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Camargo MC, Song M, Ito H, Oze I, Koyanagi YN, Kasugai Y, Rabkin CS, Matsuo K. Associations of circulating mediators of inflammation, cell regulation and immune response with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:2885-2892. [PMID: 34128078 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03687-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the most common histologic subtype of esophageal cancer globally. The development of squamous cell carcinoma has important inflammatory influences and effects. We, therefore, examined circulating levels of inflammation- and immune-related proteins for associations with ESCC. METHODS We used pre-treatment EDTA plasma from 80 ESCC patients (44% clinical stages I and II) and 80 cancer-free control individuals within the Hospital-based Epidemiologic Research Program at Aichi Cancer Center. Levels of 184 biomarkers were measured by high-throughput multiplexed proximity extension assays using Olink's Proseek Cell Regulation and Immuno-Oncology Panels. ESCC odds ratios (OR) per quantile (based on two to four categories) of each biomarker were calculated by unconditional logistic regression models, adjusted for age, sex, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. Correlations among continuous biomarker levels were assessed by Spearman's rank correlation. All statistical tests were two-sided with p values < 0.05 considered as significant. Given the exploratory nature of the study, we did not adjust for multiple comparisons. RESULTS Seven proteins were undetectable in nearly all samples. Of the remaining 177 evaluable biomarkers, levels of cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40, per quartile OR 1.64; p trend = 0.018), syntaxin 16 (STX16, per quartile OR 1.63; p trend = 0.008), heme oxygenase 1 (per quartile OR 1.59; p trend = 0.014), and γ-secretase activating protein (GSAP, per quartile OR 1.47; p trend = 0.036) were significantly associated with ESCC. Amongst these significant markers, levels of CD40, STX16, and GSPA were moderately correlated (Rho coefficients 0.46-0.55; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our case-control study expands the range of inflammation and immune molecules associated with ESCC. These novel findings warrant replication and functional characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Constanza Camargo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr., BG 9609/6E338, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Minkyo Song
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr., BG 9609/6E338, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hidemi Ito
- Division of Cancer Information and Control, Department of Preventive Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Isao Oze
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Preventive Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuriko N Koyanagi
- Division of Cancer Information and Control, Department of Preventive Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yumiko Kasugai
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Preventive Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Charles S Rabkin
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr., BG 9609/6E338, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Preventive Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Chen H, Liu P, Zhang T, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Shen X, Li X, Shen W. Effects of diphyllin as a novel V-ATPase inhibitor on TE-1 and ECA-109 cells. Oncol Rep 2018; 39:921-928. [PMID: 29328465 PMCID: PMC5802041 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diphyllin is a natural component of traditional Chinese medicine, which effectively inhibits V-ATPase activity and affects the progression of cancer. However, few studies have been conducted on esophageal cancer, and the mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The present study revealedthat diphyllin inhibited proliferation and induced S arrest in esophageal cancer cell lines TE-1 and ECA-109. Further experiments revealed that diphyllin inhibited V-ATPase activity and decreased the mRNA expression of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The present study also revealed that diphyllin inhibited proliferation and reduced the formation of new blood vessels. Diphyllin inhibited blood metastasis by regulating the mTORC1/HIF-1α-/VEGF pathway, therefore it could be considered as a new V-ATPase inhibitor to treat esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijiao Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
| | - Yi Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
| | - Yingdi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
| | - Xiuyun Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
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A. Richard S. High-mobility group box 1 is a promising diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring biomarker in Cancers: A review. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2018.4.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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4
