.L.); (S.-Y.B.); (F.-H.W.); (Q.W.)
| | - Gui-Fen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (A.-P.Y.); (Y.-S.W.); (Z.-C.L.); (W.-X.L.); (S.-Y.B.); (F.-H.W.); (Q.W.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Archer M, Xu J. Current Practices for Reference Gene Selection in RT-qPCR of Aspergillus: Outlook and Recommendations for the Future. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12070960. [PMID: 34202507 PMCID: PMC8307107 DOI: 10.3390/genes12070960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus is a genus of filamentous fungi with vast geographic and ecological distributions. Species within this genus are clinically, agriculturally and biotechnologically relevant, leading to increasing interest in elucidating gene expression dynamics of key metabolic and physiological processes. Reverse-transcription quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) is a sensitive and specific method of quantifying gene expression. A crucial step for comparing RT-qPCR results between strains and experimental conditions is normalisation to experimentally validated reference gene(s). In this review, we provide a critical analysis of current reference gene selection and validation practices for RT-qPCR gene expression analyses of Aspergillus. Of 90 primary research articles obtained through our PubMed query, 17 experimentally validated the reference gene(s) used. Twenty reference genes were used across the 90 studies, with beta-tubulin being the most used reference gene, followed by actin, 18S rRNA and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Sixteen of the 90 studies used multiple reference genes for normalisation. Failing to experimentally validate the stability of reference genes can lead to conflicting results, as was the case for four studies. Overall, our review highlights the need to experimentally validate reference genes in RT-qPCR studies of Aspergillus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianping Xu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-905-525-9140 (ext. 27934); Fax: +1-905-522-6066
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ye B, Zhao Z, Yue D, Li P, Wang L, Zhang B, Fan Q. Construction of the Antheraea pernyi (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) Multicapsid Nucleopolyhedrovirus Bacmid System. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:5. [PMID: 32936894 PMCID: PMC7494183 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we established the Antheraea pernyi multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AnpeNPV) bacmid system for the construction of a Bac-to-Bac expression system and the generation of virus mutants. The CopyRight pSMART BAC cloning vector harboring the chloramphenicol resistance gene was introduced into the AnpeNPV genome to produce the AnpeNPV bacmid that could be propagated in Escherichia coli with stable replication. The enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was successfully expressed in both Tn-Hi5 cells and A. pernyi pupae using the AnpeNPV Bac-to-Bac expression system. To generate the AnpeNPV mutants, we developed the AnpeNPV bacmid/λ Red recombination system that facilitated the deletion of viral genes from the AnpeNPV genome. The genes cathepsin and chitinase were deleted and a derivative AnpeNPV Bac-to-Bac expression system was constructed. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the novel expression system could be used to express human epidermal growth factor in A. pernyi pupae. Taken together, the AnpeNPV bacmid system provides a powerful tool to create the AnpeNPV Bac-to-Bac expression system for protein expression in A. pernyi pupae. Further, it helps to knock-out genes from the AnpeNPV genome with λ Red recombination system for identification of the role of viral genes involved in regulating gene expression, DNA replication, virion structure, and infectivity during the AnpeNPV infection process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ye
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Zhenjun Zhao
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Dongmei Yue
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Peipei Li
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Linmei Wang
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Qi Fan
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
A Novel Strategy Facilitates Reference Gene Selection by RT-qPCR Analysis in Kidney Yang Deficiency Syndrome Mice Infected with the Influenza A (H1N1) Virus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9075165. [PMID: 32420381 PMCID: PMC7201461 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9075165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) studies, endogenous reference genes are routinely used to normalize the expression of target gene studies. In order to precisely evaluate the relative expression of genes in the cells of mice suffering from Kidney Yang Deficiency Syndrome (KYDS) in response to influenza A virus (IAV) H1N1 using RT-qPCR, it is crucial to identify reliable reference genes. In the present study, 15 candidate reference genes (Actb, β2m, Gapdh, Gusb, Tuba, Grcc10, Eif4h, Rnf187, Nedd8, Ywhae, 18S rRNA, Rpl13, Ubc, Rpl32, and Ppia) were investigated in lung cells from KYDS mice infected with IAV H1N1. NormFinder, BestKeeper, and GeNorm were used to assess the stability of reference genes. The results were authenticated over extended experimental settings by a group of 10 samples. In the present study, we explored a novel method using dual-gene combinations; the difference in gene expression between the model and normal control groups was statistically analyzed by an independent-samples t-test, and the difference in the mean value between the two groups was compared. A P value > 0.05 and the lowest absolute value of the difference indicated the optimal reference two-gene combination. Four additional host innate immune system-related genes (TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, and RIG-I) were analyzed together with the two treatment datasets to confirm the selected reference genes. Our results indicated that none of these 15 candidate reference genes can be used as reference gene individually for relative quantitative fluorescence PCR analysis; however, the combination of Grcc10 and Ppia, based on the process of calculating the higher P value and lower difference values between groups, was the best choice as a reference gene for the lung tissue samples in KYDS mice infected with IAV. This technique may be applied to promote the selection process of the optimal reference gene in other experiments.