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Moura L, de Nadai BL, Corbi JJ. One does not simply apply larvicides: Aedes aegypti from Araraquara (Brazil) has reduced susceptibility to pyriproxyfen. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 41:100875. [PMID: 37208082 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Using larvicides is an essential method in the strategy to control the Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquito in Brazil. However, over the years this practice can select resistant strains, decreasing the efficiency of the larvicide in vector control. We compared two Aedes aegypti populations to verify mosquito resistance to pyriproxyfen larvicide: a population from Araraquara and a susceptible Rockefeller strain. We tested four concentrations of pyriproxyfen (0.005, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.04 mg/L) and observed that the Araraquara strain showed a significant reduction in mortality when compared to the Rockefeller strain, except in the highest concentration tested. We also found a moderate resistance for the Araraquara larvae, which may be related to Araraquara temperatures due to be optimum for Ae. aegypti most part of the epidemic periods. Survivor mosquitoes of pyriproxyfen exposure showed reduced wing centroid sizes, which is related to the mosquitoes' vectorial capacity: frequency of blood meals, chances of hematophagy, and virus dissemination ability. Our results provide the current susceptibility status of an Araraquara Ae. aegypti population and can assist in promoting information to epidemiologic surveillance agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Moura
- University of São Paulo, Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Barbara Lepretti de Nadai
- Western Paraná State University, Department of Engineering and Exact Sciences, Foz do Iguassu, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Juliano José Corbi
- University of São Paulo, Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Campos KB, Alomar AA, Eastmond BH, Obara MT, S Dias LD, Rahman RU, Alto BW. Assessment of insecticide resistance of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) populations to insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen, in the northeast region of Brazil. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2023; 48:12-18. [PMID: 37255355 DOI: 10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Vector control has been an essential strategy in Brazil to manage vector-borne diseases, and the use of insecticides plays an important role in this effort. Pyriproxyfen (PPF) has become a common insect growth regulator used to control juvenile stages of mosquitoes by disturbing their growth and development. This study assesses the susceptibility and resistance status of Brazilian Ae. aegypti populations that previously showed low resistance levels to PPF. Eggs of Ae. aegypti were collected from six cities located in the northeast states of Ceará (Quixadá, Icó, and Juazeiro do Norte), and Bahia (Itabuna, Brumado, and Serrinha). We used the Ae. aegypti Rockefeller strain as an experimental control and a strain known to be susceptible to insecticides. Inhibition of emergence rates by 50% of Ae. aegypti populations varied from 0.0098-0.046 µg/L. Mosquitoes from Icó, Serrinha, and Brumado showed low resistance levels [resistance ratio (RR50) = 2.33, 4.52, and 4.83, respectively], whereas moderate levels of resistance were detected in populations from Juazeiro do Norte (RR50=5.83) and Itabuna (RR50=7.88). Aedes aegypti collected from the Quixadá population showed a high resistance level to pyriproxyfen (RR50=11). The evolution of resistance in Brazilian Ae. aegypti populations to PPF can compromise vector control efforts. Continuous monitoring of insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti is essential for making timely management decisions for effective vector control and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kauara B Campos
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília/Distrito Federal CEP 70910-900, Brazil
- Coordenação Geral de Vigilância de Aboviroses, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília/ Distrito Federal CEP 70723-040, Brazil
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Bairro Benfica, Rio de Janeiro/Rio de Janeiro State CEP 20911-270, Brazil
| | - Abdullah A Alomar
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
| | - Bradley H Eastmond
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
| | - Marcos T Obara
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília/Distrito Federal CEP 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Luciana Dos S Dias
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Bairro Benfica, Rio de Janeiro/Rio de Janeiro State CEP 20911-270, Brazil
| | - Rafi U Rahman
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Bairro Benfica, Rio de Janeiro/Rio de Janeiro State CEP 20911-270, Brazil
| | - Barry W Alto
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA,
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A Review of the Use of Pyriproxyfen for Controlling Aedes aegypti in Argentina. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-022-00278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Campos KB, Alomar AA, Eastmond BH, Obara MT, Alto BW. Brazilian Populations of Aedes aegypti Resistant to Pyriproxyfen Exhibit Lower Susceptibility to Infection with Zika Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102198. [PMID: 36298753 PMCID: PMC9606930 DOI: 10.3390/v14102198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has caused devastating consequences in Brazil as infections were associated with neurological complications in neonates. Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of ZIKV, and the evolution of insecticide resistance (IR) in this species can compromise control efforts. Although relative levels of phenotypic IR in mosquitoes can change considerably over time, its influence on vector competence for arboviruses is unclear. Pyriproxyfen (PPF)-resistant populations of Ae. aegypti were collected from five municipalities located in Northeast of Brazil, which demonstrated different resistance levels; low (Serrinha, Brumado), moderate (Juazeiro do Norte, Itabuna), and high (Quixadá). Experimental per os infection using ZIKV were performed with individuals from these populations and with an insecticide susceptible strain (Rockefeller) to determine their relative vector competence for ZIKV. Although all populations were competent to transmit ZIKV, mosquitoes derived from populations with moderate to high levels of IR exhibited similar or lower susceptibility to ZIKV infection than those from populations with low IR or the susceptible strain. These observations suggest an association between IR and arbovirus infection, which may be attributable to genetic hitchhiking. The use of PPF to control Brazilian Ae. aegypti may be associated with an indirect benefit of reduced susceptibility to infection, but no changes in disseminated infection and transmission of ZIKV among PPF-resistant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kauara Brito Campos