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Xia H, Shen J, Chen S, Huang H, Xu Y, Ma H. Overexpression of VEGF-C correlates with a poor prognosis in esophageal cancer patients. Cancer Biomark 2017; 17:165-70. [PMID: 27540974 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic value of vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) in patients with esophageal cancer (EC) remains controversial. The aim of this meta-analysis was to clarify the association of VEGF-C with survival in EC patients. METHODS We performed a meta-analysis that included eligible studies to expound the effect of VEGF-C in EC survival. Eligible studies published until November 2015 was identified using available databases. STATA 12.0 was performed in this meta-analysis. RESULTS We identified 13 studies, including 1203 patients, in this meta-analysis. The combined hazard ratio of 1.70 (95% CI, 1.43-2.03, P < 0.001) shows that VEGF-C overexpression was significantly correlated with poor overall survival in EC patients. Furthermore, the results suggested a significant relationship between VEGF-C expression and overall survival was also showed in studies with patient source, patient number ≥ 70, methods detecting VEGF-C by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) or ELISA and histology type. Moreover, combined odds ratio of VEGF-C displayed that VEGF-C overexpression was significantly association with stage, depth of tumor invasion, lymph node status and metastasis of EC (P < 0.05). However, it has no correlation with differentiation degree of EC (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION VEGF-C overexpression shows an unfavorable prognosis for EC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Xia
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Suzhou Dushuhu Hospital (Clinic Center, Soochow University), Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Suzhou Dushuhu Hospital (Clinic Center, Soochow University), Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ji Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Suzhou Dushuhu Hospital (Clinic Center, Soochow University), Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaomu Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Suzhou Dushuhu Hospital (Clinic Center, Soochow University), Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haitao Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Suzhou Dushuhu Hospital (Clinic Center, Soochow University), Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaozeng Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haitao Ma
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Suzhou Dushuhu Hospital (Clinic Center, Soochow University), Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Tullavardhana T, Akranurakkul P, Ungkitphaiboon W, Songtish D. Vascular endothelial growth factor-C expression as a biomarker of poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Oncol Res Treat 2015; 38:110-4. [PMID: 25792082 DOI: 10.1159/000380776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) is involved in the development and progression of tumor angio-/lymphangiogenesis. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether VEGF-C expression is an indicator of aggressiveness and poor prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). METHOD A meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the association between VEGF-C expression with clinicopathological characteristics and survival of ESCC patients. The dataset was defined by searching PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane database for appropriate articles published until April 2014. RESULT The final analysis was made from 9 studies, including 656 ESCC patients. Positive VEGF-C expression was defined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) or mRNA expression analysis. The results demonstrated that VEGF-C expression was significantly associated with advanced-stage disease (odds ratio (OR) = 2.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.37-3.84, P = 0.002), deeper tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis, and lymphatic invasion. The 5-year survival of VEGF-C expression-negative patients was found to be better than that of VEGF-C expression-positive patients (OR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.21-0.58, P < 0.0001). However, there was no significant association between the VEGF-C expression levels and either poorer tumor differentiation or vascular invasion. CONCLUSION The results of the meta-analysis strongly indicate that VEGF-C expression could function as a marker for predicting the aggressiveness and prognosis of ESCC.
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Hou X, Wei JC, Fu JH, Wang X, Luo RZ, He JH, Zhang LJ, Lin P, Yang HX. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor is a Useful Predictor of Postoperative Distant Metastasis and Survival Prognosis in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 22:3666-73. [PMID: 25652047 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-015-4390-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The correlation between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and prognosis for patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is controversial. This study investigated the correlation of VEGF expression with distant metastases and prognosis in resectable ESCC to improve the identification of patients with increased risk of postoperative metastases. METHODS Data from two centers were used to establish a training cohort (n = 319) and a validation cohort (n = 164). Tissue microarrays were generated for immunohistochemical evaluation. The correlations among VEGF expression, clinicopathologic variables, and prognosis were analyzed. The outcomes generated from the training cohort then were tested using the validation cohort. Multivariate analyses were used to test the independent factors that had an impact on postoperative distant metastases, overall survival (OS), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS). RESULTS Tumor stages, tumor cell grade, and VEGF expression were prognostic factors independent of ESCC outcome. The data indicated that high levels of VEGF expression were correlated with a high risk of postoperative distant metastases (p = 0.013) in the training cohort. This result was confirmed by the validation cohort (p < 0.01) and logistic regression analyses. A high level of VEGF expression also was correlated with poor DMFS (p = 0.011) and OS (p = 0.033) in the training cohort, which also was confirmed by the validation cohort and Cox regression analyses. CONCLUSIONS Expression of VEGF is a predictor of distant metastasis, OS, and DMFS in resectable ESCC patients. Using a combination of VEGF expression, tumor stages, and tumor cell grade, identification of patients with increased risk of postoperative metastases may become possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Hou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Chang Wei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Linzhou Esophageal Cancer Hospital, Linzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hua Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Zhen Luo
