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Kritsi E, Liggri PGV, Stamati ECV, Tsitsanou KE, Zographos SE, Michaelakis A, Papachristos D, Zoumpoulakis P. A Combined Computational Methodology for the Discovery of Hit Compounds with Putative Insect Repellency Properties. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200271. [PMID: 35754000 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes and other hematophagous arthropods, the primary vectors of multiple parasites and viruses, are responsible for the transmission of serious diseases to humans. Nowadays, the interest is focused on the development of novel repellents to the existing ones with advanced properties. The present study attempts the discovery of novel hit compounds which may evolve as insect repellents using a combined computational methodology targeting the Odorant Binding Protein 1 (OBP1). The in silico results indicated two compounds, namely coniferyl alcohol and 1,2-diphenyl-2-propanol, which were further evaluated (a) in vitro for their binding affinity to AgamOBP1 and (b) in vivo using dose-depended repellence tests against the aggressive-day biting Aedes albopictus. The combination of in vitro and in vivo results pointed that coniferyl alcohol and 1,2-diphenyl-2-propanol exhibited high binding affinity over OBP1 with 69.4 and 84.7 nM, respectively as well as efficient repellent activity. Compounds were also tested for their dose-depended repellency activity in vivo against Aedes albopictus. Overall, the selected compounds can serve as scaffolds for the development of novel repellents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eftichia Kritsi
- National Hellenic Research Foundation Institute of Chemical Biology: Ethniko Idryma Ereunon Institouto Chemikes Biologias, Chemical Biology, GREECE
| | - Panagiota G V Liggri
- National Hellenic Research Foundation Institute of Chemical Biology: Ethniko Idryma Ereunon Institouto Chemikes Biologias, Chemical Biology, GREECE
| | - Evgenia C V Stamati
- National Hellenic Research Foundation Institute of Chemical Biology: Ethniko Idryma Ereunon Institouto Chemikes Biologias, Chemical Biology, GREECE
| | - Katerina E Tsitsanou
- National Hellenic Research Foundation Institute of Chemical Biology: Ethniko Idryma Ereunon Institouto Chemikes Biologias, Chemical Biology, GREECE
| | - Spyros E Zographos
- National Hellenic Research Foundation Institute of Chemical Biology: Ethniko Idryma Ereunon Institouto Chemikes Biologias, Chemical Biology, GREECE
| | - Antonios Michaelakis
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Scientific Directorate of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, GREECE
| | - Dimitrios Papachristos
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Scientific Directorate of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, GREECE
| | - Panagiotis Zoumpoulakis
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, Vas. Constantinou 48, 11635, Athens, GREECE
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Rogerio CB, Carvalho Abrantes D, de Oliveira JL, Ribeiro de Araújo D, Germano da Costa T, de Lima R, Fernandes Fraceto L. Cellulose Hydrogels Containing Geraniol and Icaridin Encapsulated in Zein Nanoparticles for Arbovirus Control. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:1273-1283. [PMID: 35167254 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The most important arboviruses are those that cause dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika, for which the main vector is the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The use of repellents is an important way to combat mosquito-borne pathogens. In this work, a safe method of protection employing a repellent was developed based on a slow release system composed of zein nanoparticles containing the active agents icaridin and geraniol incorporated in a cellulose gel matrix. Analyses were performed to characterize the nanoparticles and the gel formulation. The nanoparticles containing the repellents presented a hydrodynamic diameter of 229 ± 9 nm, polydispersity index of 0.38 ± 0.10, and zeta potential of +29.4 ± 0.8 mV. The efficiencies of encapsulation in the zein nanoparticles exceeded 85% for icaridin and 98% for geraniol. Rheological characterization of the gels containing nanoparticles and repellents showed that the viscoelastic characteristic of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose gel was preserved. Release tests demonstrated that the use of nanoparticles in combination with the gel matrix led to improved performance of the formulations. Atomic force microscopy analyses enabled visualization of the gel network containing the nanoparticles. Cytotoxicity assays using 3T3 and HaCaT cell cultures showed low toxicity profiles for the active agents and the nanoparticles. The results demonstrated the potential of these repellent systems to provide prolonged protection while decreasing toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina B Rogerio
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Avenida Três de Março 511, Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18087-180, Brazil
| | - Daniele Carvalho Abrantes
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Avenida Três de Março 511, Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18087-180, Brazil
| | - Jhones L de Oliveira
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | | | - Tais Germano da Costa
