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Yin Q, Hu Y, Dong Z, Lu J, Wang H. Cellular, Structural Basis, and Recent Progress for Targeting Murine Double Minute X (MDMX) in Tumors. J Med Chem 2024; 67:14723-14741. [PMID: 39185935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Murine double minute X (MDMX) is an oncoprotein that mainly has a negative regulatory effect on the tumor suppressor p53 to induce tumorigenesis. As MDMX is highly expressed in various types of tumor cells, targeting and inhibiting MDMX are becoming a promising strategy for treating cancers. However, the high degree of structural homology between MDMX and its homologous protein murine double minute 2 (MDM2) is a great challenge for the development of MDMX-targeted therapies. This review introduces the structure, distribution, and regulation of the MDMX, summarizes the structural features and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of MDMX ligands, and focuses on the differences between MDMX and MDM2 in these aspects. Our purpose of this work is to propose potential strategies to achieve the specific targeting of MDMX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qikun Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Yuemiao Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Zhiwen Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Jing Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
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2
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Sinha S, Guo R, Del Busso MD, Han W, Boysen J, Wellik LE, Ghosh AK, Kay NE. Aberrant activation of AXL may drive progression of squamous cell carcinoma in CLL patients: a mechanistic study with clinical implications. Br J Cancer 2024; 131:589-600. [PMID: 38886556 PMCID: PMC11300914 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02752-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) even in early-stage, untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients can be a significant morbidity issue with occasional transformation into metastatic skin lesions. METHODS CLL cells and extracellular vesicles (EVs) from CLL patients' blood/plasma were purified and used. Expression/activation of AXL and its functions in normal keratinocytes (HEKa) were assessed in vitro co-culture system and in SCC tissues. RESULTS We detected aberrant activation of AXL, AKT and ERK-1/2 in SCC cell lines compared to HEKa. We also detected increased expression of AXL in primary SCC tissues obtained from CLL patients. Increased activation of AXL, AKT, ERK-1/2 and Src was discernible in HEKa upon co-culturing with CLL cells. Further analysis suggests that Gas6, a ligand of AXL, regulates AXL activation in co-cultured HEKa. Interestingly, exposure of HEKa cells to CLL plasma-derived EVs induced expression of AXL, P-AKT, and EMT-associated markers leading to migration of the cells. Finally, pharmacologic inhibition of AXL induced cell death in SCC lines in a dose dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Our findings that CLL cells likely are involved in driving SCC progression, at least in part, via activation of the AXL signaling axis, indicating that AXL inhibition may be beneficial for our CLL patients with SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutapa Sinha
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Ray Guo
- Division of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Weiguo Han
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Justin Boysen
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Asish K Ghosh
- Stephenson Cancer Center and Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Neil E Kay
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Immunology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Li HY, Feng YH, Lin CL, Hsu TI. Mitochondrial Mechanisms in Temozolomide Resistance: Unraveling the Complex Interplay and Therapeutic Strategies in Glioblastoma. Mitochondrion 2024; 75:101836. [PMID: 38158149 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.101836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive and lethal brain tumor, with temozolomide (TMZ) being the standard chemotherapeutic agent for its treatment. However, TMZ resistance often develops, limiting its therapeutic efficacy and contributing to poor patient outcomes. Recent evidence highlights the crucial role of mitochondria in the development of TMZ resistance through various mechanisms, including alterations in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, metabolic reprogramming, apoptosis regulation, biogenesis, dynamics, stress response, and mtDNA mutations. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the mitochondrial mechanisms involved in TMZ resistance and discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting these mechanisms to overcome resistance in GBM. We explore the current state of clinical trials targeting mitochondria or related pathways in primary GBM or recurrent GBM, as well as the challenges and future perspectives in this field. Understanding the complex interplay between mitochondria and TMZ resistance will facilitate the development of more effective therapeutic strategies and ultimately improve the prognosis for GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yi Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany; Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
| | | | | | - Tsung-I Hsu
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei 110, Taiwan; International Master Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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4
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Lin W, Yan Y, Huang Q, Zheng D. MDMX in Cancer: A Partner of p53 and a p53-Independent Effector. Biologics 2024; 18:61-78. [PMID: 38318098 PMCID: PMC10839028 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s436629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor protein plays an important role in physiological and pathological processes. MDM2 and its homolog MDMX are the most important negative regulators of p53. Many studies have shown that MDMX promotes the growth of cancer cells by influencing the regulation of the downstream target gene of tumor suppressor p53. Studies have found that inhibiting the MDMX-p53 interaction can effectively restore the tumor suppressor activity of p53. MDMX has growth-promoting activities without p53 or in the presence of mutant p53. Therefore, it is extremely important to study the function of MDMX in tumorigenesis, progression and prognosis. This article mainly reviews the current research progress and mechanism on MDMX function, summarizes known MDMX inhibitors and provides new ideas for the development of more specific and effective MDMX inhibitors for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Yan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingling Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dali Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Cheng W, Cai C, Xu Y, Xiao X, Shi T, Liao Y, Wang X, Chen S, Zhou M, Liao Z. The TRIM21-FOXD1-BCL-2 axis underlies hyperglycaemic cell death and diabetic tissue damage. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:825. [PMID: 38092733 PMCID: PMC10719266 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycaemia is a devastating factor that causes diabetes-induced damage to the retina and kidney. However, the precise mechanism by which hyperglycaemia drives apoptotic cell death is incompletely known. Herein, we found that FOXD1, a FOX family transcription factor specifically expressed in the retina and kidney, regulated the transcription of BCL-2, a master regulator of cell survival. Intriguingly, the protein level of FOXD1, which responded negatively to hyperglycaemic conditions, was controlled by the TRIM21-mediated K48-linked polyubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. The TRIM21-FOXD1-BCL-2 signalling axis was notably active during diabetes-induced damage to murine retinal and renal tissues. Furthermore, we found that tartary buckwheat flavonoids effectively reversed the downregulation of FOXD1 protein expression and thus restored BCL-2 expression and facilitated the survival of retinal and renal tissues. In summary, we identified a transcription factor responsible for BCL-2 expression, a signalling axis (TRM21-FOXD1-BCL-2) underlying hyperglycaemia-triggered apoptosis, and a potential treatment for deleterious diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Cheng