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Hua He
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan-Jun Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Xian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. .,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Su CM, Su YH, Chiu CF, Chang YW, Hong CC, Yu YH, Ho YS, Wu CH, Yen CS, Su JL. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C Upregulates Cortactin and Promotes Metastasis of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21 Suppl 4:S767-75. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-4009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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8
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Hong CC, Chen PS, Chiou J, Chiu CF, Yang CY, Hsiao M, Chang YW, Yu YH, Hung MC, Hsu NW, Shiah SG, Hsu NY, Su JL. miR326 maturation is crucial for VEGF-C-driven cortactin expression and esophageal cancer progression. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6280-90. [PMID: 25205106 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is an aggressive human malignancy with increasing incidence in the developed world. VEGF-C makes crucial contributions to esophageal cancer progression that are not well understood. Here, we report the discovery of regulatory relationship in esophageal cancers between the expression of VEGF-C and cortactin (CTTN), a regulator of the cortical actin cytoskeleton. Upregulation of CTTN expression by VEGF-C enhanced the invasive properties of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in vitro and tumor metastasis in vivo. Mechanistic investigations showed that VEGF-C increased CTTN expression by downregulating Dicer-mediated maturation of miR326, thereby relieving the suppressive effect of miR326 on CTTN expression. Clinically, expression of Dicer and miR326 correlated with poor prognosis in patients with esophageal cancer. Our findings offer insights into how VEGF-C enhances the robust invasive and metastatic properties of esophageal cancer, which has potential implications for the development of new biomarkers or therapies in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chen Hong
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Pai-Sheng Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jean Chiou
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan. The PhD. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Chiu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yao Yang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michael Hsiao
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan. The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Hao Yu
- Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nai-Wen Hsu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan. Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shine-Gwo Shiah
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Yung Hsu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Liang Su
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan. Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan. Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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9
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Pan X, Mao T, Fang W, Chen W. Vascular endothelial growth factor C is an indicator of lymph node metastasis in thoracic esophageal squamous cellcarcinomas and its role in long-term survival after surgery. Thorac Cancer 2014; 5:313-8. [PMID: 26767018 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To define the role of vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) on lymph node (LN) metastasis of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and to investigate its impact on overall survival. METHODS Real-time polymerase chain reaction was introduced to quantify the expression of VEGF-CmRNA. One hundred and eight samples (59 tumor tissue and 59 paired normal tissue) were analyzed. RESULTS VEGF-CmRNA expression was significantly higher in tumor tissues than in normal mucosa (P = 0.02). VEGF-CmRNA expression was significantly higher in LN (+) patients than in LN (-) patients (P = 0.04). VEGF-CmRNA expression was related to a positive LN number (P = 0.06) and a positive LN station number (P = 0.04). VEGF-CmRNA expression was significantly higher in stage III and IV patients than in stage I and II patients (P = 0.03). A logistic regression model showed that VEGF-CmRNA and T status were independent risk factors for LN metastasis(P < 0.05). In univariate analysis, survival tended to be poorer in the VEGF-CmRNA high expression group (22.0 months vs. 44.0 months, P = 0.08). A Cox regression model revealed that a positive LN station number was the only independent risk factor for overall survival (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION VEGF-C was a useful indicator for LN metastasis in human ESCC, and it might have some influence on long-term survival by affecting LN metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Pan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Teng Mao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Wentao Fang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhu Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