- Laboratory of Bioactivity Assessment and Toxicology of Nanomaterials, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18023-000, Brazil
| | - Renata de Lima
- Laboratory of Bioactivity Assessment and Toxicology of Nanomaterials, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18023-000, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Avenida Três de Março 511, Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18087-180, Brazil
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de Boer JG, Kuiper APS, Groot J, van Loon JJA. Avoidance of the Plant Hormone Cis-Jasmone by Aedes aegypti Depends On Mosquito Age in Both Plant and Human Odor Backgrounds. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:810-818. [PMID: 34463894 PMCID: PMC8473350 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01299-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adults of many mosquito species feed on plants to obtain metabolic energy and to enhance reproduction. Mosquitoes primarily rely on olfaction to locate plants and are known to respond to a range of plant volatiles. We studied the olfactory response of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and cis-jasmone (CiJA), volatile compounds originating from the octadecanoid signaling pathway that plays a key role in plant defense against herbivores. Specifically, we investigated how Ae. aegypti of different ages responded to elevated levels of CiJA in two attractive odor contexts, either derived from Lima bean plants or human skin. Aedes aegypti females landed significantly less often on a surface with CiJA and MeJA compared to the solvent control, CiJA exerting a stronger reduction in landing than MeJA. Odor context (plant or human) had no significant main effect on the olfactory responses of Ae. aegypti females to CiJA. Mosquito age significantly affected the olfactory response, older females (7–9 d) responding more strongly to elevated levels of CiJA than young females (1–3 d) in either odor context. Our results show that avoidance of CiJA by Ae. aegypti is independent of odor background, suggesting that jasmonates are inherently aversive cues to these mosquitoes. We propose that avoidance of plants with elevated levels of jasmonates is adaptive to mosquitoes to reduce the risk of encountering predators that is higher on these plants, i.e. by avoiding ‘enemy-dense-space’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jetske G de Boer
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Aron P S Kuiper
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joeri Groot
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop J A van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Transfluthrin eave-positioned targeted insecticide (EPTI) reduces human landing rate (HLR) of pyrethroid resistant and susceptible malaria vectors in a semi-field simulated peridomestic space. Malar J 2021; 20:357. [PMID: 34461911 PMCID: PMC8404287 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Volatile pyrethroids (VPs) are proven to reduce human–vector contact for mosquito vectors. With increasing resistance to pyrethroids in mosquitoes, the efficacy of VPs, such as transfluthrin, may be compromised. Therefore, experiments were conducted to determine if the efficacy of transfluthrin eave-positioned targeted insecticide (EPTI) depends on the resistance status of malaria vectors. Methods Ribbons treated with 5.25 g transfluthrin or untreated controls were used around the eaves of an experimental hut as EPTI inside a semi-field system. Mosquito strains with different levels of pyrethroid resistance were released simultaneously, recaptured by means of human landing catches (HLCs) and monitored for 24-h mortality. Technical-grade (TG) transfluthrin was used, followed by emulsifiable concentrate (EC) transfluthrin and additional mosquito strains. Generalized linear mixed models with binomial distribution were used to determine the impact of transfluthrin and mosquito strain on mosquito landing rates and 24-h mortality. Results EPTI treated with 5.25 g of either TG or EC transfluthrin significantly reduced HLR of all susceptible and resistant Anopheles mosquitoes (Odds Ratio (OR) ranging from 0.14 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) [0.11–0.17], P < 0.001) to 0.57, (CI [0.42–0.78] P < 0.001). Both TG and EC EPTI had less impact on landing for the resistant Anopheles arabiensis (Mbita strain) compared to the susceptible Anopheles gambiae (Ifakara strain) (OR 1.50 [95% CI 1.18–1.91] P < 0.001) and (OR 1.67 [95% CI 1.29–2.17] P < 0.001), respectively. The EC EPTI also had less impact on the resistant An. arabiensis (Kingani strain) (OR 2.29 [95% CI 1.78–2.94] P < 0.001) compared to the control however the TG EPTI was equally effective against the resistant Kingani strain and susceptible Ifakara strain (OR 1.03 [95% CI 0.82–1.32] P = 0.75). Finally the EC EPTI was equally effective against the susceptible An. gambiae (Kisumu strain) and the resistant An. gambiae (Kisumu-kdr strain) (OR 0.98 [95% CI 0.74–1.30] P = 0.90). Conclusions Transfluthrin-treated EPTI could be useful in areas with pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes, but it remains unclear whether stronger resistance to pyrethroids will undermine the efficacy of transfluthrin. At this dosage, transfluthrin EPTI cannot be used to kill exposed mosquitoes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03880-2.