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhao Z, Ye B, Yue D, Li P, Zhang B, Wang L, Fan Q. Construction of a Baculovirus Derivative to Produce Linearized Antheraea pernyi (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) Multicapsid Nucleopolyhedrovirus Genomic DNA. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:5812899. [PMID: 32219450 PMCID: PMC7136005 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the Antheraea pernyi multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AnpeNPV)-based expression vector system, the frequency of homologous recombination events between wild-type AnpeNPV DNA and the transfer vector is low, resulting in a small amount of recombinant virus. Previous reports have indicated that linearized baculovirus DNA can increase the proportion of recombinant virus relative to the total progeny. To improve the recombination efficiency, we constructed a linearized derivative of AnpeNPV, referred to as AnpeNPVPhEGFP-AvrII, in which egfp flanked by AvrII restriction sites was located at the polyhedrin locus and driven by the polyhedrin promoter. Linear AnpeNPV DNA was obtained by the treatment of AnpeNPVPhEGFP-AvrII genomic DNA with AvrII endonuclease. The infectivity and recombinogenic activity between the linearized and circular viral DNA were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions. We demonstrated that the linearized AnpeNPV DNA produced only small numbers of infectious budded viruses, accounting for approximately 4.5% of the budded virus production of wild-type AnpeNPV DNA in A. pernyi pupae. However, the linearized AnpeNPV DNA substantially increased recombinant virus production after cotransfection with an appropriate transfer vector; relative abundance of the recombinant virus was approximately 5.5-fold higher than that of the wild-type AnpeNPV DNA in A. pernyi pupae. The linearization of AnpeNPV DNA will facilitate the purification of recombinant viruses using the AnpeNPV-based expression vector system and the construction of an AnpeNPV-based bacmid system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjun Zhao
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Bo Ye
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Dongmei Yue
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Peipei Li
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Linmei Wang
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Qi Fan
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hu H, Ye X, Wang H, Ji R. Selection of Reference Genes for Normalization of Real-Time PCR Data in Calliptamus italicus (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Under Different Temperature Conditions. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:5637495. [PMID: 31752021 PMCID: PMC6871914 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Global warming has dominated worldwide climate change trends, and adaptability to high temperatures is the main factor underlying the spread of the pest Calliptamus italicus in Xinjiang Province, China. However, knowledge about the molecular mechanisms responsible for this adaptability and other related biological properties of C. italicus remain relatively unclear. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a key tool for gene expression analysis associated with various biological processes. Reference genes are necessary for normalizing gene expression levels across samples taken from specific experimental conditions. In this study, transcript level of five genes (GAPDH, 18S, TUB, ACT, and EF1α), commonly used as reference genes, were evaluated under nine different temperatures (27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45, 48, and 51°C) to assess their expression stability and further select the most suitable to be used on normalization of target gene expression data. Gene expression profiles were analyzed using geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper software packages. The combined results demonstrated that the best-ranked reference genes for C. italicus are EF1α, GAPDH, and ACT under different thermal stress conditions. This is the first study that assesses gene expression analysis across a range of temperatures to select the most appropriate reference genes for RT-qPCR data normalization in C. italicus. These results should assist target gene expression analysis associated with heat stress in C. italicus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Hu
- International Research Center of Cross-Border Pest Management in Central Asia, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Species Diversity Application and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofang Ye
- International Research Center of Cross-Border Pest Management in Central Asia, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Species Diversity Application and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Han Wang
- International Research Center of Cross-Border Pest Management in Central Asia, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Species Diversity Application and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Rong Ji
- International Research Center of Cross-Border Pest Management in Central Asia, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Species Diversity Application and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Province, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
