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Yamauchi H, Baba A, Ogino N, Matsushima S, Ashida H, Nagaoka M, Ojiri H. Post-treatment magnetic resonance imaging predicts outcomes of maxillary sinus cancer treatment using super-selective intra-arterial infusion of high-dose cisplatin with concomitant radiotherapy (RADPLAT). Auris Nasus Larynx 2024; 51:631-635. [PMID: 38626697 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in predicting local recurrence in patients with maxillary sinus cancer treated with super-selective intra-arterial infusion of high-dose cisplatin with concomitant radiotherapy (RADPLAT). METHODS This single-center retrospective study included consecutive patients with maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma, who underwent RADPLAT between October 2016 and September 2021. MRI was performed before (within 2 weeks) and 1 month after (post-treatment MRI) the start of treatment. Tumor reduction rates and pre-treatment cross-sectional areas were calculated from the maximum cross-sectional areas on pre- and post-treatment MRI T2-weighted axial images. Statistical analyses, including receiver operating characteristic analysis, were performed to assess the predictive value of the tumor reduction rates. RESULTS Twenty-four patients were included in this study. Recurrence occurred in seven patients with a median time of 213 days. The tumor reduction rates were significantly higher in the benign post-treatment changes group compared to the recurrence group (median, 0.814 vs. 0.174; p < 0.001). The cut-off value for the reduction rate between the groups was 0.3578. No significant difference was observed in the maximum pre-treatment cross-sectional area between the groups (p = 0.664). The inter-observer agreement for the tumor areas was excellent. CONCLUSIONS The tumor reduction rate calculated from MRI T2-weighted images may be a predictor of local recurrence in patients with maxillary sinus cancer treated with RADPLAT. Patients with lower reduction rates may benefit from early salvage surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideomi Yamauchi
- Department of Radiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan.
| | - Akira Baba
- Department of Radiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Ogino
- Department of Radiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsushima
- Department of Radiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Ashida
- Department of Radiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Masato Nagaoka
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Hiroya Ojiri
- Department of Radiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
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Retrospective analysis of 98 cases of maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma and therapeutic exploration. World J Surg Oncol 2020; 18:90. [PMID: 32375789 PMCID: PMC7204045 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-020-01862-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma (MSSCC) is a relatively rare head and neck cancer with poorly defined prognosis, and the present study aimed to investigate the outcomes for MSSCC according to different treatments. Methods Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital pathology database was reviewed from 2007 to 2017, and 98 patients with pathologically confirmed MSSCC were enrolled. Retrospective analysis and follow-up were performed for each patient. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors was performed using Cox’s regression model. Results For all the 98 cases of MSSCC, the 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 31.0% and 29.3%, respectively. Among 98 patient, 33 patients were treated with systemic treatment (NON-SUR), 19 patients underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy followed by surgery (CT/RT+SUR), 38 patients received surgery followed by chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy (SUR+RT/CT), and 8 patients were performed surgery alone (SUR).The OS rate for each group was 27.3%, 57.9%, 30.6% and 37.5%, respectively, while the DFS was 21.2%, 36.8%, 31.6% and 25.0%, respectively. The OS rate of CT/RT+SUR was significantly higher than that of NON-SUR and SUR+CT/RT groups (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that smoking, low differentiation, and advanced T stage were independent risk factors for OS, while low differentiation and advanced N stage for DFS. Conclusions Surgery-based treatment is still the first-line therapeutic strategy for MSSCC. And neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery is highly recommended for MSSCC patients, especially those with advanced tumors or requesting high quality of life.