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 200 9th SE, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
- Coordenação Geral de Vigilância de Aboviroses, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Edifício PO 700, SRTV 702, Via W 5 Norte, Brasília 70723-040, Brazil
| | - Abdullah A. Alomar
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 200 9th SE, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
| | - Bradley H. Eastmond
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 200 9th SE, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
| | - Marcos Takashi Obara
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Barry W. Alto
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 200 9th SE, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
- Correspondence:
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Alomar AA, Eastmond BH, Rapti Z, Walker ED, Alto BW. Ingestion of spinosad-containing toxic sugar bait alters Aedes albopictus vector competence and vectorial capacity for dengue virus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:933482. [PMID: 36090120 PMCID: PMC9459233 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.933482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a highly prevalent vector-borne virus that causes life-threatening illnesses to humans worldwide. The development of a tool to control vector populations has the potential to reduce the burden of DENV. Toxic sugar bait (TSB) provides a form of vector control that takes advantage of the sugar-feeding behavior of adult mosquitoes. However, studies on the effect of ingestion of toxins in TSB on vector competence and vectorial capacity for viruses are lacking. This study evaluated vector competence for DENV serotype-1 of Aedes albopictus at 7 and 14 days post-ingestion of TSB formulated with spinosad (of bacteria origin) as an oral toxin. Our results and others were modeled to estimate effects on Ae. albopictus vectorial capacity for DENV. Ingestion of TSB caused a reduction in survival of females, but increased mosquito susceptibility to DENV infection, disseminated infection, and transmission. However, this increase in vector competence was obviated by the reduction in survival, leading to a lower predicted vectorial capacity. The findings of this study highlight the importance of evaluating the net impact of TSB ingestion on epidemiological parameters of vectorial capacity in the context of vector control efforts to reduce the risk of transmission of vector-borne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A. Alomar
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Abdullah A. Alomar,
| | - Bradley H. Eastmond
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, United States
| | - Zoi Rapti
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Mathematics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Edward D. Walker
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Barry W. Alto
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, United States
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Temperature-Mediated Effects on Mayaro Virus Vector Competency of Florida Aedes aegypti Mosquito Vectors. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050880. [PMID: 35632622 PMCID: PMC9144726 DOI: 10.3390/v14050880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an emerging mosquito-borne arbovirus and public health concern. We evaluated the influence of temperature on Aedes aegypti responses to MAYV oral infection and transmission at two constant temperatures (20 °C and 30 °C). Infection of mosquito tissues (bodies and legs) and salivary secretions with MAYV was determined at 3, 9, 15, 21, and 27 days post ingestion. At both temperatures, we observed a trend of increase in progression of MAYV infection and replication kinetics over time, followed by a decline during later periods. Peaks of MAYV infection, titer, and dissemination from the midgut were detected at 15 and 21 days post ingestion at 30 °C and 20 °C, respectively. Mosquitoes were able to transmit MAYV as early as day 3 at 30 °C, but MAYV was not detectable in salivary secretions until day 15 at 20 °C. Low rates of MAYV in salivary secretions collected from infected mosquitoes provided evidence supporting the notion that a substantial salivary gland barrier(s) in Florida Ae. aegypti can limit the risk of MAYV transmission. Our results provide insights into the effects of temperature and time on the progression of infection and replication of MAYV in Ae. aegypti vectors.
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Alomar AA, Alto BW, Walker ED. Spinosyns Delivered in Sugar Meals to Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae): Acute Toxicity and Subacute Effects on Survival, Fecundity, and Fertility. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:623-630. [PMID: 34994376 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sugar is an essential source of nutrition for adult mosquitoes to acquire energy. Toxic sugar bait (TSB) provides a promising method for mosquito control by incorporating toxins into artificial sources of sugar (i.e., toxic baits) presented to wild populations. Spinosyns comprise a family of bacterial secondary metabolites with a unique mode of action against the insect nervous system, an appealing environmental safety profile, and potential for incorporation into sugar baits. This research evaluated acute and subacute effects of spinosad (spinosyns A and D) and spinetoram (spinosyns J and L) in sugar meals on survival, fecundity, and fertility of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Acute toxicity of spinosyns doubled from 24 to 48 h of assessment, revealing a relatively slow and cumulative action of the formulated spinosyns. Median lethal concentrations at 48 h were lower for spinetoram than for spinosad, lower for Ae. albopictus than Ae. aegypti, and lower for males than females. When exposed to subacute LC50 concentrations of spinosad and spinetoram for 24 h, survival of males and females of both species was diminished compared with controls, fecundity of females was increased, but fertility as measured by hatch rate of eggs was decreased. The formulations may have increased the nutritive value of the sugar meals thereby boosting fecundity, while toxifying embryos, reducing fertility. The inclusion of subacute effects of spinosyns allows assessment of the broader consequences of TSB for adult mosquito control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Alomar
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, USA
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Barry W Alto
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, USA
| | - Edward D Walker
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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