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Cifeng Cai
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Xueqi Xiao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Tiantian Shi
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yueling Liao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Shasha Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Meiliang Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Zhiyong Liao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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Moghbeli M. MicroRNAs as the pivotal regulators of cisplatin resistance in osteosarcoma. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 249:154743. [PMID: 37549518 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is an aggressive bone tumor that originates from mesenchymal cells. It is considered as the eighth most frequent childhood cancer that mainly affects the tibia and femur among the teenagers and young adults. OS can be usually diagnosed by a combination of MRI and surgical biopsy. The intra-arterial cisplatin (CDDP) and Adriamycin is one of the methods of choices for the OS treatment. CDDP induces tumor cell death by disturbing the DNA replication. Although, CDDP has a critical role in improving the clinical complication in OS patients, a high ratio of CDDP resistance is observed among these patients. Prolonged CDDP administrations have also serious side effects in normal tissues and organs. Therefore, the molecular mechanisms of CDDP resistance should be clarified to define the novel therapeutic modalities in OS. Multidrug resistance (MDR) can be caused by various cellular and molecular processes such as drug efflux, detoxification, and signaling pathways. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the key regulators of CDDP response by the post transcriptional regulation of target genes involved in MDR. In the present review we have discussed all of the miRNAs associated with CDDP response in OS cells. It was observed that the majority of reported miRNAs increased CDDP sensitivity in OS cells through the regulation of signaling pathways, apoptosis, transporters, and autophagy. This review highlights the miRNAs as reliable non-invasive markers for the prediction of CDDP response in OS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Moghbeli
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Kharouf N, Flanagan TW, Hassan SY, Shalaby H, Khabaz M, Hassan SL, Megahed M, Haikel Y, Santourlidis S, Hassan M. Tumor Microenvironment as a Therapeutic Target in Melanoma Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3147. [PMID: 37370757 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the tumor microenvironment in tumor growth and therapy has recently attracted more attention in research and drug development. The ability of the microenvironment to trigger tumor maintenance, progression, and resistance is the main cause for treatment failure and tumor relapse. Accumulated evidence indicates that the maintenance and progression of tumor cells is determined by components of the microenvironment, which include stromal cells (endothelial cells, fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, and immune cells), extracellular matrix (ECM), and soluble molecules (chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular vesicles). As a solid tumor, melanoma is not only a tumor mass of monolithic tumor cells, but it also contains supporting stroma, ECM, and soluble molecules. Melanoma cells are continuously in interaction with the components of the microenvironment. In the present review, we focus on the role of the tumor microenvironment components in the modulation of tumor progression and treatment resistance as well as the impact of the tumor microenvironment as a therapeutic target in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naji Kharouf
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Strasbourg, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1121, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas W Flanagan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Sofie-Yasmin Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Hosam Shalaby
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Marla Khabaz
- Department of Production, Beta Factory for Veterinary Pharmaceutical Industries, Damascus 0100, Syria
| | - Sarah-Lilly Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Mosaad Megahed
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital of Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Youssef Haikel
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Strasbourg, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1121, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaire, Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Simeon Santourlidis
- Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Mohamed Hassan
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Strasbourg, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1121, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Research Laboratory of Surgery-Oncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Bhadresha K, Mirza S, Penny C, Mughal MJ. Targeting AXL in Mesothelioma: from functional characterization to clinical implication. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023:104043. [PMID: 37268175 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MM) is a highly aggressive and lethal cancer with a poor survival rate. Current treatment approaches primarily rely on chemotherapy and radiation, but their effectiveness is limited. Consequently, there is an urgent need for alternative treatment strategies, a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying MM, and the identification of potential therapeutic targets. Extensive studies over the past decade have emphasized the role of Axl in driving tumor development and metastasis, while high levels of Axl expression have been associated with immune evasion, drug resistance, and reduced patient survival in various cancer types. Ongoing clinical trials are investigating the efficacy of Axl inhibitors for different cancers. However, the precise role of Axl in MM progression, development, and metastasis, as well as its regulatory mechanisms within MM, remain inadequately understood. This review aims to comprehensively investigate the involvement of Axl in MM. We discuss Axl role in MM progression, development, and metastasis, along with its specific regulatory mechanisms. Additionally, we examined the Axl associated signaling pathways, the relationship between Axl and immune evasion, and the clinical implications of Axl for MM treatment. Furthermore, we discussed the potential utility of liquid biopsy as a non-invasive diagnostic technique for early detection of Axl in MM. Lastly, we evaluated the potential of a microRNA signature that targets Axl. By consolidating existing knowledge and identifying research gaps, this review contributes to a better understanding of Axl's role in MM and sets the stage for future investigations and the development of effective therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinjal Bhadresha
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sheefa Mirza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Common Epithelial Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Clement Penny
- Department of Internal Medicine, Common Epithelial Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Muhammed Jameel Mughal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Science, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America.