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Fujimura T, Kambayashi Y, Furudate S, Kakizaki A, Haga T, Hashimoto A, Aiba S. Immunomodulatory effects of peplomycin on immunosuppressive and cytotoxic cells in the lesional skin of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Dermatology 2015; 230:250-5. [PMID: 25678188 DOI: 10.1159/000369166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous intra-arterial administration of peplomycin (PEP) through a tumor-feeding artery using an intravascular indwelling catheter is one of the best treatments for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) on cosmetic areas. Although this reagent is useful for the treatment of SCC, its immunomodulatory effect on the tumor microenvironment is still unknown. OBJECTIVE/METHODS In this study, we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of PEP on the tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells and tumor-associated macrophages as well as CD8(+)TIA-1(+) cytotoxic T cells in the lesional skin of 5 patients with SCC on the lips. RESULTS Our data suggest that, in addition to the direct antitumor effects, PEP decreased immunosuppressive cells and increased cytotoxic T lymphocytes at the tumor sites, which might maintain antitumor immune response against SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Fujimura
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Haga T, Fujimura T, Takeuchi I, Deguchi M, Aiba S. Successful Treatment of Two Cases of Squamous Cell Carcinoma on the Ear with Intra-Arterial Administration of Peplomycin through a Superficial Temporal Artery. Case Rep Dermatol 2014; 6:207-12. [PMID: 25408647 PMCID: PMC4209265 DOI: 10.1159/000367804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common non-melanoma skin cancer and tends to develop in sun-exposed cosmetic areas, including the ear. In this report, we describe two cases of SCC on the ear successfully treated with intra-arterial administration of peplomycin through a superficial temporal artery. In addition to this selective chemotherapy, we administered oral tegafur, which achieved complete remission of the tumor. These findings suggest that intra-arterial administration of peplomycin with tegafur is one of the optimal therapies for the treatment of SCC developing on the ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Haga
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Taku Fujimura
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Izuho Takeuchi
- Department of Dermatology, Kurihara Central Hospital, Kurihara, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Deguchi
- Department of Dermatology, Kurihara Central Hospital, Kurihara, Japan
| | - Setsuya Aiba
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Abu-Ghanem S, Horowitz G, Abergel A, Yehuda M, Gutfeld O, Carmel NN, Fliss DM. Elective neck irradiation versus observation in squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary sinus with N0 neck: A meta-analysis and review of the literature. Head Neck 2014; 37:1823-8. [PMID: 24913744 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elective neck irradiation of a clinical node-negative (N0) neck in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the maxillary sinus is a controversial issue. METHODS A systematic review of electronic databases and a meta-analysis were conducted to clarify the role of elective neck irradiation in patients with SCC of the maxillary sinus and clinical N0 neck. Regional (neck) nodal recurrence was chosen as the primary endpoint. RESULTS Four retrospective studies with a total of 129 patients met the inclusion criteria. The results of the meta-analysis showed that elective neck irradiation reduced the risk of regional nodal recurrence (fixed effects model: odds ratio [OR] = 0.16; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.04-0.67; p = .01; random-effects model: OR = 0.17; 95% CI = 0.04-0.76; p = .02) compared to observation. CONCLUSION This systemic review and first meta-analysis confirmed that elective neck irradiation can significantly reduce the rate of nodal recurrence in patients with N0 SCC of the maxillary sinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abu-Ghanem
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gilad Horowitz
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Avraham Abergel
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Moshe Yehuda
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Orit Gutfeld
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Narin-Nard Carmel
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Dan M Fliss