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Mbuba E, Odufuwa OG, Tenywa FC, Philipo R, Tambwe MM, Swai JK, Moore JD, Moore SJ. Single blinded semi-field evaluation of MAÏA ® topical repellent ointment compared to unformulated 20% DEET against Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis and Aedes aegypti in Tanzania. Malar J 2021; 20:12. [PMID: 33407496 PMCID: PMC7788821 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03461-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) topical mosquito repellents are effective personal protection tools. However, DEET-based repellents tend to have low consumer acceptability because they are cosmetically unappealing. More attractive formulations are needed to encourage regular user compliance. This study evaluated the protective efficacy and protection duration of a new topical repellent ointment containing 15% DEET, MAÏA® compared to 20% DEET in ethanol using malaria and dengue mosquito vectors in Bagamoyo Tanzania. METHODS Fully balanced 3 × 3 Latin square design studies were conducted in large semi-field chambers using laboratory strains of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, Anopheles arabiensis and Aedes aegypti. Human volunteers applied either MAÏA® ointment, 20% DEET or ethanol to their lower limbs 6 h before the start of tests. Approximately 100 mosquitoes per strain per replicate were released inside each chamber, with 25 mosquitoes released at regular intervals during the collection period to maintain adequate biting pressure throughout the test. Volunteers recaptured mosquitoes landing on their lower limbs for 6 h over a period of 6 to 12-h post-application of repellents. Data analysis was conducted using mixed-effects logistic regression. RESULTS The protective efficacy of MAÏA® and 20% DEET was not statistically different for each of the mosquito strains: 95.9% vs. 97.4% against An. gambiae (OR = 1.53 [95% CI 0.93-2.51] p = 0.091); 96.8% vs 97.2% against An. arabiensis (OR = 1.08 [95% CI 0.66-1.77] p = 0.757); 93.1% vs 94.6% against Ae. aegypti (OR = 0.76 [95% CI 0.20-2.80] p = 0.675). Average complete protection time (CPT) in minutes of MAÏA® and that of DEET was similar for each of the mosquito strains: 571.6 min (95% CI 558.3-584.8) vs 575.0 min (95% CI 562.1-587.9) against An. gambiae; 585.6 min (95% CI 571.4-599.8) vs 580.9 min (95% CI 571.1-590.7) against An. arabiensis; 444.1 min (95% CI 401.8-486.5) vs 436.9 min (95% CI 405.2-468.5) against Ae. aegypti. CONCLUSIONS MAÏA® repellent ointment provides complete protection for 9 h against both An. gambiae and An. arabiensis, and 7 h against Ae. aegypti similar to 20% DEET (in ethanol). MAÏA® repellent ointment can be recommended as a tool for prevention against outdoor biting mosquitoes in tropical locations where the majority of the people spend an ample time outdoor before going to bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Mbuba
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Science, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania.
- Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse, 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, St. Petersplatz 1, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Olukayode G Odufuwa
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Science, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse, 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Frank C Tenywa
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Science, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Rose Philipo
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Science, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Mgeni M Tambwe
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Science, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse, 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, St. Petersplatz 1, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johnson K Swai
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Science, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Jason D Moore
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Science, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse, 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah J Moore
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Science, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse, 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, St. Petersplatz 1, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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The Impact of Insecticide Pre-Exposure on Longevity, Feeding Succession, and Egg Batch Size of Wild Anopheles gambiae s.l. J Trop Med 2020; 2020:8017187. [PMID: 33061994 PMCID: PMC7539113 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8017187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insecticide resistance among the vector population is the main threat to existing control tools available. The current vector control management options rely on applications of recommended public health insecticides, mainly pyrethroids through long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). Regular monitoring of insecticide resistance does not provide information on important factors that affect parasite transmission. Such factors include vector longevity, vector competence, feeding success, and fecundity. This study investigated the impacts of insecticide resistance on longevity, feeding behaviour, and egg batch size of Anopheles gambiae s.l. Method The larval sampling was conducted in rice fields using a standard dipper (350 ml) and reared to adults in field insectary. A WHO susceptibility test was conducted using standard treated permethrin (0.75%) and deltamethrin (0.05%) papers. The susceptible Kisumu strain was used for reference. Feeding succession and egg batch size were monitored for all survivors and control. Results The results revealed that mortality rates declined by 52.5 and 59.5% for permethrin and deltamethrin, respectively. The mortality rate for the Kisumu susceptible strain was 100%. The survival rates of wild An. gambiae s.l. was between 24 and 27 days. However, the Kisumu susceptible strain blood meal feeding was significantly higher than resistant colony (t = 2.789, df = 21, P=0.011). Additionally, the susceptible An. gambiae s.s. laid more eggs than the resistant An.gambiae s.l. colony (Χ2 = 1366, df = 1, P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion It can, therefore, be concluded that the wild An. gambiae s.l. had increased longevity, blood feeding, and small egg batch size compared to Kisumu susceptible colonies.