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Ward SV, Autuori I, Luo L, LaPilla E, Yoo S, Sharma A, Busam KJ, Olilla DW, Dwyer T, Anton-Culver H, Zanetti R, Sacchetto L, Cust AE, Gallagher RP, Kanetsky PA, Rosso S, Begg CB, Berwick M, Thomas NE, Orlow I. Sex-Specific Associations of MDM2 and MDM4 Variants with Risk of Multiple Primary Melanomas and Melanoma Survival in Non-Hispanic Whites. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2707. [PMID: 37345045 PMCID: PMC10216616 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
MDM2-SNP309 (rs2279744), a common genetic modifier of cancer incidence in Li-Fraumeni syndrome, modifies risk, age of onset, or prognosis in a variety of cancers. Melanoma incidence and outcomes vary by sex, and although SNP309 exerts an effect on the estrogen receptor, no consensus exists on its effect on melanoma. MDM2 and MDM4 restrain p53-mediated tumor suppression, independently or together. We investigated SNP309, an a priori MDM4-rs4245739, and two coinherited variants, in a population-based cohort of 3663 primary incident melanomas. Per-allele and per-haplotype (MDM2_SNP309-SNP285; MDM4_rs4245739-rs1563828) odds ratios (OR) for multiple-melanoma were estimated with logistic regression models. Hazard ratios (HR) for melanoma death were estimated with Cox proportional hazards models. In analyses adjusted for covariates, females carrying MDM4-rs4245739*C were more likely to develop multiple melanomas (ORper-allele = 1.25, 95% CI 1.03-1.51, and Ptrend = 0.03), while MDM2-rs2279744*G was inversely associated with melanoma-death (HRper-allele = 0.63, 95% CI 0.42-0.95, and Ptrend = 0.03). We identified 16 coinherited expression quantitative loci that control the expression of MDM2, MDM4, and other genes in the skin, brain, and lungs. Our results suggest that MDM4/MDM2 variants are associated with the development of subsequent primaries and with the death of melanoma in a sex-dependent manner. Further investigations of the complex MDM2/MDM4 motif, and its contribution to the tumor microenvironment and observed associations, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah V. Ward
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Isidora Autuori
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Li Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Emily LaPilla
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sarah Yoo
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Klaus J. Busam
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David W. Olilla
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Terence Dwyer
- Clinical Sciences Theme, Heart Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3010, Australia
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Roberto Zanetti
- Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Lidia Sacchetto
- Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Anne E. Cust
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, A Joint Venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Wollstonecraft, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Richard P. Gallagher
- BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E8, Canada
| | - Peter A. Kanetsky
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Stefano Rosso
- Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Colin B. Begg
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marianne Berwick
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Nancy E. Thomas
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Irene Orlow
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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10
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Nagpal I, Yuan ZM. p53-mediated metabolic response to low doses of ionizing radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 99:934-940. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2142983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isha Nagpal
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhi-Min Yuan
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Bruce SF, Cho K, Noia H, Lomonosova E, Stock EC, Oplt A, Blachut B, Mullen MM, Kuroki LM, Hagemann AR, McCourt CK, Thaker PH, Khabele D, Powell MA, Mutch DG, Shriver LP, Patti GJ, Fuh KC. GAS6-AXL Inhibition by AVB-500 Overcomes Resistance to Paclitaxel in Endometrial Cancer by Decreasing Tumor Cell Glycolysis. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:1348-1359. [PMID: 35588308 PMCID: PMC9370070 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is often ineffective in advanced-stage and aggressive histologic subtypes of endometrial cancer. Overexpression of the receptor tyrosine kinase AXL has been found to be associated with therapeutic resistance, metastasis, and poor prognosis. However, the mechanism of how inhibition of AXL improves response to chemotherapy is still largely unknown. Thus, we aimed to determine whether treatment with AVB-500, a selective inhibitor of GAS6-AXL, improves endometrial cancer cell sensitivity to chemotherapy particularly through metabolic changes. We found that both GAS6 and AXL expression were higher by immunohistochemistry in patient tumors with a poor response to chemotherapy compared with tumors with a good response to chemotherapy. We showed that chemotherapy-resistant endometrial cancer cells (ARK1, uterine serous carcinoma and PUC198, grade 3 endometrioid adenocarcinoma) had improved sensitivity and synergy with paclitaxel and carboplatin when treated in combination with AVB-500. We also found that in vivo intraperitoneal models with ARK1 and PUC198 cells had decreased tumor burden when treated with AVB-500 + paclitaxel compared with paclitaxel alone. Treatment with AVB-500 + paclitaxel decreased AKT signaling, which resulted in a decrease in basal glycolysis. Finally, multiple glycolytic metabolites were lower in the tumors treated with AVB-500 + paclitaxel than in tumors treated with paclitaxel alone. Our study provides strong preclinical rationale for combining AVB-500 with paclitaxel in aggressive endometrial cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaina F. Bruce
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Barnes Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kevin Cho
- Center for Metabolomics and Isotope Tracing, Department of Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Hollie Noia
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Barnes Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Elena Lomonosova
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Barnes Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Elizabeth C. Stock
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Barnes Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Alyssa Oplt
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Barnes Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Barbara Blachut
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Barnes Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mary M. Mullen
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Barnes Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lindsay M. Kuroki
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Barnes Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Andrea R. Hagemann
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Barnes Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Carolyn K. McCourt
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Barnes Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Premal H. Thaker
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Barnes Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Dineo Khabele
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Barnes Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Matthew A. Powell
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Barnes Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - David G. Mutch
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Barnes Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Leah P. Shriver
- Center for Metabolomics and Isotope Tracing, Department of Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Gary J. Patti
- Center for Metabolomics and Isotope Tracing, Department of Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Katherine C. Fuh
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Barnes Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
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12
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Zhu Q, Chen H, Li X, Wang X, Yan H. JMJD2C mediates the MDM2/p53/IL5RA axis to promote CDDP resistance in uveal melanoma. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:227. [PMID: 35468881 PMCID: PMC9039082 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00949-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy resistance poses an obstacle for effective treatment of uveal melanoma. In this study, we aim to investigate the effects of jumonji domain containing 2C (JMJD2C)-mediated mouse double minute-2 homolog (MDM2)/p53/interleukin 5 receptor subunit alpha (IL5RA) axis on cisplatin (CDDP) resistance in uveal melanoma. RT-qPCR and Western blot assay were performed to determine their expression patterns in uveal melanoma cell line (MUM-2B) and CDDP-resistant cell line (MUM-2B/CDDP). The enrichment of H3K9me3 in MDM2 promoter region was examined by ChIP, and the binding between p53 and ubiquitin in MUM-2B cells testified by co-IP assay. Following overexpression or silencing of JMJD2C/MDM2/p53/IL5RA, the 50% concentration of inhibition (IC50) and the biological characteristics of MUM-2B and MUM-2B/CDDP cells were examined using CCK-8 assay, SA-β-gal staining, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, and Transwell assay. Finally, the tumorigenicity of transplanted MUM-2B and MUM-2B/CDDP cells in nude mice was assessed. JMJD2C was documented to be highly expressed in uveal melanoma cells, promoting the CDDP resistance. Histone demethylase JMJD2C removed the H3K9me3 modification of MDM2 promoter, which promoted the expression of MDM2. MDM2 enhanced the IL5RA expression through stimulating the ubiquitination and degradation of p53, thus inducing CDDP resistance of uveal melanoma cells. Furthermore, the results of in vivo experiments revealed that JMJD2C mediated the MDM2/p53/IL5RA axis to expedite the growth of uveal melanoma and augment the CDDP resistance. Taken together, JMJD2C can induce histone demethylation to upregulate MDM2, thereby ubiquitinating p53 and upregulating IL5RA. As a consequence, CDDP resistance in uveal melanoma is ultimately accelerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongtao Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Nagpal I, Yuan ZM. The Basally