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JAM-C promotes lymphangiogenesis and nodal metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:5675-87. [PMID: 24584816 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1751-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate lymphatic metastasis-related genes in non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC). NSCLC tissue was analyzed for expression of junctional adhesion molecule-C (JAM-C) protein. Our data revealed novel associations between JAM-C overexpression in primary tumors and lymphatic microvessel density (LMVD), lymph node metastasis, and poorer overall survival and recurrence-free survival. We used the highly metastatic human lung adenocarcinoma cell line Anip973 and its parental line AGZY83-a, which has a low metastatic capacity, in vivo and vitro. We found that JAM-C played an important role in different metastasis capacity of lymph node. JAM-C affected tumor growth, LNM, JAM-C, VEGF-C, vasculature, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation (p-ERK1/2). β1 integrin was involved in lymph node metastasis. Moreover, JAM-C knockdown in highly metastatic Anip973 decreased cell migration in scratch-wound assays. The JAM-C knockdown in Anip973 cells and JAM-C cDNA in AGZY83-a cells regulated the vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) expression. Immunofluorescence showed that blocked VEGF-C expression in JAM-C shRNA Anip973 cells were restored after JAM-C treatment. JAM-C-induced VEGF-C in JAM-C cDNA AGZY83-a cells was also effectively inhibited by treatment with an antibody specifically against JAM-C. Use of media from Anip973 cells, AGZY83-a, and A549cells lung cancer cells that overexpressed or downregulated JAM-C was demonstrated to affect activity of VEGF-C-induced β1 integrin subunit or ERK activity in human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLEC) treated with VEGF-C or inhibitory antibody to JAM-C. Overall, these results indicate that JAM-C could mediate metastasis as it contributes to VEGF-C expression in cancer cells. JAM-C affects β1and ERK activation in HDLEC, thus promoting lymphangiogenesis and nodal metastasis. Our findings indicate that JAM-C may be a therapeutic target for preventing and treating lymphatic metastases.
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Chen M, Huang J, Zhu Z, Zhang J, Li K. Systematic review and meta-analysis of tumor biomarkers in predicting prognosis in esophageal cancer. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:539. [PMID: 24206575 PMCID: PMC3828582 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer (EC) is a frequently occurring cancer with poor prognosis despite combined therapeutic strategies. Many biomarkers have been proposed as predictors of adverse events. We sought to assess the prognostic value of biomarkers in predicting the overall survival of esophageal cancer and to help guide personalized cancer treatment to give patients the best chance at remission. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published literature to summarize evidence for the discriminatory ability of prognostic biomarkers for esophageal cancer. Relevant literature was identified using the PubMed database on April 11, 2012, and conformed to the REMARK criteria. The primary endpoint was overall survival and data were synthesized with hazard ratios (HRs). RESULTS We included 109 studies, exploring 13 different biomarkers, which were subjected to quantitative meta-analysis. Promising markers that emerged for the prediction of overall survival in esophageal squamous cell cancer included VEGF (18 eligible studies, n=1476, HR=1.85, 95% CI, 1.55-2.21), cyclin D1 (12 eligible studies, n=1476, HR=1.82, 95% CI, 1.50-2.20), Ki-67 (3 eligible studies, n=308, HR=1.11, 95% CI, 0.70-1.78) and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (5 eligible studies, n=700, HR=1.28, 95% CI, 0.97-1.69); prognostic markers for esophageal adenocarcinoma included COX-2 (2 eligible studies, n=235, HR=3.06, 95% CI, 2.01-4.65) and HER-2 (3 eligible studies, n=291, HR=2.15, 95% CI, 1.39-3.33); prognostic markers for uncategorized ECs included p21 (9 eligible studies, n=858, HR=1.27, 95% CI, 0.75-2.16), p53 (31 eligible studies, n=2851, HR=1.34, 95% CI, 1.21-1.48), CRP (8 eligible studies, n=1382, HR=2.65, 95% CI, 1.64-4.27) and hemoglobin (5 eligible studies, n=544, HR=0.91, 95% CI, 0.83-1.00). CONCLUSIONS Although some modest bias cannot be excluded, this review supports the involvement of biomarkers to be associated with EC overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilan Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No.22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Jizheng Huang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No.22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Zhenli Zhu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No.22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No.22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No.22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
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12
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Nagaraja V, Eslick GD. Advances in biomarkers for esophageal cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2013; 13:1169-1180. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2013.844953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