He S, An T, A R, Liu S. Validation of Reliable Reference Genes for RT-qPCR Studies of Target Gene Expression in Colletotrichum camelliae During Spore Germination and Mycelial Growth and Interaction With Host Plants. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2055. [PMID: 31551988 PMCID: PMC6737088 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] is one of the most important leaf crops, and it is widely used for the production of non-alcoholic beverages worldwide. Tea also has a long history of medicinal use. Colletotrichum camelliae Massee is one of the dominant fungal pathogens that infects tea leaves and causes severe tea anthracnose disease. To analyze the molecular biology of C. camelliae, the quantification of pathogen gene expression by the RT-qPCR method is necessary. Reliable RT-qPCR results require the use of stable reference genes for data normalization. However, suitable reference genes have not been reported in C. camelliae thus far. In this study, 12 candidate genes (i.e., CcSPAC6B12.04c, CcWDR83, Cchp11, Ccnew1, CcHplo, CcRNF5, CcHpcob, CcfaeB-2, CcYER010C, CcRNM1, CcUP18, and CcACT) were isolated from C. camelliae and assessed as potential reference genes. The expression stability of these genes in C. camelliae during spore germination and mycelial growth and interaction with host plants was first evaluated using several statistical algorithms, such as geNorm, NormFinder, and Bestkeeper. A web-based analysis program, Refinder, was then used to find the most suitable reference genes. Our results indicated that Cenew1, CcHplo, and CcSPAC6B12.04c were the most stable reference genes in C. camelliae under all conditions. Our work provided the most suitable reference genes for future studies performed to quantify the target gene expression levels of C. camelliae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan He
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tai An
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Runa A
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shouan Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Basu S, Pereira AE, Pinheiro DH, Wang H, Valencia-Jiménez A, Siegfried BD, Louis J, Zhou X'J, Vélez AM. Evaluation of reference genes for real-time quantitative PCR analysis in southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi (Barber). Sci Rep 2019; 9:10703. [PMID: 31341190 PMCID: PMC6656754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47020-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) is one of the most efficient, reliable and widely used techniques to quantify gene expression. In this study, we evaluated the performance of six southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi (Barber), housekeeping genes (HKG), β-actin (Actin), β-tubulin (Tubulin), elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1α), glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), 40 S ribosomal protein S9 (RpS9) and ubiquitin-conjugating protein (Ubi), under different experimental conditions such as developmental stage, exposure of neonate and adults to dsRNA, exposure of adults to different temperatures, different 3rd instar larva tissues, and neonate starvation. The HKGs were analyzed with four algorithms, including geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and delta-CT. Although the six HKGs showed a relatively stable expression pattern among different treatments, some variability was observed. Among the six genes, EF1α exhibited the lowest Ct values for all treatments while Ubi exhibited the highest. Among life stages and across treatments, Ubi exhibited the least stable expression pattern. GAPDH, Actin, and EF1α were among the most stable HKGs in the majority of the treatments. This research provides HKG for accurate normalization of RT-qPCR data in the southern corn rootworm. Furthermore, this information can contribute to future genomic and functional genomic research in Diabrotica species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saumik Basu
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA.,Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Adriano E Pereira
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA. .,Plant Genetics Research Unit, USDA/ARS, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211-7020, USA.
| | | | - Haichuan Wang
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0915, USA
| | | | - Blair D Siegfried
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0620, USA
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Xuguo 'Joe' Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0091, USA
| | - Ana Maria Vélez
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jia DH, Wang B, Li XL, Tan W, Gan BC, Peng WH. Validation of reference genes for quantitative gene expression analysis in Auricularia cornea. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 163:105658. [PMID: 31251967 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Auricularia cornea Ehrenb., previously named A. polytricha (Mont.) Sacc, has become one of the most widely cultivated mushrooms in China. Considerable research has been conducted on its cultivation, pathogen identification, proteomics, and more. However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have been performed on reference-gene validation in this species. Formerly, reference genes were selected for their expression levels only relied upon from others species, owing to the fact that the gene stability in this species is unknown. In this study, nine candidate genes, including tubulin alpha-1A chain (TUBA1A), β-tubulin (Btu), phosphoglucomutase (Pgm), actin 1 (Act1), protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit (PP2A), polyubiquitin (UBQ), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gapdh), 18S ribosomal protein (18S) and 28S ribosomal protein (28S), were evaluated among different strains and developmental stages. Four algorithms (i.e., geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder) were used to analyze candidate genes. The results revealed that UBQ was the most stable reference gene, while 18S was the least stable. Despite these results, the candidate genes were largely inadequate and only two were considered suitable. Based on candidate gene stability, PP2A and UBQ were identified as a set of usable interior control genes for future analyses in this species. This is the first systematic study conducted for selecting reference genes in A. cornea, and lays the foundation for identifying genes and quantifying gene expression in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Hong Jia
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China.
| | - Bo Wang
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Li
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Bing-Cheng Gan
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Wei-Hong Peng
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China.
| |
Collapse
|