Expressed p53-Mediated Homeostatic Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:775312. [PMID: 34888311 PMCID: PMC8650216 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.775312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Apart from mutations in the p53 gene, p53 functions can be alternatively compromised by a decrease in nuclear p53 protein levels or activities. In accordance, enhanced p53 protein turnover due to elevated expression of the critical p53 E3 ligase MDM2 or MDM2/MDMX is found in many human cancers. Likewise, the HPV viral E6 protein-mediated p53 degradation critically contributes to the tumorigenesis of cervical cancer. In addition, growth-promoting signaling-induced cell proliferation is accompanied by p53 downregulation. Animal studies have also shown that loss of p53 is essential for oncogenes to drive malignant transformation. The close association between p53 downregulation and carcinogenesis implicates a critical role of basally expressed p53. In accordance, available evidence indicates that a reduced level of basal p53 is usually associated with disruption of homeostasis, suggesting a homeostatic function mediated by basal p53. However, basally expressed p53 under non-stress conditions is maintained at a relatively low abundance with little transcriptional activity, raising the question of how basal p53 could protect homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the findings pertinent to basal p53-mediated activities in the hope of developing a model in which basally expressed p53 functions as a barrier to anabolic metabolism to preserve homeostasis. Future investigation is necessary to characterize basal p53 functionally and to obtain an improved understanding of p53 homeostatic function, which would offer novel insight into the role of p53 in tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Nagpal
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Zhi-Min Yuan
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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14
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Killing by Degradation: Regulation of Apoptosis by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome-System. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123465. [PMID: 34943974 PMCID: PMC8700063 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a cell suicide process that is essential for development, tissue homeostasis and human health. Impaired apoptosis is associated with a variety of human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmunity and cancer. As the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins can determine the life or death of cells, tight regulation of these proteins is critical. The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is essential for maintaining protein turnover, which can either trigger or inhibit apoptosis. In this review, we will describe the E3 ligases that regulate the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and assisting proteins that regulate the levels of these E3 ligases. We will provide examples of apoptotic cell death modulations using the UPS, determined by positive and negative feedback loop reactions. Specifically, we will review how the stability of p53, Bcl-2 family members and IAPs (Inhibitor of Apoptosis proteins) are regulated upon initiation of apoptosis. As increased levels of oncogenes and decreased levels of tumor suppressor proteins can promote tumorigenesis, targeting these pathways offers opportunities to develop novel anti-cancer therapies, which act by recruiting the UPS for the effective and selective killing of cancer cells.
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15
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Klein AM, de Queiroz RM, Venkatesh D, Prives C. The roles and regulation of MDM2 and MDMX: it is not just about p53. Genes Dev 2021; 35:575-601. [PMID: 33888565 PMCID: PMC8091979 DOI: 10.1101/gad.347872.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this review, Klein et al. discuss the p53-independent roles of MDM2 and MDMX. First, they review the structural and functional features of MDM2 and MDMX proteins separately and together that could be relevant to their p53-independent activities. Following this, they summarize how these two proteins are regulated and how they can function in cells that lack p53. Most well studied as proteins that restrain the p53 tumor suppressor protein, MDM2 and MDMX have rich lives outside of their relationship to p53. There is much to learn about how these two proteins are regulated and how they can function in cells that lack p53. Regulation of MDM2 and MDMX, which takes place at the level of transcription, post-transcription, and protein modification, can be very intricate and is context-dependent. Equally complex are the myriad roles that these two proteins play in cells that lack wild-type p53; while many of these independent outcomes are consistent with oncogenic transformation, in some settings their functions could also be tumor suppressive. Since numerous small molecules that affect MDM2 and MDMX have been developed for therapeutic outcomes, most if not all designed to prevent their restraint of p53, it will be essential to understand how these diverse molecules might affect the p53-independent activities of MDM2 and MDMX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Klein
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | | | - Divya Venkatesh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Carol Prives
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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16
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Xu Z, Wu W, Yan H, Hu Y, He Q, Luo P. Regulation of p53 stability as a therapeutic strategy for cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 185:114407. [PMID: 33421376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein p53 participates in the control of key biological functions such as cell death, metabolic homeostasis and immune function, which are closely related to various diseases such as tumors, metabolic disorders, infection and neurodegeneration. The p53 gene is also mutated in approximately 50% of human cancer cells. Mutant p53 proteins escape from the ubiquitination-dependent degradation, gain oncogenic function and promote the carcinogenesis, malignant progression, metastasis and chemoresistance. Therefore, the stability of both wild type and mutant p53 needs to be precisely regulated to maintain normal functions and targeting the p53 stability is one of the therapeutic strategies against cancer. Here, we focus on compound-induced degradation of p53 by both the ubiquitination-dependent proteasome and autophagy-lysosome degradation pathways. We also review other posttranslational modifications which control the stability of p53 and the biological functions involved in these processes. This review provides the current theoretical basis for the regulation of p53 abundance and its possible applications in different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Xu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Wentong Wu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuhuai Hu
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Peihua Luo
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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17
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Pietrobono S, Anichini G, Sala C, Manetti F, Almada LL, Pepe S, Carr RM, Paradise BD, Sarkaria JN, Davila JI, Tofani L, Battisti I, Arrigoni G, Ying L, Zhang C, Li H, Meves A, Fernandez-Zapico ME, Stecca B. ST3GAL1 is a target of the SOX2-GLI1 transcriptional complex and promotes melanoma metastasis through AXL. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5865. [PMID: 33203881 PMCID: PMC7673140 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19575-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular events controlling melanoma progression is of paramount importance for the development of alternative treatment options for this devastating disease. Here we report a mechanism regulated by the oncogenic SOX2-GLI1 transcriptional complex driving melanoma invasion through the induction of the sialyltransferase ST3GAL1. Using in vitro and in vivo studies, we demonstrate that ST3GAL1 drives melanoma metastasis. Silencing of this enzyme suppresses melanoma invasion and significantly reduces the ability of aggressive melanoma cells to enter the blood stream, colonize distal organs, seed and survive in the metastatic environment. Analysis of glycosylated proteins reveals that the receptor tyrosine kinase AXL is a major effector of ST3GAL1 pro-invasive function. ST3GAL1 induces AXL dimerization and activation that, in turn, promotes melanoma invasion. Our data support a key role of the ST3GAL1-AXL axis as driver of melanoma metastasis, and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting this axis to treat metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pietrobono
- Core Research Laboratory - Institute for Cancer Research and Prevention (ISPRO), Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Anichini
- Core Research Laboratory - Institute for Cancer Research and Prevention (ISPRO), Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Viale M. Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Cesare Sala
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Manetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Luciana L Almada
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Sara Pepe
- Core Research Laboratory - Institute for Cancer Research and Prevention (ISPRO), Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Viale M. Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Ryan M Carr
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Brooke D Paradise
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jaime I Davila
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Lorenzo Tofani
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Ilaria Battisti
- Proteomics Center, University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Via G. Oris 2B, 35129, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Arrigoni
- Proteomics Center, University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Via G. Oris 2B, 35129, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Li Ying
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Alexander Meves
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Martin E Fernandez-Zapico
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Barbara Stecca
- Core Research Laboratory - Institute for Cancer Research and Prevention (ISPRO), Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy.