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Expression and significance of vascular endothelial growth factor C from multiple specimen sources in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Biol Markers 2012; 27:e359-65. [PMID: 23125006 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.2012.9767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a common malignancy with a very poor prognosis. Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) plays an important role in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. This study was designed to analyze the correlation of VEGF-C expression with clinicopathological features and survival in multiple specimen sources from patients with ESCC. MATERIAL AND METHODS The expression of VEGF-C in tissues (tVEGF-C), serum (sVEGF-C), and lymph fluid (lVEGF-C) from 48 patients with ESCC was detected by different methods. RESULTS There were significant correlations between a high level of tVEGF-C expression and tumor differentiation, tumor depth, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage and metastasis. sVEGF-C was only significantly related to lymph node metastasis, TNM stage and metastasis. The results of lVEGF-C expression were similar to those of tVEGG-C expression, but no relationship to tumor depth was found. High expression levels of tVEGF-C, sVEGF-C and lVEGF-C were significantly associated with shorter overall survival times in univariate analysis (log-rank test). CONCLUSIONS The expression of VEGF-C in multiple specimen sources from patients with ESCC was associated with certain clinicopathological parameters. High expression of VEGF-C may be an important factor related to a poor prognosis of ESCC.
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Chen M, Cai E, Huang J, Yu P, Li K. Prognostic value of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in patients with esophageal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012; 21:1126-34. [PMID: 22564870 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND VEGF is a prime mediator of tumorigenesis and metastasis. Various studies assessing the prognostic value of VEGF in patients with esophageal cancer remain controversial. This study aims to comprehensively and quantitatively summarize the evidence on the suitability of VEGF to predict patients' survival. METHODS Searches were applied to PubMed and EMBASE until December 31, 2011, without language restrictions. Studies were assessed for quality using REMARK (Reporting recommendations for tumor MARKer prognostic studies). Data were collected comparing overall survival in patients with high VEGF level with those with low level. We conducted a systematic review of 31 studies (n = 2,387 patients) and completed a meta-analysis of 30 studies (n = 2,345 patients) that correlated VEGF levels with overall survival. Data were synthesized with HRs. RESULTS The estimated risk of death was 1.82-fold greater in patients with high VEGF expression [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.58-2.08]. The heterogeneity was not significant (P = 0.130) between studies. High VEGF expression was associated with worse survival in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (HR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.57-2.10) and there was no significance in between-study heterogeneity (P = 0.185). Data collected were not sufficient to determine the prognostic value of VEGF in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS In this meta-analysis, elevated VEGF expression was associated with poor survival in patients with esophageal cancer but not esophageal adenocarcinoma. IMPACT These results support further investigation of VEGF expression for predicting poor survival in patients with esophageal carcinoma and may have implications for treatments directed at inhibiting VEGF-mediated angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilan Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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Liu P, Chen S, Wu W, Liu B, Shen W, Wang F, He X, Zhang S. Contactin-1 (CNTN-1) overexpression is correlated with advanced clinical stage and lymph node metastasis in oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2012; 42:612-8. [PMID: 22581910 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hys066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma is one of the deadliest malignancies worldwide. Contactin-1, a neural adhesion molecule, is implicated in tumour invasion and metastasis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of CNTN-1 in normal and cancerous oesophageal tissue, and the potential relevance to clinicopathological features. METHODS Thirty normal oesophageal tissue samples and 82 primary oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissue samples were included in this study. The expression levels of CNTN-1, VEGF-C and HIF-1α messenger RNA were determined using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The expression of the CNTN-1 protein was measured using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The expression of CNTN-1 messenger RNA was significantly increased in the tumour tissue compared with the normal oesophageal tissue (P=0.001). The oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissue consistently showed higher CNTN-1 protein levels. The CNTN-1 expression correlated with the oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma stage (P=0.006), lymph node metastasis (P=0.018) and lymphatic invasion (P=0.035). The messenger RNA level of CNTN-1 correlated significantly with those of VEGF-C and HIF-1α. CONCLUSIONS The expression of CNTN-1 is upregulated in the oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissue and related to stage, lymph node metastasis and lymphatic invasion. Thus, CNTN-1 may be involved in the progression and pathogenesis of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical School, 163 Shoushan Rd, Jiangyin 214400, China.