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Kim WT, Nam J, Ki YK, Lee JH, Kim DH, Park D, Cho KS, Roh HJ, Kim DW. Neoadjuvant intra-arterial chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy and surgery in patients with advanced maxillary sinus cancer. Radiat Oncol J 2013; 31:118-24. [PMID: 24137556 PMCID: PMC3797270 DOI: 10.3857/roj.2013.31.3.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The optimal treatment of advanced maxillary sinus cancer has been challenging for several decades. Intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) for head and neck cancer has been controversial. We have analyzed the long-term outcome of neoadjuvant IAC followed by radiation therapy (RT) and surgery. Materials and Methods Twenty-seven patients with advanced maxillary sinus cancer were treated between 1989 and 2002. Five-fluorouracil (5-FU, 500 mg/m2) was infused intra-arterially, and followed by RT (total 50.4 Gy/28 fractions). A planned surgery was performed 3 to 4 weeks after completion of IAC and RT. Results At a median follow-up of 77 months (range, 12 to 169 months), the 5-year rates of overall survival in all patients were 63%. The 5-year rates of overall survival of stage T3/T4 patients were 70.0% and 58.8%, respectively. Seven of fourteen patients with disease recurrence had a local recurrence alone. The 5-year actuarial local control rates in patients with stage T3/T4, and in all patients were 20.0%, 32.3%, and 27.4%, respectively. Overall response rate after the completion of IAC and RT was 70.3%. During the follow-up, seven patients (25.9%) showed mild to moderate late complications. The tumor extent (i.e., the involvement of either orbit and/or base of skull) appeared to be related with local recurrence. Conclusion Neoadjuvant IAC with 5-FU followed by RT and surgery may be effective to improve local tumor control in the patients with advanced maxillary sinus cancer. However, local failure was still the major cause of death. Further investigations are required to determine the optimal treatment schedule, radiotherapy techniques and chemotherapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Taek Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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Al-Zaabi K, Al Riyami M, Al-Abri R. A unilateral maxillary sinus tumor. Oman Med J 2013; 28:220-1. [PMID: 23772293 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2013.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Al-Zaabi
- ENT Division, Surgery Department, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultanate of Oman
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Neoadjuvant chemoradiation in squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary sinus: a 26-year experience. CHEMOTHERAPY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2012; 2012:413589. [PMID: 23056940 PMCID: PMC3465876 DOI: 10.1155/2012/413589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of neoadjuvant platinum-based radiochemotherapy (RCT) in patients with maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma and to compare the results with other multimodality treatment concepts for advanced-stage maxillary sinus carcinoma in the literature. Methods. In total, 53 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary sinus were reviewed retrospectively. All patients received a neoadjuvant RCT containing either cisplatin or carboplatin followed by radical surgery. Overall survival and locoregional control were plotted by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Prognostic factors were identified through univariate and multivariate analysis. Results. Five-year overall survival for all patients was 35%. Eleven patients achieved a complete response after radiochemotherapy. The complete response rate was significantly higher for patients treated with cisplatin (P = 0.028); however the 5-year overall survival rates did not differ significantly (P = 0.673) for patients treated with cisplatin (37%) and carboplatin (32%). Orbital invasion (P = 0.005) and complete response to radiochemotherapy (P = 0.021) had a significant impact on overall survival in univariate analysis. Conclusions. Neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy followed by radical surgery is an effective treatment for patients with advanced maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma. In terms of treatment response cisplatin seems to be more effective than carboplatin.
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Nishino H, Takanosawa M, Kawada K, Kanazawa T, Ichimura K, Takahashi S, Nakazawa M. Multidisciplinary therapy consisting of minimally invasive resection, irradiation, and intra-arterial infusion of 5-fluorouracil for maxillary sinus carcinomas. Head Neck 2012; 35:772-8. [PMID: 22730109 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current goals for the treatment of maxillary sinus carcinoma include the preservation of vision, eating, communication, and appearance, as well as the achievement of a cure. METHODS Japanese patients (n = 121) with maxillary sinus carcinoma were analyzed retrospectively. All patients underwent multidisciplinary therapy including minimally invasive resection, 20 Gy irradiation, and intra-arterial infusion of 5-fluorouracil. RESULTS The 5- and 10-year overall survival rates were 73% and 68%, respectively. In 97 patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the 5- and 10-year overall survival rates were 76% and 70%, respectively. All 29 patients with orbital invasion retained the orbital contents, and 21 of these patients demonstrated adequate visual acuity. There were 16 complications, including trismus (5 patients), double vision (5 patients), fistula formation (3 patients), and cataract (3 patients). CONCLUSION A multidisciplinary therapy, consisting of minimally invasive resection, irradiation, and regional chemotherapy, can yield good patient prognosis and quality of life after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nishino
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan.