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18
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AXL Inactivation Inhibits Mesothelioma Growth and Migration via Regulation of p53 Expression. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102757. [PMID: 32992696 PMCID: PMC7601862 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma is a locally aggressive and highly lethal neoplasm. Dysregulation and activation of Gas6/AXL tyrosine kinase signaling are associated with mesothelioma progression, but the mechanisms of these AXL tumorigenic roles are poorly understood. p53 mutants in lung carcinoma upregulate AXL expression by binding and acetylating the AXL promoter. Although TP53 mutations are uncommon in mesothelioma, we hypothesized that these tumors might have alternative feedback mechanisms between AXL and p53. In the current report, we investigated AXL regulation of TP53 transcription, expression, and biological function in mesothelioma. AXL expression was stronger in mesothelioma than most of the other tumor types from the TCGA gene expression profile dataset. AXL knockdown by shRNA induced wild-type and mutant p53 expression in mesothelioma cell lines, suggesting that AXL pro-tumorigenic roles result in part from the suppression of p53 function. Likewise, induced AXL inhibited expression of wild type p53 in COS-7 cells and 293T cells. Immunofluorescence staining showed nuclear colocalization of AXL and p53; however, association of AXL and p53 was not demonstrated in immunoprecipitation complexes. The AXL effects on p53 expression resulted from the inhibition of TP53 transcription, as demonstrated by qRT-PCR after AXL silencing and TP53 promotor dual luciferase activity assays. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR and sequencing showed that AXL bound to the initial 600 bp sequence at the 5' end of the TP53 promoter. AXL inhibition (shRNA or R428) reduced mesothelioma cell viability, migration, and invasion, whereas TP53 shRNA knockdown attenuated antiproliferative, migration, and invasive effects of AXL silencing or AXL inactivation in these cells. These studies demonstrate a novel feedback regulation loop between AXL and p53, and provide a rationale for mesothelioma therapies targeting AXL/p53 signaling.
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Loureiro JB, Abrantes M, Oliveira PA, Saraiva L. P53 in skin cancer: From a master player to a privileged target for prevention and therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188438. [PMID: 32980466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The increasing incidence of skin cancer (SC) is a global health concern. The commonly reported side effects and resistance mechanisms have imposed the pursuit for new therapeutic alternatives. Moreover, additional preventive strategies should be adopted to strengthen prevention and reduce the rising number of newly SC cases. This review provides relevant insights on the role of p53 tumour suppressor protein in melanoma and non-melanoma skin carcinogenesis, also highlighting the therapeutic potential of p53-targeting drugs against SC. In fact, several evidences are provided demonstrating the encouraging outcomes achieved with p53-activating drugs, alone and in combination with currently available therapies in SC. Another pertinent perspective falls on targeting p53 mutations, as molecular signatures in premature phases of photocarcinogenesis, in future SC preventive approaches. Overall, this review affords a critical and timely discussion of relevant issues related to SC prevention and therapy. Importantly, it paves the way to future studies that may boost the clinical translation of p53-activating agents, making them new effective alternatives in precision medicine of SC therapy and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Loureiro
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Abrantes
- Biophysics Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC.IBILI Consortium/Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - P A Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - L Saraiva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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20
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Wang B, Lim CB, Yan J, Li L, Wang J, Little JB, Yuan ZM. MDMX phosphorylation-dependent p53 downregulation contributes to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 12:713-722. [PMID: 32706867 PMCID: PMC7749742 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjaa038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A role of tumor-suppressive activity of p53 in the tumor microenvironment (TME) has been implicated but remains fairly understudied. To address this knowledge gap, we leveraged our MdmxS314A mice as recipients to investigate how implanted tumor cells incapacitate host p53 creating a conducive TME for tumor progression. We found that tumor cell-associated stress induced p53 downregulation in peritumor cells via an MDMX-Ser314 phosphorylation-dependent manner. As a result, an immunosuppressive TME was developed, as reflected by diminished immune cell infiltration into tumors and compromised macrophage M1 polarization. Remarkably, ablation of MDMX-Ser314 phosphorylation attenuated p53 decline in peritumor cells, which was associated with mitigation of immunosuppression and significant tumor growth delay. Our data collectively uncover a novel role of p53 in regulating the tumor immune microenvironment, suggesting that p53 restoration in the TME can be exploited as a potential strategy of anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chuan-Bian Lim
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiawei Yan
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lizhen Li
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jufang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - John B Little
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhi-Min Yuan
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Dagamajalu S, Rex DAB, Palollathil A, Shetty R, Bhat G, Cheung LWT, Prasad TSK. A pathway map of AXL receptor-mediated signaling network. J Cell Commun Signal 2020; 15:143-148. [PMID: 32829427 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-020-00580-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shobha Dagamajalu
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India.
| | - D A B Rex
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Akhina Palollathil
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Rohan Shetty
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Guruprasad Bhat
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Lydia W T Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India.