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The expression of high mobility group box 1 is associated with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2012; 18:1021-7. [PMID: 22544356 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-012-9539-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective is to explore the expression of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and its relationship with lymph node metastasis and the prognosis of patients as well as possible mechanism. The expression of HMGB1, vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) and lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 (LYVE1) in ESCC tissues, which were obtained from 72 patients who underwent radical esophagectomy, was detected through immunohistochemistry, firstly. The correlations between HMGB1 and VEGF-C, and micro-lymphatic vessel density (MLD), and lymph node metastasis, and the prognosis of patients, were analyzed by statistic analysis. The plasmid of small interference RNA (siRNA) targeting HMGB1, giving siHMGB1, was transfected into exponentially growing KYSE150 human esophageal squamous cancer cells and the expression of HMGB1 mRNA and protein was observed by Real-time PCR and Western Blot and the expression of VEGF-C was examined by ELISA. HMGB1 expressed highly in the nuclei and cytoplasm of carcinoma cells as well as the extracellular space in ESCC and was associated with lymph node metastasis, MLD, the expression of VEGF-C, TNM stage and the prognosis of patients (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). In vitro, siHMGB1 inhibited the expression of HMGB1 mRNA and protein and the secretion of VEGF-C in KYSE150 cells. In ESCC, HMGB1 expresses highly and affects the prognosis of patients through regulating the expression of VEGF-C to promote lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis, and HMGB1 might serve as the marker of progression and potential target for anti-lymphangiogenesis therapy.
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SUN ZG, WANG Z, ZHANG M. Correlation between vascular endothelial growth factor C expression and prognosis in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinomas after Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2012; 8:e68-76. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-7563.2011.01514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Li X, Liu B, Xiao J, Yuan Y, Ma J, Zhang Y. Roles of VEGF-C and Smad4 in the lymphangiogenesis, lymphatic metastasis, and prognosis in colon cancer. J Gastrointest Surg 2011; 15:2001-10. [PMID: 21786062 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-011-1627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS We combined two different signal pathways on transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1)-Smad and vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C)/VEGF receptors for exploring changes in pathway members and their influence on lymphangiogenesis and clinicopathological features. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of TGF-β1, TGF-βRII, Smad4, VEGF-C, and VEGFR-3 was immunohistochemically evaluated in 147 colon cancer patients who were followed up for 5 years. RESULTS Lymphatic vessel density in colon cancer tissues was significantly higher than in normal colonic tissues. Smad4 expression negatively correlated with lymphatic vessel count and VEGF-C expression. VEGF-C expression positively correlated with lymphatic vessel count. Analysis using the Kaplan-Meier method indicated that patients with VEGF-C-positive tumors had significantly shorter overall survival and tumor-free survival time than those with VEGF-C-negative tumors. Patients with Smad4-negative tumors had significantly shorter overall survival and tumor-free survival time than those with Smad4-positive tumors. CONCLUSIONS Both Smad4 and VEGF-C are involved in lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis. Smad4 and VEGF-C expression may be clinically useful indicators for prognostic evaluation in colon cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Li
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, 194 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150081, China
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Harmon CS, DePrimo SE, Raymond E, Cheng AL, Boucher E, Douillard JY, Lim HY, Kim JS, Lechuga MJ, Lanzalone S, Lin X, Faivre S. Mechanism-related circulating proteins as biomarkers for clinical outcome in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma receiving sunitinib. J Transl Med 2011; 9:120. [PMID: 21787417 PMCID: PMC3162912 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several proteins that promote angiogenesis are overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and have been implicated in disease pathogenesis. Sunitinib has antiangiogenic activity and is an oral multitargeted inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs)-1, -2, and -3, platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs)-α and -β, stem-cell factor receptor (KIT), and other tyrosine kinases. In a phase II study of sunitinib in advanced HCC, we evaluated the plasma pharmacodynamics of five proteins related to the mechanism of action of sunitinib and explored potential correlations with clinical