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Radiotherapy with or without surgery for maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma: should the clinical N0 neck be treated? Am J Clin Oncol 2011; 34:483-7. [PMID: 21150568 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0b013e3181f942c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma is commonly diagnosed at an advanced stage and treated using radiotherapy, with or without surgical resection. METHODS Fifty-four patients with maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma were treated from 1969 to 2006, using radiotherapy, with or without surgical resection. Fifty-two (96%) patients had American Joint Committee on Cancer stages III to IV disease, and 45 (83%) patients had N0 neck disease. RESULTS Five-year local control (LC) rates by T-stage were 63% for T2/T3; and 43% for T4. Five-year LC rates for patients treated with radiotherapy preoperatively, postoperatively, and definitively were 61%, 65%, and 37%, respectively. Initially, overall 5-year LC, neck control, and local-regional control were 49%, 82%, and 45%, respectively. The ultimate 5-year LC, neck control, and local regional control after salvage of failures were 51%, 87%, and 50%, respectively. The overall 5-year cause-specific survival was 41%. Thirty-three percent of patients had a severe complication. CONCLUSIONS Radiotherapy, with or without surgical resection, remains an effective tool in treating patients with this disease. LC, cause-specific survival, and complication rates need significant improvement. Treatment details and recommendations are discussed herein.
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Thymidylate synthase expression as a predictor of clinical response to 5-fluorouracil-based chemoradiotherapy in patients with maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma. Auris Nasus Larynx 2010; 38:387-91. [PMID: 21035287 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical TS expression in patients with maxillary sinus SCC. METHODS The value of immunohistochemical TS expression as a predictive indicator for 5-FU efficacy was retrospectively examined in 47 patients with maxillary sinus SCC. RESULTS Of the 47 patients, 29 (62%) showed complete response for 5-FU based chemoradiotherapy. Seventeen of 19 (89%) TS low cases showed a complete response, whereas 12 of 28 (43%) TS high cases showed complete response for 5-FU based chemoradiotherapy. Low TS patients had significantly better response rates compared with high TS patients. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that TS expression affects the chemotherapeutic effect of 5-FU in patients with maxillary sinus SCC and the assessment of TS expression level might be useful both in the management and in the treatment of maxillary sinus SCC.
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Chargari C, Bauduceau O, Védrine L, Haen P, Fayolle M, Ceccaldi B, Conessa C, Magné N. Radiothérapie des carcinomes des sinus maxillaires : l’état de l’art. Cancer Radiother 2009; 13:195-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bristol IJ, Ahamad A, Garden AS, Morrison WH, Hanna EY, Papadimitrakopoulou VA, Rosenthal DI, Ang KK. Postoperative radiotherapy for maxillary sinus cancer: long-term outcomes and toxicities of treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 68:719-30. [PMID: 17543999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Revised: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effects of three changes in radiotherapy technique on the outcomes for patients irradiated postoperatively for maxillary sinus cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS The data of 146 patients treated between 1969 and 2002 were reviewed. The patients were separated into two groups according to the date of treatment. Group 1 included 90 patients treated before 1991 and Group 2 included 56 patients treated after 1991, when the three changes were implemented. The outcomes were compared between the two groups. RESULTS No differences were found in the 5-year overall survival, recurrence-free survival, local control, nodal control, or distant metastasis rates between the two groups (51% vs. 62%, 51% vs. 57%, 76% vs. 70%, 82% vs. 83%, and 28% vs. 17% for Groups 1 and 2, respectively). The three changes were to increase the portals to cover the base of the skull in patients with perineural invasion, reducing their risk of local recurrence; the addition of elective neck irradiation in patients with squamous or undifferentiated histologic features, improving the nodal control, distant metastasis, and recurrence-free survival rates (64% vs. 93%, 20% vs. 3%, and 45% vs. 67%, respectively; p < 0.05 for all comparisons); and improving the dose distributions within the target volume, reducing the late Grade 3-4 complication rates (34% in Group 1 vs. 8% in Group 2, p = 0.014). Multivariate analysis revealed advancing age, the need for enucleation, and positive margins as independent predictors of worse overall survival. The need for enucleation also predicted for worse local control. CONCLUSION The three changes in radiotherapy technique improved the outcomes for select patients as predicted. Despite these changes, little demonstrable overall improvement occurred in local control or survival for these patients and additional work must be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Bristol
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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