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22
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Melanoma stem cell maintenance and chemo-resistance are mediated by CD133 signal to PI3K-dependent pathways. Oncogene 2020; 39:5468-5478. [PMID: 32616888 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1373-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma stem cells (MSCs) are characterized by their unique cell surface proteins and aberrant signaling pathways. These stemness properties are either in a causal or consequential relationship to melanoma progression, treatment resistance and recurrence. The functional analysis of CD133+ and CD133- cells in vitro and in vivo revealed that melanoma progression and treatment resistance are the consequences of CD133 signal to PI3K pathway. CD133 signal to PI3K pathway drives two downstream pathways, the PI3K/Akt/MDM2 and the PI3K/Akt/MKP-1 pathways. Activation of PI3K/Akt/MDM2 pathway results in the destabilization of p53 protein, while the activation of PI3K/Akt/MKP-1 pathway results in the inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) JNK and p38. Activation of both pathways leads to the inhibition of fotemustine-induced apoptosis. Thus, the disruption of CD133 signal to PI3K pathway is essential to overcome Melanoma resistance to fotemustine. The pre-clinical verification of in vitro data using xenograft mouse model of MSCs confirmed the clinical relevance of CD133 signal as a therapeutic target for melanoma treatment. In conclusion, our study provides an insight into the mechanisms regulating MSCs growth and chemo-resistance and suggested a clinically relevant approach for melanoma treatment.
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Patil SL, Palat A, Pan Y, Rajapakshe K, Mirchandani R, Bondesson M, Yustein JT, Coarfa C, Gunaratne PH. MicroRNA-509-3p inhibits cellular migration, invasion, and proliferation, and sensitizes osteosarcoma to cisplatin. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19089. [PMID: 31836741 PMCID: PMC6911094 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary pediatric malignancy of the bone having poor prognosis and long-term survival rates of less than 30% in patients with metastasis. MicroRNA-509 was reported to be downregulated in OS. We and others previously published that miR-509-3p can strongly attenuate cellular migration/invasion and sensitize ovarian cancer to cisplatin. Here, we show that overexpression of miR-509-3p inhibited migration of primary OS cell lines U2OS, HOS, and SaOS2 as well as metastatic derivatives 143B and LM7. miR-509-3p overexpression also inhibited proliferation and invasion of HOS and 143B cells and sensitized cells to cisplatin. Luciferase reporter assays using 3'-UTRs of predicted miR-509-3p targets associated with metastatic phenotypes revealed ARHGAP1 could be one of the downstream effectors of miR-509-3p in HOS. To find the global impact of miR-509-3p overexpression and cisplatin treatment we performed Reverse Phase Protein Analysis (RPPA). AXL, which has been reported to play a critical role in cisplatin resistance and confirmed as direct target of miR-509-3p was downregulated upon miR-509-3p treatment and further down-regulated upon miR-509-3p + cisplatin treatment. We propose that the miR-509-3p/AXL and miR-509-3p/ARHGAP1 axes have the potential to uncover new druggable targets for the treatment of drug resistant metastatic osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar L Patil
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Asha Palat
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yinghong Pan
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kimal Rajapakshe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rachna Mirchandani
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria Bondesson
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Jason T Yustein
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Preethi H Gunaratne
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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24
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Lai Y, Zhang Z, Li J, Li W, Huang Z, Zhang C, Li X, Zhao J. STYK1/NOK correlates with ferroptosis in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 519:659-666. [PMID: 31542233 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Serine Threonine Tyrosine Kinase 1 (STYK1) presents oncogenic properties in many studies, and emerging evidence suggests that ferroptosis serve as a novel tumor suppressor. However, the interplay between STYK1 and ferroptosis in NSCLC remains unclear. Our aim is to illustrate the expression of ferroptotic regulator Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) in NSCLC and the relationship between STYK1 and ferroptosis. Herein, results based on ONCOMINE database, clinical specimens, and cellular manipulation revealed GPX4 was upregulated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines, and high GPX4 expression predicted worse prognosis. High STYK1 expression predicted worse OS and was related to high GPX4 in NSCLC tissues; overexpression of STYK1 in lung cancer cell line SW900 upregulated the expression of GPX4, promoted proliferation, and attenuated diverse mitochondrial abnormalities specific to ferroptosis, whereas knockdown of GPX4 exacerbated such attenuations without affecting cell proliferation. Taken together, ferroptosis as an anti-tumor factor is inhibited in NSCLC, and targeting ferroptosis could be a novel therapeutic strategy for the management of NSCLC; furthermore, regulating ferroptosis could be another cancerous mechanism of STYK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyang Lai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Zhipei Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Weimiao Li
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Zhao Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
| | - Jinbo Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
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25
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Zhao XY, Wu X, Li FF, Li Y, Huang WH, Huang K, He XY, Fan W, Wu Z, Chen ML, Li J, Luo ZL, Su J, Xie B, Zhao S. The Application of Deep Learning in the Risk Grading of Skin Tumors for Patients Using Clinical Images. J Med Syst 2019; 43:283. [PMID: 31300897 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-019-1414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
According to diagnostic criteria, skin tumors can be divided into three categories: benign, low degree and high degree malignancy. For high degree malignant skin tumors, if not detected in time, they can do serious harm to patients' health. However, in clinical practice, identifying malignant degree requires biopsy and pathological examination which is time costly. Furthermore, in many areas, due to the severe shortage of dermatologists, it's inconvenient for patients to go to hospital for examination. Therefore, an easy to access screening method of malignant skin tumors is needed urgently. Firstly, we spend 5 years to build a dataset which includes 4,500 images of 10 kinds of skin tumors. All instances are verified pathologically thus trustworthy; Secondly, we label each instance to be either low-risk, high-risk or dangerous in which Junctional nevus, Intradermal nevus, Dermatofibroma, Lipoma and Seborrheic keratosis are low-risk, Basal cell carcinoma, Bowen's disease and Actinic keratosis are high-risk, Squamous cell carcinoma and Malignant melanoma are dangerous; Thirdly, we apply the Xception architecture to build the risk degree classifier. The area under the curve (AUC) for three risk degrees reach 0.959, 0.919 and 0.947 respectively. To further evaluate the validity of the proposed risk degree classifier, we conduct a competition with 20 professional dermatologists. The results showed the proposed classifier outperforms dermatologists. Our system is helpful to patients in preliminary screening. It can identify the patients who are at risk and alert them to go to hospital for further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Zhao
- School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xian Wu
- Tencent Medical AI Lab, Beijing, China
| | - Fang-Fang Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Li
- School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei-Hong Huang
- Mobile Health Ministry of Education - China Mobile Joint Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Yu He
- School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Tencent Medical AI Lab, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Liang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, China
| | - Zhong-Ling Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Su
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Xie
- School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Changsha, China.