outcome. Methods Patients with advanced HCC received a starting dose of sunitinib 50 mg/day administered orally for 4 weeks on treatment, followed by 2 weeks off treatment. Plasma samples from 37 patients were obtained at baseline and during treatment and were analyzed for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, VEGF-C, soluble VEGFR-2 (sVEGFR-2), soluble VEGFR-3 (sVEGFR-3), and soluble KIT (sKIT). Results At the end of the first sunitinib treatment cycle, plasma VEGF-A levels were significantly increased relative to baseline, while levels of plasma VEGF-C, sVEGFR-2, sVEGFR-3, and sKIT were significantly decreased. Changes from baseline in VEGF-A, sVEGFR-2, and sVEGFR-3, but not VEGF-C or sKIT, were partially or completely reversed during the first 2-week off-treatment period. High levels of VEGF-C at baseline were significantly associated with Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST)-defined disease control, prolonged time to tumor progression (TTP), and prolonged overall survival (OS). Baseline VEGF-C levels were an independent predictor of TTP by multivariate analysis. Changes from baseline in VEGF-A and sKIT at cycle 1 day 14 or cycle 2 day 28, and change in VEGF-C at the end of the first off-treatment period, were significantly associated with both TTP and OS, while change in sVEGFR-2 at cycle 1 day 28 was an independent predictor of OS. Conclusions Baseline plasma VEGF-C levels predicted disease control (based on RECIST) and were positively associated with both TTP and OS in this exploratory analysis, suggesting that this VEGF family member may have utility in predicting clinical outcome in patients with HCC who receive sunitinib. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00247676
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Ma DM, Xu YP, Zhu L. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor C correlates with a poor prognosis based on analysis of prognostic factors in patients with cervical carcinomas. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011; 37:1519-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2011.01566.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Mucin 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor C expression correlates with lymph node metastatic recurrence in patients with N0 esophageal cancer after Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy. World J Surg 2011; 35:70-7. [PMID: 21046381 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-010-0829-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the present study was to investigate the risk factors associated with lymph node metastatic recurrence in patients with N0 esophageal cancer after Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy based on the detection of Mucin 1 mRNA and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) C mRNA. METHODS The subjects were 82 patients with pN0 esophageal cancer who underwent Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy with two-field lymph node dissection from January 2001 to January 2005. A total of 501 lymph nodes obtained from these patients were re-evaluated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect mucin l (MUC1) mRNA; VEGF-C mRNA was also detected in esophageal cancer issues by RT-PCR. The diagnosis of lymph node micrometastasis (LNMM) was based on the detection of MUC1 mRNA. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the survival rate and lymph nodal metastatic rate, the log-rank test was performed to compare the recurrence rate, and Cox regression multivariate analysis was performed to determine independent prognostic factors. RESULTS MUC1 mRNA was detected in 29 lymph nodes from 23 patients, which accounted for 5.79% of all the 501 lymph nodes and 28.05% of all 82 patients, respectively. Vascular endothelial growth factor C mRNA was identified in esophageal cancer issues from 42 (51.22%) patients. The overall 3- and 5-year survival rates of 82 patients were 78.0 and 51.2%, respectively. First recurrence exhibiting lymph nodal metastasis was recognized in 37 patients (45.1%) in the first 3 years after operation. The lymph node metastatic rate in patients in the first 3 years after operation was significantly associated with T status (p < 0.05) and the lymph node metastatic rate of the patients with LNMM was significantly higher than that of the patients without LNMM (p < 0.01). The lymph node metastatic rate of the patients with VEGF-C mRNA expression in esophageal cancer tissues was significantly higher than that of the patients without VEGF-C mRNA expression (p < 0.01).The results of multivariate analysis confirmed that VEGF-C mRNA expression in esophageal cancer tissues, LNMM, and T status in patients with N0 esophageal cancer were independent relevant factors for 3-year lymph node metastatic recurrence after Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy. CONCLUSIONS Vascular endothelial growth factor C mRNA expression in esophageal cancer tissues, LNMM, and T status in patients with N0 esophageal cancer were independent risk factors for 3-year lymph node metastatic recurrence after Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy. Adjunctive therapy might be beneficial in controlling the locoregional recurrence and elevated healing rates for certain patients.