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Lajeunesse MJ, Avello DA, Behrmann MS, Buschbacher TJ, Carey K, Carroll J, Chafin TJ, Elkott F, Faust AM, Fauver H, Figueroa GD, Flaig LL, Gauta SA, Gonzalez C, Graham RM, Hamdan K, Hanlon T, Hashami SN, Huynh D, Knaffl JL, Lanzas M, Libell NM, McCabe C, Metzger J, Mitchell I, Morales MA, Nayyar YR, Perkins A, Phan TA, Pidgeon NT, Ritter CL, Rosales VC, Santiago O, Stephens R, Taylor EJ, Thomas AJ, Yanez NE. Infected Mosquitoes Have Altered Behavior to Repellents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:542-550. [PMID: 31755530 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Here we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to reach a consensus on whether infected and uninfected mosquitoes respond differently to repellents. After screening 2,316 published studies, theses, and conference abstracts, we identified 18 studies that tested whether infection status modulated the effectiveness of repellents. Thirteen of these studies had outcomes available for meta-analysis, and overall, seven repellents were tested (typically DEET with 62% of outcomes), six mosquito species had repellence behaviors measured (typically Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes with 71% of outcomes), and a broad diversity of infections were tested including Sindbis virus (Togaviridae: Alphavirus) (33% of outcomes), Dengue (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) (31%), malaria (Plasmodium berghei Vincke & Lips (Haemospororida: Plasmodiidae) or P. falciparum Welch (Haemospororida: Plasmodiidae); 25%), Zika (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) (7%), and microsporidia (4%). Pooling all outcomes with meta-analysis, we found that repellents were less effective against infected mosquitoes-marking an average 62% reduction in protective efficacy relative to uninfected mosquitoes (pooled odds ratio = 0.38, 95% confidence interval = 0.22-0.66; k = 96). Older infected mosquitoes were also more likely to show altered responses and loss of sensitivity to repellents, emphasizing the challenge of distinguishing between age or incubation period effects. Plasmodium- or Dengue-infected mosquitoes also did not show altered responses to repellents; however, Dengue-mosquito systems used inoculation practices that can introduce variability in repellency responses. Given our findings that repellents offer less protection against infected mosquitoes and that these vectors are the most dangerous in terms of disease transmission, then trials on repellent effectiveness should incorporate infected mosquitoes to improve predictability in blocking vector-human contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J Lajeunesse
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Daniel A Avello
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Morgan S Behrmann
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | | | - Kayla Carey
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Jordyn Carroll
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Timothy J Chafin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Fatima Elkott
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Ami M Faust
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Hope Fauver
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | | | - Louisa L Flaig
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Sarah A Gauta
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Cristian Gonzalez
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Rowan M Graham
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Khalid Hamdan
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Thomas Hanlon
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Syad N Hashami
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Dora Huynh
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Jessica L Knaffl
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Milton Lanzas
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Nicole M Libell
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Casey McCabe
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Jamie Metzger
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Isabella Mitchell
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Marisol A Morales
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Yogi R Nayyar
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Aaron Perkins
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Tam-Anh Phan
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Nicholas T Pidgeon
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Camryn L Ritter
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Veronica C Rosales
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Olivia Santiago
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Rebecca Stephens
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Ethan J Taylor
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Anup J Thomas
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Nicholas E Yanez
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
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