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, China.
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26
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Suresh D, Zambre A, Mukherjee S, Ghoshdastidar S, Jiang Y, Joshi T, Upendran A, Kannan R. Silencing AXL by covalent siRNA-gelatin-antibody nanoconjugate inactivates mTOR/EMT pathway and stimulates p53 for TKI sensitization in NSCLC. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 20:102007. [PMID: 31085346 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer mortality with the 5-year survival rate at a dismal 16% for the past 40 years. Drug resistance is a major obstacle to achieving long-term patient survival. Identifying and validating molecular biomarkers responsible for resistance and thereby adopting multi-directional therapy is necessary to improve the survival rate. Previous studies indicated ~20% of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistant NSCLC patients overexpress AXL with increase in EMT and decrease in p53 expression. To overcome the resistance, we designed gelatin nanoparticles covalently conjugated with EGFR targeting antibody and siRNA (GAbsiAXL). GAbsiAXL efficiently silences AXL, decreases mTOR and EMT signaling with concomitant increase in p53 expression. Because of the molecular changes, the AXL silencing sensitizes the cells to TKI. Our results show AXL overexpression has an important role in driving TKI resistance through close association with energy-dependent mitochondrial pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Suresh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ajit Zambre
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Soumavo Mukherjee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Yuexu Jiang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Trupti Joshi
- Department of Health Management and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of MU Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Anandhi Upendran
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; MU-Institute of Clinical and Translational Science (MU-iCATS), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Raghuraman Kannan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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27
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Haupt S, Mejía-Hernández JO, Vijayakumaran R, Keam SP, Haupt Y. The long and the short of it: the MDM4 tail so far. J Mol Cell Biol 2019; 11:231-244. [PMID: 30689920 PMCID: PMC6478121 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjz007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse double minute 4 (MDM4) is emerging from the shadow of its more famous relative MDM2 and is starting to steal the limelight, largely due to its therapeutic possibilities. MDM4 is a vital regulator of the tumor suppressor p53. It restricts p53 transcriptional activity and also, at least in development, facilitates MDM2's E3 ligase activity toward p53. These functions of MDM4 are critical for normal cell function and a proper response to stress. Their importance for proper cell maintenance and proliferation identifies them as a risk for deregulation associated with the uncontrolled growth of cancer. MDM4 tails are vital for its function, where its N-terminus transactivation domain engages p53 and its C-terminus RING domain binds to MDM2. In this review, we highlight recently identified cellular functions of MDM4 and survey emerging therapies directed to correcting its dysregulation in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Haupt
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Reshma Vijayakumaran
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon P Keam
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ygal Haupt
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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28
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Singh R, Letai A, Sarosiek K. Regulation of apoptosis in health and disease: the balancing act of BCL-2 family proteins. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:175-193. [PMID: 30655609 PMCID: PMC7325303 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-018-0089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1142] [Impact Index Per Article: 228.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The loss of vital cells within healthy tissues contributes to the development, progression and treatment outcomes of many human disorders, including neurological and infectious diseases as well as environmental and medical toxicities. Conversely, the abnormal survival and accumulation of damaged or superfluous cells drive prominent human pathologies such as cancers and autoimmune diseases. Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved cell death pathway that is responsible for the programmed culling of cells during normal eukaryotic development and maintenance of organismal homeostasis. This pathway is controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins, which contains both pro-apoptotic and pro-survival members that balance the decision between cellular life and death. Recent insights into the dynamic interactions between BCL-2 family proteins and how they control apoptotic cell death in healthy and diseased cells have uncovered novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Importantly, the development of both positive and negative small-molecule modulators of apoptosis is now enabling researchers to translate the discoveries that have been made in the laboratory into clinical practice to positively impact human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumani Singh
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Lab for Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony Letai
- Lab for Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Kristopher Sarosiek
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Lab for Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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29
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Tu Y, Zuo R, Ni N, Eilers G, Wu D, Pei Y, Nie Z, Wu Y, Wu Y, Ou WB. Activated tyrosine kinases in gastrointestinal stromal tumor with loss of KIT oncoprotein expression. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:2577-2592. [PMID: 30488756 PMCID: PMC6300111 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1553335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic KIT or PDGFRA receptor tyrosine kinase (TK) mutations are compelling therapeutic targets in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), and the KIT/PDGFRA kinase inhibitor, imatinib, is the standard of care for patients with metastatic GIST. However, approximately 10% of KIT-positive GIST metastases lose KIT expression at the time of clinical progression during imatinib therapy. In the present report, we performed TK-activation screens, using phosphotyrosine-TK double immunoaffinity purification and mass spectrometry, in GIST in vitro models lacking KIT expression. These studies demonstrated tyrosine-phosphorylated EGFR, AXL, and EPHA2 in four of six KIT-negative GIST lines (GIST62, GIST522, GIST54, GIST226, GIST48B, and GIST430B), and tyrosine-phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in each of the six KIT-negative lines. AXL expression was strong in KIT-negative or -weak clinical GIST samples that were obtained from progressing metastases during imatinib therapy. AXL knockdown inhibited viability in three KIT-negative GIST cell lines (GIST62, GIST54, and GIST522), but not in an AXL-negative, KIT-positive GIST control cell line (GIST430). AXL inhibition by R428, a specific AXL kinase inhibitor, reduced viability in AXL-activated GIST54. AXL knockdown in GIST62, GIST522, and GIST54 was accompanied by an increase in p21, p27, and p53 expression. By contrast, gefitinib-mediated EGFR inhibition, PF562271-mediated FAK inactivation, and shRNA-mediated knockdowns of EPHA2 and FAK had no effect on viability or colony formation of the KIT-negative GISTs. These findings highlight the potential relevance of AXL/p53 signaling as a therapeutic target in a subset of GISTs that have lost KIT oncoprotein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Tu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zuo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Ni
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Grant Eilers