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Brunner A, Grimm C, Polterauer S, Hefler L, Stani J, Dudek G, Horvat R. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor in vaginal squamous cell cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204:171.e1-6. [PMID: 21092929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Primary invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina is a rare neoplasm. Investigations concerning the potential of new therapeutic targets are limited. STUDY DESIGN A total of 34 patients with primary invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina was identified, who were treated at our institution between 1994 and 2008. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry from paraffin-embedded tissue blocks. RESULTS EGFR was expressed in 33 of 34 (97.1%) and VEGF was expressed in 12 of 34 cases (35.3%). There was no statistically significant relationship between clinicopathologic parameters (clinical stage, grading, tumor size), patient survival, and EGFR and VEGF expression. CONCLUSION VEGF was moderate and EGFR was frequently expressed in invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina. In our sample size, immunohistochemical staining was not statistically significantly associated with prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brunner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Gou HF, Chen XC, Zhu J, Jiang M, Yang Y, Cao D, Hou M. Expressions of COX-2 and VEGF-C in gastric cancer: correlations with lymphangiogenesis and prognostic implications. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2011; 30:14. [PMID: 21272377 PMCID: PMC3037339 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-30-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has recently been considered to promote lymphangiogenesis by up-regulating vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) in breast and lung cancer. However, the impact of COX-2 on lymphangiogenesis of gastric cancer remains unclear. This study aims to test the expression of COX-2 and VEGF-C in human gastric cancer, and to analyze the correlation with lymphatic vessel density (LVD), clinicopathologic features and survival prognosis. Methods Using immunohistochemistry, COX-2, VEGF-C and level of LVD were analyzed in 56 R0-resected primary gastric adenocarcinomas, while paracancerous normal mucosal tissues were also collected as control from 25 concurrent patients. The relationships among COX-2 and VEGF-C expression, LVD, and clinicopathologic parameters were analyzed. The correlations of COX-2, VEGF-C and level of LVD with patient prognosis were also evaluated by univariate tests and multivariate Cox regression. Results The expression rates of COX-2 and VEGF-C were 69.64% and 55.36%, respectively, in gastric carcinoma. Peritumoral LVD was significantly higher than that in both normal and intratumoral tissue (P < 0.05). It was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis and invasion depth (P = 0.003, P = 0.05). VEGF-C was significantly associated with peritumoral LVD (r = 0.308, P = 0.021). However, COX-2 was not correlated with VEGF-C (r = 0.110, P = 0.419) or LVD (r = 0.042, P = 0.758). Univariate analysis showed that survival time was impaired by higher COX-2 expression and higher peritumoral LVD. Multivariate survival analysis showed that age, COX-2 expression and peritumoral LVD were independent prognostic factors. Conclusions Although COX-2 expression was associated with survival time, it was not correlated with VEGF-C and peritumoral LVD. Our data did not show that overexpression of COX-2 promotes tumor lymphangiogenesis through an up-regulation of VEGF-C expression in gastric carcinoma. Age, COX-2 and peritumoral LVD were independent prognostic factors for human gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Feng Gou
- Center of Medical Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, PR China
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