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Day CA, Byrd BD, Trout Fryxell RT. La Crosse virus neuroinvasive disease: the kids are not alright. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:1165-1182. [PMID: 37862102 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
La Crosse virus (LACV) is the most common cause of neuroinvasive mosquito-borne disease in children within the United States. Despite more than 50 years of recognized endemicity in the United States, the true burden of LACV disease is grossly underappreciated, and there remain severe knowledge gaps that inhibit public health interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality. Long-standing deficiencies in disease surveillance, clinical diagnostics and therapeutics, actionable entomologic and environmental risk indices, case response capacity, public awareness, and availability of community support groups clearly frame LACV disease as neglected. Here we synthesize salient prior research and contextualize our findings as an assessment of current gaps and opportunities to develop a framework to prevent, detect, and respond to LACV disease. The persistent burdens of LACV disease clearly require renewed public health attention, policy, and action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey A Day
- Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Brian D Byrd
- Environmental Health Sciences, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC, USA
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Trout Fryxell RT, Chavez-Lindell T, Butler RA, Odoi A. Environmental variables serve as predictors of the invasive Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann): An approach for targeted tick surveillance. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292595. [PMID: 37917728 PMCID: PMC10621930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the 2017 discovery of established populations of the Asian longhorned tick, (Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann) in the United States, populations continue to be detected in new areas. For this exotic and invasive species, capable of transmitting a diverse repertoire of pathogens and blood feeding on a variety of host species, there remains a lack of targeted information on how to best prepare for this tick and understand when and where it occurs. To fill this gap, we conducted two years of weekly tick surveillance at four farms in Tennessee (three H. longicornis-infested and one without) to identify environmental factors associated with each questing life stage, to investigate predictors of abundance, and to determine the likelihood of not collecting ticks at different life stages. A total of 46,770 ticks were collected, of which 12,607 H. longicornis and five other tick species were identified. Overall, abundance of H. longicornis were associated with spring and summer seasons, forested environments, relative humidity and barometric pressure, sunny conditions, and in relation with other tick species. The likelihood of not collecting H. longicornis was associated with day length and barometric pressure. Additional associations for different life stages were also identified and included other tick species, climatic variables, and environmental conditions. Here, we demonstrated that environmental variables can be useful to predict the presence of questing H. longicornis and provide ideas on how to use this information to develop a surveillance plan for different southeastern areas with and without infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. T. Trout Fryxell
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - T. Chavez-Lindell
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - R. A. Butler
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - A. Odoi
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
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Fields M, Balanay JAG, Byrd BD, Kearney GD, Richards SL. Retrospective Assessment of Preparedness for Mosquito Control Post-Hurricane Florence in North Carolina. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2023; 17:e511. [PMID: 37849374 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2023.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ideally, mosquito control programs (MCPs) use surveillance to target control measures to potentially dangerous mosquito populations. In North Carolina (NC), where there is limited financial support for mosquito control, communities may suffer from mosquito-related issues post-hurricane due to lack of existing MCPs. Here, study objectives were to (1) investigate the emergency response of a subset of NC counties post-Hurricane Florence and (2) develop guidelines and policy recommendations to assist MCPs in post-hurricane mosquito control response. METHODS A survey was administered to a subset of eastern NC counties (an area previously impacted by hurricanes) with various levels of MCPs (from none to well-developed). RESULTS All respondents indicated that having Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) training would be helpful in developing a post-hurricane emergency response plan for mosquito control. There was concern related to a lack of knowledge of emergency control methods (eg, aerial/ground, adulticiding/larviciding) post-hurricane. MCP structure (eg, infrastructure, resources, operational plans/policies) could facilitate response activities and help ensure necessary emergency financial support from agencies such as FEMA. CONCLUSIONS Mosquito control post-hurricane protects public health. Public health and other agencies can be networking resources for MCPs. Policy recommendations include implementation of routine FEMA assistance training workshops to improve an understanding of processes involved in assistance and reimbursement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Fields
- Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Jo Anne G Balanay
- Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Brian D Byrd
- Environmental Health Sciences Program, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC, USA
| | - Gregory D Kearney
- Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie L Richards
- Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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Sogan N, Kala S, Kapoor N, Nagpal BN, Ramlal A, Nautiyal A. Novel development of Lecanicillium lecanii-based granules as a platform against malarial vector Anopheles culicifacies. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:142. [PMID: 37004584 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03570-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are infectious vectors for a wide range of pathogens and parasites thereby transmitting several diseases including malaria, dengue, Zika, Japanese encephalitis and chikungunya which pose a major public health concern. Mostly synthetic insecticides are usually applied as a primary control strategy to manage vector-borne diseases. However excessive and non-judicious usage of such chemically derived insecticides has led to serious environmental and health issues owing to their biomagnification ability and increased toxicity towards non-target organisms. In this context, many such bioactive compounds originating from entomopathogenic microbes serve as an alternative strategy and environmentally benign tool for vector control. In the present paper, the entomopathogenic fungus, Lecanicillium lecanii (LL) was processed to make the granules. Developed 4% LL granules have been characterized using the technique of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The developed formulation was also subjected to an accelerated temperature study at 40 °C and was found to be stable for 3 months. Further, GCMS of the L. lecanii was also performed to screen the potential biomolecules present. The developed formulation was found to be lethal against Anopheles culicifacies with an LC50 value of 11.836 µg/mL. The findings from SEM and histopathology also substantiated the mortality effects. Further, the SEM EDX (energy dispersive X-ray) studies revealed that the treated larvae have lower nitrogen content which is correlated to a lower level of chitin whereas the control ones has higher chitin content and healthy membranes. The developed LL granule formulation exhibited high toxicity against Anopheles mosquitoes. The granule formulations can be used as an effective biocontrol strategy against malaria-causing mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Sogan
- National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Dwarka, New Delhi, Delhi, 110077, India
- Department of Botany, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi, Delhi, 110019, India
- DBC i-4 Centre, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi, Delhi, 110019, India
| | - Smriti Kala
- Institute of Pesticide Formulation Technology (IPFT) Gurugram, Haryana, 122016, India
| | - Neera Kapoor
- Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), Maidan Garhi, New Delhi, Delhi, 110068, India
| | - B N Nagpal
- WHO SEARO, World Health House, Indraprastha Estate, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, 110011, India
| | - Ayyagari Ramlal
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 11800, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Aparna Nautiyal
- Department of Botany, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi, Delhi, 110019, India.
- DBC i-4 Centre, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi, Delhi, 110019, India.
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Development and evaluation of clove and cinnamon oil-based nanoemulsions against adult fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis). BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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