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Duolin Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Pei
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zuoming Nie
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yeqing Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuehong Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China,Yuehong Wu
| | - Wen-Bin Ou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China,CONTACT Wen-Bin Ou
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30
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Palmieri G, Colombino M, Casula M, Manca A, Mandalà M, Cossu A. Molecular Pathways in Melanomagenesis: What We Learned from Next-Generation Sequencing Approaches. Curr Oncol Rep 2018; 20:86. [PMID: 30218391 PMCID: PMC6153571 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-018-0733-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Conventional clinico-pathological features in melanoma patients should be integrated with new molecular diagnostic, predictive, and prognostic factors coming from the expanding genomic profiles. Cutaneous melanoma (CM), even differing in biological behavior according to sun-exposure levels on the skin areas where it arises, is molecularly heterogeneous. The next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches are providing data on mutation landscapes in driver genes that may account for distinct pathogenetic mechanisms and pathways. The purpose was to group and classify all somatic driver mutations observed in the main NGS-based studies. RECENT FINDINGS Whole exome and whole genome sequencing approaches have provided data on spectrum and distribution of genetic and genomic alterations as well as allowed to discover new cancer genes underlying CM pathogenesis. After evaluating the mutational status in a cohort of 686 CM cases from the most representative NGS studies, three molecular CM subtypes were proposed: BRAFmut, RASmut, and non-BRAFmut/non-RASmut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Palmieri
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Traversa La Crucca 3, Baldinca Li Punti, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Colombino
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Traversa La Crucca 3, Baldinca Li Punti, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Milena Casula
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Traversa La Crucca 3, Baldinca Li Punti, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonella Manca
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Traversa La Crucca 3, Baldinca Li Punti, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Mario Mandalà
- PAPA GIOVANNI XXIII Cancer Center Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cossu
- Institute of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (AOU), Sassari, Italy
| | - for the Italian Melanoma Intergroup (IMI)
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Traversa La Crucca 3, Baldinca Li Punti, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- PAPA GIOVANNI XXIII Cancer Center Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
- Institute of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (AOU), Sassari, Italy
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31
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Targeting p53 as a promising therapeutic option for cancer by re-activating the wt or mutant p53’s tumor suppression. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:755-777. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
p53 protein, a product of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene, controls the cellular genome’s integrity and is an important regulator of cell cycling, proliferation, apoptosis and metabolism. Mutations of TP53 or inactivation of its gene product are among the first events initiating malignant transformation. The consequent loss of control over the cell cycle, resulting in accelerated cell proliferation and facilitating metabolic reprogramming, gives the initiated (premalignant) cells numerous advantages over healthy cells. Interestingly, p53 status is not only an important marker in cancer diagnosis; it has also become a promising target of personalized therapy. Depending on the TP53 status different therapeutic options have been developed. (Re)-activation of p53 functionality in cancer cells offers promising new alternatives to existing oncological therapies.
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32
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Testa U, Castelli G, Pelosi E. Melanoma: Genetic Abnormalities, Tumor Progression, Clonal Evolution and Tumor Initiating Cells. Med Sci (Basel) 2017; 5:E28. [PMID: 29156643 PMCID: PMC5753657 DOI: 10.3390/medsci5040028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive neoplasia issued from the malignant transformation of melanocytes, the pigment-generating cells of the skin. It is responsible for about 75% of deaths due to skin cancers. Melanoma is a phenotypically and molecularly heterogeneous disease: cutaneous, uveal, acral, and mucosal melanomas have different clinical courses, are associated with different mutational profiles, and possess distinct risk factors. The discovery of the molecular abnormalities underlying melanomas has led to the promising improvement of therapy, and further progress is expected in the near future. The study of melanoma precursor lesions has led to the suggestion that the pathway of tumor evolution implies the progression from benign naevi, to dysplastic naevi, to melanoma in situ and then to invasive and metastatic melanoma. The gene alterations characterizing melanomas tend to accumulate in these precursor lesions in a sequential order. Studies carried out in recent years have, in part, elucidated the great tumorigenic potential of melanoma tumor cells. These findings have led to speculation that the cancer stem cell model cannot be applied to melanoma because, in this malignancy, tumor cells possess an intrinsic plasticity, conferring the capacity to initiate and maintain the neoplastic process to phenotypically different tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Testa
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Germana Castelli
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Elvira Pelosi
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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33
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de Polo A, Vivekanandan V, Little JB, Yuan ZM. MDMX under stress: the MDMX-MDM2 complex as stress signals hub. Transl Cancer Res 2016; 5:725-732. [PMID: 30319942 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2016.12.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 plays a central role in safeguarding cellular homeostasis. Upon various types of stress signals such as DNA damage or oncogenic stress, p53 is promptly activated to prevent and repair damages that can threaten the genome stability. The two major negative regulators of p53 are MDM2 and MDMX, two homolog proteins that control p53 activity and turnover, hence keeping it in check during normal cell cycling. In the event of cellular stress, they have to be inhibited in order to relieve p53 from their suppression and allow its activation. As the essential upstream modulator of p53, the MDMX-MDM2 complex integrates multiple signaling pathways regulating p53 response to perturbations of cellular homeostasis. Given its predominantly cytoplasmic localization in normal conditions, we hypothesize that MDMX, rather than MDM2, is the first recipient of signaling cues directed towards the MDMX-MDM2 complex and aimed at modulating p53. In this review we give a synthetic overview of the phosphorylation sites of MDMX that are known to affect its degradation, ubiquitination, intracellular localization and interaction with MDM2 and p53, ultimately modulating the stability and activity of p53. The role of MDMX in response to the main types of cellular stress is also briefly discussed, along with the potential of the MDMX-MDM2 complex as therapeutic target to restore p53 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna de Polo
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Varunika Vivekanandan
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John B Little
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhi-Min Yuan
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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